main.rs

#![feature(lang_items)] // required for defining the panic handler
#![no_std] // don't link the Rust standard library
#![cfg_attr(not(test), no_main)] // disable all Rust-level entry points
#![cfg_attr(test, allow(dead_code, unused_macros))] // allow unused code in test mode

extern crate spin;
extern crate volatile;
#[macro_use]
extern crate lazy_static;

#[cfg(test)]
extern crate array_init;
#[cfg(test)]
extern crate std;

#[macro_use]
mod vga_buffer;

/// This function is the entry point, since the linker looks for a function
/// named `_start_` by default.
#[cfg(not(test))]
#[no_mangle] // don't mangle the name of this function
pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
    println!("Hello World{}", "!");

    loop {}
}

/// This function is called on panic.
#[cfg(not(test))]
#[lang = "panic_fmt"]
#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn rust_begin_panic(
    _msg: core::fmt::Arguments,
    _file: &'static str,
    _line: u32,
    _column: u32,
) -> ! {
    loop {}
}

mod.rs

use core::fmt;
use spin::Mutex;
use volatile::Volatile;

#[cfg(test)]
mod test;

lazy_static! {
    /// A global `Writer` instance that can be used for printing to the VGA text buffer.
    ///
    /// Used by the `print!` and `println!` macros.
    pub static ref WRITER: Mutex<Writer> = Mutex::new(Writer {
        column_position: 0,
        color_code: ColorCode::new(Color::Yellow, Color::Black),
        buffer: unsafe { &mut *(0xb8000 as *mut Buffer) },
    });
}

/// The standard color palette in VGA text mode.
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum Color {
    Black = 0,
    Blue = 1,
    Green = 2,
    Cyan = 3,
    Red = 4,
    Magenta = 5,
    Brown = 6,
    LightGray = 7,
    DarkGray = 8,
    LightBlue = 9,
    LightGreen = 10,
    LightCyan = 11,
    LightRed = 12,
    Pink = 13,
    Yellow = 14,
    White = 15,
}

/// A combination of a foreground and a background color.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct ColorCode(u8);

impl ColorCode {
    /// Create a new `ColorCode` with the given foreground and background colors.
    fn new(foreground: Color, background: Color) -> ColorCode {
        ColorCode((background as u8) << 4 | (foreground as u8))
    }
}

/// A screen character in the VGA text buffer, consisting of an ASCII character and a `ColorCode`.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[repr(C)]
struct ScreenChar {
    ascii_character: u8,
    color_code: ColorCode,
}

/// The height of the text buffer (normally 25 lines).
const BUFFER_HEIGHT: usize = 25;
/// The width of the text buffer (normally 80 columns).
const BUFFER_WIDTH: usize = 80;

/// A structure representing the VGA text buffer.
struct Buffer {
    chars: [[Volatile<ScreenChar>; BUFFER_WIDTH]; BUFFER_HEIGHT],
}

/// A writer type that allows writing ASCII bytes and strings to an underlying `Buffer`.
///
/// Wraps lines at `BUFFER_WIDTH`. Supports newline characters and implements the
/// `core::fmt::Write` trait.
pub struct Writer {
    column_position: usize,
    color_code: ColorCode,
    buffer: &'static mut Buffer,
}

impl Writer {
    /// Writes an ASCII byte to the buffer.
    ///
    /// Wraps lines at `BUFFER_WIDTH`. Supports the `\n` newline character.
    pub fn write_byte(&mut self, byte: u8) {
        match byte {
            b'\n' => self.new_line(),
            byte => {
                if self.column_position >= BUFFER_WIDTH {
                    self.new_line();
                }

                let row = BUFFER_HEIGHT - 1;
                let col = self.column_position;

                let color_code = self.color_code;
                self.buffer.chars[row][col].write(ScreenChar {
                    ascii_character: byte,
                    color_code: color_code,
                });
                self.column_position += 1;
            }
        }
    }

