Lesson 25.1 - Select a random monster at a location

Location.cs

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace Engine
{
    public class Location
    {
        private readonly SortedList<int, int> _monstersAtLocation = new SortedList<int, int>();

        public int ID { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Description { get; set; }
        public Item ItemRequiredToEnter { get; set; }
        public Quest QuestAvailableHere { get; set; }
        public Vendor VendorWorkingHere { get; set; }
        public Location LocationToNorth { get; set; }
        public Location LocationToEast { get; set; }
        public Location LocationToSouth { get; set; }
        public Location LocationToWest { get; set; }

        public bool HasAMonster { get { return _monstersAtLocation.Count > 0; } }
        public bool HasAQuest { get { return QuestAvailableHere != null; } }
        public bool DoesNotHaveAnItemRequiredToEnter { get { return ItemRequiredToEnter == null; } }

        public Location(int id, string name, string description, 
            Item itemRequiredToEnter = null, Quest questAvailableHere = null)
        {
            ID = id;
            Name = name;
            Description = description;
            ItemRequiredToEnter = itemRequiredToEnter;
            QuestAvailableHere = questAvailableHere;
        }

        public void AddMonster(int monsterID, int percentageOfAppearance)
        {
            if(_monstersAtLocation.ContainsKey(monsterID))
            {
                _monstersAtLocation[monsterID] = percentageOfAppearance;
            }
            else
            {
                _monstersAtLocation.Add(monsterID, percentageOfAppearance);
            }
        }

        public Monster NewInstanceOfMonsterLivingHere()
        {
            if(!HasAMonster)
            {
                return null;
            }

            // Total the percentages of all monsters at this location.
            int totalPercentages = _monstersAtLocation.Values.Sum();

            // Select a random number between 1 and the total (in case the total of percentages is not 100).
            int randomNumber = RandomNumberGenerator.NumberBetween(1, totalPercentages);

            // Loop through the monster list, 
            // adding the monster's percentage chance of appearing to the runningTotal variable.
            // When the random number is lower than the runningTotal,
            // that is the monster to return.
            int runningTotal = 0;
            
            foreach(KeyValuePair<int, int> monsterKeyValuePair in _monstersAtLocation)
            {
                runningTotal += monsterKeyValuePair.Value;

                if(randomNumber <= runningTotal)
                {
                    return World.MonsterByID(monsterKeyValuePair.Key).NewInstanceOfMonster();
                }
            }

            // In case there was a problem, return the last monster in the list.
            return World.MonsterByID(_monstersAtLocation.Keys.Last()).NewInstanceOfMonster();
        }
    }
}

Player.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Linq;
using System.Xml;

namespace Engine
{
    public class Player : LivingCreature
    {
        private int _gold;
        private int _experiencePoints;
        private Location _currentLocation;

        public event EventHandler<MessageEventArgs> OnMessage;
         
        public int Gold
        {
            get { return _gold; }
            set
            {
                _gold = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("Gold");
            }
        }

        public int ExperiencePoints
        {
            get { return _experiencePoints; }
            private set
            {
                _experiencePoints = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("ExperiencePoints");
                OnPropertyChanged("Level");
            }
        }

        public int Level 
        {
            get { return ((ExperiencePoints / 100) + 1); }
        }

        public Location CurrentLocation
        {
            get { return _currentLocation; }
            set
            {
                _currentLocation = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("CurrentLocation");
            }
        }

        public Weapon CurrentWeapon { get; set; }

        public BindingList<InventoryItem> Inventory { get; set; }

        public List<Weapon> Weapons
        {
            get { return Inventory.Where(x => x.Details is Weapon).Select(x => x.Details as Weapon).ToList(); }
        }

        public List<HealingPotion> Potions
        {
            get { return Inventory.Where(x => x.Details is HealingPotion).Select(x => x.Details as HealingPotion).ToList(); }
        }

        public BindingList<PlayerQuest> Quests { get; set; }

        private Monster CurrentMonster { get; set; }

        private Player(int currentHitPoints, int maximumHitPoints, int gold, int experiencePoints) : base(currentHitPoints, maximumHitPoints)
        {
            Gold = gold;
            ExperiencePoints = experiencePoints;

