tikz-text-with-clip.tex

\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}

\tikzstyle{reverseclip}=[insert path={(current page.north east) --
  (current page.south east) --
  (current page.south west) --
  (current page.north west) --
  (current page.north east)}
]

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}

    \draw[orange,domain=0:4,samples=100] plot(\x, {-\x*\x+4*\x});
    
    % 将文字结点保存起来，绘制网格时clip掉
    \draw (2, 4) node (text) {$f(x)$};
    
    \begin{scope}[even odd rule]
    \begin{pgfinterruptboundingbox}
    % 防止插入的大路径影响图片大小
    \path[clip] (text.south west) |- (text.north east) |- cycle  [reverseclip];
    \end{pgfinterruptboundingbox}
    \draw[gray,very thin] (0, 0) grid (6, 6);
    \end{scope}
    \draw[->] (0, 0) node[left] {$O$} -- (6, 0) node[anchor=north] {$x$};
    \draw[->] (0, 0) -- (0, 6) node[anchor=east] {$y$};
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}