    /// Writes the given ASCII string to the buffer.
    ///
    /// Wraps lines at `BUFFER_WIDTH`. Supports the `\n` newline character. Does **not**
    /// support strings with non-ASCII characters, since they can't be printed in the VGA text
    /// mode.
    fn write_string(&mut self, s: &str) {
        for byte in s.bytes() {
            match byte {
                // printable ASCII byte or newline
                0x20...0x7e | b'\n' => self.write_byte(byte),
                // not part of printable ASCII range
                _ => self.write_byte(0xfe),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Shifts all lines one line up and clears the last row.
    fn new_line(&mut self) {
        for row in 1..BUFFER_HEIGHT {
            for col in 0..BUFFER_WIDTH {
                let character = self.buffer.chars[row][col].read();
                self.buffer.chars[row - 1][col].write(character);
            }
        }
        self.clear_row(BUFFER_HEIGHT - 1);
        self.column_position = 0;
    }

    /// Clears a row by overwriting it with blank characters.
    fn clear_row(&mut self, row: usize) {
        let blank = ScreenChar {
            ascii_character: b' ',
            color_code: self.color_code,
        };
        for col in 0..BUFFER_WIDTH {
            self.buffer.chars[row][col].write(blank);
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Write for Writer {
    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
        self.write_string(s);
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Like the `print!` macro in the standard library, but prints to the VGA text buffer.
macro_rules! print {
    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::vga_buffer::print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
}

/// Like the `print!` macro in the standard library, but prints to the VGA text buffer.
macro_rules! println {
    () => (print!("\n"));
    ($fmt:expr) => (print!(concat!($fmt, "\n")));
    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (print!(concat!($fmt, "\n"), $($arg)*));
}

/// Prints the given formatted string to the VGA text buffer through the global `WRITER` instance.
pub fn print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
    use core::fmt::Write;
    WRITER.lock().write_fmt(args).unwrap();
}

test.rs

use super::*;

fn construct_writer() -> Writer {
    use std::boxed::Box;

    let buffer = construct_buffer();
    Writer {
        column_position: 0,
        color_code: ColorCode::new(Color::Blue, Color::Magenta),
        buffer: Box::leak(Box::new(buffer)),
    }
}

fn construct_buffer() -> Buffer {
    use array_init::array_init;

    Buffer {
        chars: array_init(|_| array_init(|_| Volatile::new(empty_char()))),
    }
}

fn empty_char() -> ScreenChar {
    ScreenChar {
        ascii_character: b' ',
        color_code: ColorCode::new(Color::Green, Color::Brown),
    }
}

#[test]
fn write_byte() {
    let mut writer = construct_writer();
    writer.write_byte(b'X');
    writer.write_byte(b'Y');

    for (i, row) in writer.buffer.chars.iter().enumerate() {
        for (j, screen_char) in row.iter().enumerate() {
            let screen_char = screen_char.read();
            if i == BUFFER_HEIGHT - 1 && j == 0 {
                assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b'X');
                assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
            } else if i == BUFFER_HEIGHT - 1 && j == 1 {
                assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b'Y');
                assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
            } else {
                assert_eq!(screen_char, empty_char());
            }
        }
    }
}

#[test]
fn write_formatted() {
    use core::fmt::Write;

    let mut writer = construct_writer();
    writeln!(&mut writer, "a").unwrap();
    writeln!(&mut writer, "b{}", "c").unwrap();

    for (i, row) in writer.buffer.chars.iter().enumerate() {
        for (j, screen_char) in row.iter().enumerate() {
            let screen_char = screen_char.read();
            if i == BUFFER_HEIGHT - 3 && j == 0 {
                assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b'a');
                assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
            } else if i == BUFFER_HEIGHT - 2 && j == 0 {
                assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b'b');
                assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
            } else if i == BUFFER_HEIGHT - 2 && j == 1 {
                assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b'c');
                assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
            } else if i >= BUFFER_HEIGHT - 2 {
                assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b' ');
                assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
            } else {
                assert_eq!(screen_char, empty_char());
            }
        }
    }
}