Extract the YouTube Video ID from a URL in PHP (Larave, test suite on Pest)

helpers.php

<?php

if (!function_exists('get_youtube_video_id')) {
    function get_youtube_video_id(?string $url): ?string
    {
        if (empty($url)) {
            return null;
        }

        $pattern =
            '%^# Match any youtube URL
        (?:https?://)?      # Optional scheme. Either http or https
        (?:www\.)?          # Optional www subdomain
        (?:                 # Group host alternatives
          youtu\.be/        # Either youtu.be,
        | youtube\.com      # or youtube.com
          (?:               # Group path alternatives
            /embed/         # Either /embed/
          | /v/             # or /v/
          | /shorts/        # or /shorts/
          | /watch\?.*?v=   # or /watch\?v= followed by any characters (non-greedy)
          )                 # End path alternatives.
        )                   # End host alternatives.
        ([\w-]+)            # Allow any number of characters for YouTube ID.
        (?:&?.*)?           # Optional parameters after YouTube ID.
        $%x';

        $result = preg_match($pattern, $url, $matches);
        if ($result) {
            return $matches[1];
        }

        return null;
    }
}

test-result.md

UnitTest.php

<?php

it('extracts video ID from YouTube URLs', function ($url, $expectedId) {
    expect(get_youtube_video_id($url))->toBe($expectedId);
})->with([
    ['https://youtu.be/dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'dQw4w9WgXcQ'],
    ['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'dQw4w9WgXcQ'],
    ['http://youtube.com/v/dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'dQw4w9WgXcQ'],
    ['https://www.youtube.com/embed/dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'dQw4w9WgXcQ'],
    ['https://www.youtube.com/shorts/dQw4w9WgXcQ', 'dQw4w9WgXcQ'],
    ['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ&t=1s', 'dQw4w9WgXcQ'],
    ['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ&ab_channel=RickAstley', 'dQw4w9WgXcQ'],
    [null, null],
    ['', null],
    ['https://example.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ', null],
]);

it('returns null for invalid URLs', function ($url) {
    expect(get_youtube_video_id($url))->toBeNull();
})->with([
    'invalid URL' => ['https://example.com'],
    'empty URL' => [''],
    'null URL' => [null],
    'not a YouTube URL' => ['https://vimeo.com/123456'],
]);