            Inventory = new BindingList<InventoryItem>();
            Quests = new BindingList<PlayerQuest>();
        }

        public static Player CreateDefaultPlayer()
        {
            Player player = new Player(10, 10, 20, 0);
            player.Inventory.Add(new InventoryItem(World.ItemByID(World.ITEM_ID_RUSTY_SWORD), 1));
            player.CurrentLocation = World.LocationByID(World.LOCATION_ID_HOME);

            return player;
        }

        public static Player CreatePlayerFromXmlString(string xmlPlayerData)
        {
            try
            {
                XmlDocument playerData = new XmlDocument();

                playerData.LoadXml(xmlPlayerData);

                int currentHitPoints = Convert.ToInt32(playerData.SelectSingleNode("/Player/Stats/CurrentHitPoints").InnerText);
                int maximumHitPoints = Convert.ToInt32(playerData.SelectSingleNode("/Player/Stats/MaximumHitPoints").InnerText);
                int gold = Convert.ToInt32(playerData.SelectSingleNode("/Player/Stats/Gold").InnerText);
                int experiencePoints = Convert.ToInt32(playerData.SelectSingleNode("/Player/Stats/ExperiencePoints").InnerText);

                Player player = new Player(currentHitPoints, maximumHitPoints, gold, experiencePoints);

                int currentLocationID = Convert.ToInt32(playerData.SelectSingleNode("/Player/Stats/CurrentLocation").InnerText);
                player.CurrentLocation = World.LocationByID(currentLocationID);

                if(playerData.SelectSingleNode("/Player/Stats/CurrentWeapon") != null)
                {
                    int currentWeaponID = Convert.ToInt32(playerData.SelectSingleNode("/Player/Stats/CurrentWeapon").InnerText);
                    player.CurrentWeapon = (Weapon)World.ItemByID(currentWeaponID);
                }

                foreach(XmlNode node in playerData.SelectNodes("/Player/InventoryItems/InventoryItem"))
                {
                    int id = Convert.ToInt32(node.Attributes["ID"].Value);
                    int quantity = Convert.ToInt32(node.Attributes["Quantity"].Value);

                    for(int i = 0; i < quantity; i++)
                    {
                        player.AddItemToInventory(World.ItemByID(id));
                    }
                }

                foreach(XmlNode node in playerData.SelectNodes("/Player/PlayerQuests/PlayerQuest"))
                {
                    int id = Convert.ToInt32(node.Attributes["ID"].Value);
                    bool isCompleted = Convert.ToBoolean(node.Attributes["IsCompleted"].Value);

                    PlayerQuest playerQuest = new PlayerQuest(World.QuestByID(id));
                    playerQuest.IsCompleted = isCompleted;

                    player.Quests.Add(playerQuest);
                }

                return player;
            }
            catch
            {
                // If there was an error with the XML data, return a default player object
                return CreateDefaultPlayer();
            }
        }

        public static Player CreatePlayerFromDatabase(int currentHitPoints, int maximumHitPoints, int gold, int experiencePoints, int currentLocationID)
        {
            Player player = new Player(currentHitPoints, maximumHitPoints, gold, experiencePoints);

            player.MoveTo(World.LocationByID(currentLocationID));

            return player;
        }

        public void MoveTo(Location location)
        {
            if(PlayerDoesNotHaveTheRequiredItemToEnter(location))
            {
                RaiseMessage("You must have a " + location.ItemRequiredToEnter.Name + " to enter this location.");
                return;
            }

            // The player can enter this location
            CurrentLocation = location;

            CompletelyHeal();

            if(location.HasAQuest)
            {
                if(PlayerDoesNotHaveThisQuest(location.QuestAvailableHere))
                {
                    GiveQuestToPlayer(location.QuestAvailableHere);
                }
                else
                {
                    if(PlayerHasNotCompleted(location.QuestAvailableHere) &&
                       PlayerHasAllQuestCompletionItemsFor(location.QuestAvailableHere))
                    {
                        GivePlayerQuestRewards(location.QuestAvailableHere);
                    }
                }
            }

            SetTheCurrentMonsterForTheCurrentLocation(location);
        }

        public void MoveNorth()
        {
            if(CurrentLocation.LocationToNorth != null)
            {
                MoveTo(CurrentLocation.LocationToNorth);
            }
        }

        public void MoveEast()
        {
            if(CurrentLocation.LocationToEast != null)
            {
                MoveTo(CurrentLocation.LocationToEast);
            }
        }

        public void MoveSouth()
        {
            if(CurrentLocation.LocationToSouth != null)
            {
                MoveTo(CurrentLocation.LocationToSouth);
            }
        }

        public void MoveWest()
        {
            if(CurrentLocation.LocationToWest != null)
            {
                MoveTo(CurrentLocation.LocationToWest);
            }
        }

        public void UseWeapon(Weapon weapon)
        {
            int damage = RandomNumberGenerator.NumberBetween(weapon.MinimumDamage, weapon.MaximumDamage);

            if(damage == 0)
            {
                RaiseMessage("You missed the " + CurrentMonster.Name);
            }
            else
            {
                CurrentMonster.CurrentHitPoints -= damage;
                RaiseMessage("You hit the " + CurrentMonster.Name + " for " + damage + " points.");
            }

            if(CurrentMonster.IsDead)
            {
                LootTheCurrentMonster();

                // "Move" to the current location, to refresh the current monster
                MoveTo(CurrentLocation);
            }
            else
            {
                LetTheMonsterAttack();
            }
        }

        private void LootTheCurrentMonster()
        {
            RaiseMessage("");
            RaiseMessage("You defeated the " + CurrentMonster.Name);
            RaiseMessage("You receive " + CurrentMonster.RewardExperiencePoints + " experience points");
            RaiseMessage("You receive " + CurrentMonster.RewardGold + " gold");

            AddExperiencePoints(CurrentMonster.RewardExperiencePoints);
            Gold += CurrentMonster.RewardGold;

            // Give monster's loot items to the player
            foreach(InventoryItem inventoryItem in CurrentMonster.LootItems)
            {
                AddItemToInventory(inventoryItem.Details);

                RaiseMessage(string.Format("You loot {0} {1}", inventoryItem.Quantity, inventoryItem.Description));
            }

            RaiseMessage("");
        }

        public void UsePotion(HealingPotion potion)
        {
            RaiseMessage("You drink a " + potion.Name);

            HealPlayer(potion.AmountToHeal);

            RemoveItemFromInventory(potion);

            // The player used their turn to drink the potion, so let the monster attack now
            LetTheMonsterAttack();
        }

        public void AddItemToInventory(Item itemToAdd, int quantity = 1)
        {
            InventoryItem existingItemInInventory = Inventory.SingleOrDefault(ii => ii.Details.ID == itemToAdd.ID);

            if(existingItemInInventory == null)
            {
                Inventory.Add(new InventoryItem(itemToAdd, quantity));
            }
            else
            {
                existingItemInInventory.Quantity += quantity;
            }

            RaiseInventoryChangedEvent(itemToAdd);
        }

        public void RemoveItemFromInventory(Item itemToRemove, int quantity = 1)
        {
            InventoryItem item = Inventory.SingleOrDefault(ii => ii.Details.ID == itemToRemove.ID && ii.Quantity >= quantity);

            if(item != null)
            {
                item.Quantity -= quantity;

                if(item.Quantity == 0)
                {
                    Inventory.Remove(item);
                }

                RaiseInventoryChangedEvent(itemToRemove);
            }
        }

        public string ToXmlString()
        {
            XmlDocument playerData = new XmlDocument();

            // Create the top-level XML node
            XmlNode player = playerData.CreateElement("Player");
            playerData.AppendChild(player);

            // Create the "Stats" child node to hold the other player statistics nodes
            XmlNode stats = playerData.CreateElement("Stats");
            player.AppendChild(stats);

            // Create the child nodes for the "Stats" node
            CreateNewChildXmlNode(playerData, stats, "CurrentHitPoints", CurrentHitPoints);
            CreateNewChildXmlNode(playerData, stats, "MaximumHitPoints", MaximumHitPoints);
            CreateNewChildXmlNode(playerData, stats, "Gold", Gold);
            CreateNewChildXmlNode(playerData, stats, "ExperiencePoints", ExperiencePoints);
            CreateNewChildXmlNode(playerData, stats, "CurrentLocation", CurrentLocation.ID);

            if(CurrentWeapon != null)
            {
                CreateNewChildXmlNode(playerData, stats, "CurrentWeapon", CurrentWeapon.ID);
            }

            // Create the "InventoryItems" child node to hold each InventoryItem node
            XmlNode inventoryItems = playerData.CreateElement("InventoryItems");
            player.AppendChild(inventoryItems);

            // Create an "InventoryItem" node for each item in the player's inventory
            foreach(InventoryItem item in Inventory)
            {
                XmlNode inventoryItem = playerData.CreateElement("InventoryItem");

                AddXmlAttributeToNode(playerData, inventoryItem, "ID", item.Details.ID);
                AddXmlAttributeToNode(playerData, inventoryItem, "Quantity", item.Quantity);

                inventoryItems.AppendChild(inventoryItem);
            }

            // Create the "PlayerQuests" child node to hold each PlayerQuest node
            XmlNode playerQuests = playerData.CreateElement("PlayerQuests");
            player.AppendChild(playerQuests);

            // Create a "PlayerQuest" node for each quest the player has acquired
            foreach(PlayerQuest quest in Quests)
            {
                XmlNode playerQuest = playerData.CreateElement("PlayerQuest");

                AddXmlAttributeToNode(playerData, playerQuest, "ID", quest.Details.ID);
                AddXmlAttributeToNode(playerData, playerQuest, "IsCompleted", quest.IsCompleted);

                playerQuests.AppendChild(playerQuest);
            }

            return playerData.InnerXml; // The XML document, as a string, so we can save the data to disk
        }

        private bool HasRequiredItemToEnterThisLocation(Location location)
        {
            if(location.DoesNotHaveAnItemRequiredToEnter)
            {
                return true;
            }

            // See if the player has the required item in their inventory
            return Inventory.Any(ii => ii.Details.ID == location.ItemRequiredToEnter.ID);
        }

        private void SetTheCurrentMonsterForTheCurrentLocation(Location location)
        {
            // Populate the current monster with this location's monster (or null, if there is no monster here)
            CurrentMonster = location.NewInstanceOfMonsterLivingHere();

            if(CurrentMonster != null)
            {
                RaiseMessage("You see a " + CurrentMonster.Name);
            }
        }

        private bool PlayerDoesNotHaveTheRequiredItemToEnter(Location location)
        {
            return !HasRequiredItemToEnterThisLocation(location);
        }

        private bool PlayerDoesNotHaveThisQuest(Quest quest)
        {
            return Quests.All(pq => pq.Details.ID != quest.ID);
        }

        private bool PlayerHasNotCompleted(Quest quest)
        {
            return Quests.Any(pq => pq.Details.ID == quest.ID && !pq.IsCompleted);
        }

        private void GiveQuestToPlayer(Quest quest)
        {
            RaiseMessage("You receive the " + quest.Name + " quest.");
            RaiseMessage(quest.Description);
            RaiseMessage("To complete it, return with:");

            foreach(QuestCompletionItem qci in quest.QuestCompletionItems)
            {
                RaiseMessage(string.Format("{0} {1}", qci.Quantity,
                    qci.Quantity == 1 ? qci.Details.Name : qci.Details.NamePlural));
            }

            RaiseMessage("");

            Quests.Add(new PlayerQuest(quest));
        }

        private bool PlayerHasAllQuestCompletionItemsFor(Quest quest)
        {
            // See if the player has all the items needed to complete the quest here
            foreach(QuestCompletionItem qci in quest.QuestCompletionItems)
            {
                // Check each item in the player's inventory, to see if they have it, and enough of it
                if(!Inventory.Any(ii => ii.Details.ID == qci.Details.ID && ii.Quantity >= qci.Quantity))
                {
                    return false;
                }
            }

            // If we got here, then the player must have all the required items, and enough of them, to complete the quest.
            return true;
        }

        private void RemoveQuestCompletionItems(Quest quest)
        {
            foreach(QuestCompletionItem qci in quest.QuestCompletionItems)
            {
                InventoryItem item = Inventory.SingleOrDefault(ii => ii.Details.ID == qci.Details.ID);

                if(item != null)
                {
                    RemoveItemFromInventory(item.Details, qci.Quantity);
                }
            }
        }

        private void AddExperiencePoints(int experiencePointsToAdd)
        {
            ExperiencePoints += experiencePointsToAdd;
            MaximumHitPoints = (Level * 10);
        }

        private void GivePlayerQuestRewards(Quest quest)
        {
            RaiseMessage("");
            RaiseMessage("You complete the '" + quest.Name + "' quest.");
            RaiseMessage("You receive: ");
            RaiseMessage(quest.RewardExperiencePoints + " experience points");
            RaiseMessage(quest.RewardGold + " gold");
            RaiseMessage(quest.RewardItem.Name, true);

            AddExperiencePoints(quest.RewardExperiencePoints);
            Gold += quest.RewardGold;

            RemoveQuestCompletionItems(quest);
            AddItemToInventory(quest.RewardItem);

            MarkPlayerQuestCompleted(quest);
        }

        private void MarkPlayerQuestCompleted(Quest quest)
        {
            PlayerQuest playerQuest = Quests.SingleOrDefault(pq => pq.Details.ID == quest.ID);

            if(playerQuest != null)
            {
                playerQuest.IsCompleted = true;
            }
        }

        private void LetTheMonsterAttack()
        {
            int damageToPlayer = RandomNumberGenerator.NumberBetween(0, CurrentMonster.MaximumDamage);

            RaiseMessage("The " + CurrentMonster.Name + " did " + damageToPlayer + " points of damage.");

            CurrentHitPoints -= damageToPlayer;

            if(IsDead)
            {
                RaiseMessage("The " + CurrentMonster.Name + " killed you.");

                MoveHome();
            }
        }

        private void HealPlayer(int hitPointsToHeal)
        {
            CurrentHitPoints = Math.Min(CurrentHitPoints + hitPointsToHeal, MaximumHitPoints);
        }

        private void CompletelyHeal()
        {
            CurrentHitPoints = MaximumHitPoints;
        }

        private void MoveHome()
        {
            MoveTo(World.LocationByID(World.LOCATION_ID_HOME));
        }

        private void CreateNewChildXmlNode(XmlDocument document, XmlNode parentNode, string elementName, object value)
        {
            XmlNode node = document.CreateElement(elementName);
            node.AppendChild(document.CreateTextNode(value.ToString()));
            parentNode.AppendChild(node);
        }

        private void AddXmlAttributeToNode(XmlDocument document, XmlNode node, string attributeName, object value)
        {
            XmlAttribute attribute = document.CreateAttribute(attributeName);
            attribute.Value = value.ToString();
            node.Attributes.Append(attribute);
        }

        private void RaiseInventoryChangedEvent(Item item)
        {
            if(item is Weapon)
            {
                OnPropertyChanged("Weapons");
            }

            if(item is HealingPotion)
            {
                OnPropertyChanged("Potions");
            }
        }

        private void RaiseMessage(string message, bool addExtraNewLine = false)
        {
            if(OnMessage != null)
            {
                OnMessage(this, new MessageEventArgs(message, addExtraNewLine));
            }
        }
    }
}

Program.cs

using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using Engine;

namespace SuperAdventureConsole
{
    public class Program
    {
        private const string PLAYER_DATA_FILE_NAME = "PlayerData.xml";

        private static Player _player;

        private static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // Load the player
            LoadGameData();

            Console.WriteLine("Type 'Help' to see a list of commands");
            Console.WriteLine("");

            DisplayCurrentLocation();

            // Connect player events to functions that will display in the UI
            _player.PropertyChanged += Player_OnPropertyChanged;
            _player.OnMessage += Player_OnMessage;

            // Infinite loop, until the user types "exit"
            while(true)
            {
                // Display a prompt, so the user knows to type something
                Console.Write(">");

                // Wait for the user to type something, and press the <Enter> key
                string userInput = Console.ReadLine();

                // If they typed a blank line, loop back and wait for input again
                if(userInput == null)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                // Convert to lower-case, to make comparisons easier
                string cleanedInput = userInput.ToLower();

                // Save the current game data, and break out of the "while(true)" loop
                if(cleanedInput == "exit")
                {
                    SaveGameData();

                    break;
                }

                // If the user typed something, try to determine what to do
                ParseInput(cleanedInput);
            }
        }

        private static void Player_OnPropertyChanged(object sender, PropertyChangedEventArgs e)
        {
            if(e.PropertyName == "CurrentLocation")
            {
                DisplayCurrentLocation();

                if(_player.CurrentLocation.VendorWorkingHere != null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("You see a vendor here: {0}", _player.CurrentLocation.VendorWorkingHere.Name);
                }
            }
        }

        private static void Player_OnMessage(object sender, MessageEventArgs e)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(e.Message);

            if(e.AddExtraNewLine)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("");
            }
        }

        private static void ParseInput(string input)
        {
            if(input.Contains("help") || input == "?")
            {
                DisplayHelpText();
            }
            else if(input == "stats")
            {
                DisplayPlayerStats();
            }
            else if(input == "look")
            {
                DisplayCurrentLocation();
            }
            else if(input.Contains("north"))
            {
                if(_player.CurrentLocation.LocationToNorth == null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("You cannot move North");
                }
                else
                {
                    _player.MoveNorth();
                }
            }
            else if(input.Contains("east"))
            {
                if(_player.CurrentLocation.LocationToEast == null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("You cannot move East");
                }
                else
                {
                    _player.MoveEast();
                }
            }
            else if(input.Contains("south"))
            {
                if(_player.CurrentLocation.LocationToSouth == null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("You cannot move South");
                }
                else
                {
                    _player.MoveSouth();
                }
            }
            else if(input.Contains("west"))
            {
                if(_player.CurrentLocation.LocationToWest == null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("You cannot move West");
                }
                else
                {
                    _player.MoveWest();
                }
            }
            else if(input == "inventory")
            {
                foreach(InventoryItem inventoryItem in _player.Inventory)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", inventoryItem.Description, inventoryItem.Quantity);
                }
            }
            else if(input == "quests")
            {
                if(_player.Quests.Count == 0)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("You do not have any quests");
                }
                else
                {
                    foreach(PlayerQuest playerQuest in _player.Quests)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", playerQuest.Name,
                            playerQuest.IsCompleted ? "Completed" : "Incomplete");
                    }
                }
            }
            else if(input.Contains("attack"))
            {
                AttackMonster();
            }
            else if(input.StartsWith("equip "))
            {
                EquipWeapon(input);
            }
            else if(input.StartsWith("drink "))
            {
                DrinkPotion(input);
            }
            else if(input == "trade")
            {
                ViewTradeInventory();
            }
            else if(input.StartsWith("buy "))
            {
                BuyItem(input);
            }
            else if(input.StartsWith("sell "))
            {
                SellItem(input);
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine("I do not understand");
                Console.WriteLine("Type 'Help' to see a list of available commands");
            }

            // Write a blank line, to keep the UI a little cleaner
            Console.WriteLine("");
        }

        private static void DisplayHelpText()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Available commands");
            Console.WriteLine("====================================");
            Console.WriteLine("Stats - Display player information");
            Console.WriteLine("Look - Get the description of your location");
            Console.WriteLine("Inventory - Display your inventory");
            Console.WriteLine("Quests - Display your quests");
            Console.WriteLine("Attack - Fight the monster");
            Console.WriteLine("Equip <weapon name> - Set your current weapon");
            Console.WriteLine("Drink <potion name> - Drink a potion");
            Console.WriteLine("Trade - display your inventory and vendor's inventory");
            Console.WriteLine("Buy <item name> - Buy an item from a vendor");
            Console.WriteLine("Sell <item name> - Sell an item to a vendor");
            Console.WriteLine("North - Move North");
            Console.WriteLine("South - Move South");
            Console.WriteLine("East - Move East");
            Console.WriteLine("West - Move West");
            Console.WriteLine("Exit - Save the game and exit");
        }

        private static void DisplayPlayerStats()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Current hit points: {0}", _player.CurrentHitPoints);
            Console.WriteLine("Maximum hit points: {0}", _player.MaximumHitPoints);
            Console.WriteLine("Experience Points: {0}", _player.ExperiencePoints);
            Console.WriteLine("Level: {0}", _player.Level);
            Console.WriteLine("Gold: {0}", _player.Gold);
        }

        private static void AttackMonster()
        {
            if(!_player.CurrentLocation.HasAMonster)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("There is nothing here to attack");
            }
            else
            {
                if(_player.CurrentWeapon == null)
                {
                    // Select the first weapon in the player's inventory 
                    // (or 'null', if they do not have any weapons)
                    _player.CurrentWeapon = _player.Weapons.FirstOrDefault();
                }

                if(_player.CurrentWeapon == null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("You do not have any weapons");
                }
                else
                {
                    _player.UseWeapon(_player.CurrentWeapon);
                }
            }
        }

        private static void EquipWeapon(string input)
        {
            string inputWeaponName = input.Substring(6).Trim();

            if(string.IsNullOrEmpty(inputWeaponName))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("You must enter the name of the weapon to equip");
            }
            else
            {
                Weapon weaponToEquip =
                    _player.Weapons.SingleOrDefault(
                        x => x.Name.ToLower() == inputWeaponName || x.NamePlural.ToLower() == inputWeaponName);

                if(weaponToEquip == null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("You do not have the weapon: {0}", inputWeaponName);
                }
                else
                {
                    _player.CurrentWeapon = weaponToEquip;

                    Console.WriteLine("You equip your {0}", _player.CurrentWeapon.Name);
                }
            }
        }

        private static void DrinkPotion(string input)
        {
            string inputPotionName = input.Substring(6).Trim();

            if(string.IsNullOrEmpty(inputPotionName))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("You must enter the name of the potion to drink");
            }
            else
            {
                HealingPotion potionToDrink =
                    _player.Potions.SingleOrDefault(
                        x => x.Name.ToLower() == inputPotionName || x.NamePlural.ToLower() == inputPotionName);

                if(potionToDrink == null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("You do not have the potion: {0}", inputPotionName);
                }
                else
                {
                    _player.UsePotion(potionToDrink);
                }
            }
        }

        private static void ViewTradeInventory()
        {
            if(LocationDoesNotHaveVendor())
            {
                return;
            }

            Console.WriteLine("PLAYER INVENTORY");
            Console.WriteLine("================");

            if(_player.Inventory.Count(x => x.Price != World.UNSELLABLE_ITEM_PRICE) == 0)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("You do not have any inventory");
            }
            else
            {
                foreach(
                    InventoryItem inventoryItem in _player.Inventory.Where(x => x.Price != World.UNSELLABLE_ITEM_PRICE))
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} Price: {2}", inventoryItem.Quantity, inventoryItem.Description,
                        inventoryItem.Price);
                }
            }

            Console.WriteLine("");
            Console.WriteLine("VENDOR INVENTORY");
            Console.WriteLine("================");

            if(_player.CurrentLocation.VendorWorkingHere.Inventory.Count == 0)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("The vendor does not have any inventory");
            }
            else
            {
                foreach(InventoryItem inventoryItem in _player.CurrentLocation.VendorWorkingHere.Inventory)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} Price: {2}", inventoryItem.Quantity, inventoryItem.Description,
                        inventoryItem.Price);
                }
            }
        }

        private static void BuyItem(string input)
        {
            if(LocationDoesNotHaveVendor())
            {
                return;
            }

            string itemName = input.Substring(4).Trim();

            if(string.IsNullOrEmpty(itemName))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("You must enter the name of the item to buy");
            }
            else
            {
                // Get the InventoryItem from the trader's inventory
                InventoryItem itemToBuy =
                    _player.CurrentLocation.VendorWorkingHere.Inventory.SingleOrDefault(
                        x => x.Details.Name.ToLower() == itemName);

                // Check if the vendor has the item
                if(itemToBuy == null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("The vendor does not have any {0}", itemName);
                }
                else
                {
                    // Check if the player has enough gold to buy the item
                    if(_player.Gold < itemToBuy.Price)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("You do not have enough gold to buy a {0}", itemToBuy.Description);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // Success! Buy the item
                        _player.AddItemToInventory(itemToBuy.Details);
                        _player.Gold -= itemToBuy.Price;

                        Console.WriteLine("You bought one {0} for {1} gold", itemToBuy.Details.Name, itemToBuy.Price);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        private static void SellItem(string input)
        {
            if(LocationDoesNotHaveVendor())
            {
                return;
            }

            string itemName = input.Substring(5).Trim();

            if(string.IsNullOrEmpty(itemName))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("You must enter the name of the item to sell");
            }
            else
            {
                // Get the InventoryItem from the player's inventory
                InventoryItem itemToSell =
                    _player.Inventory.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Details.Name.ToLower() == itemName &&
                                                           x.Quantity > 0 &&
                                                           x.Price != World.UNSELLABLE_ITEM_PRICE);

                // Check if the player has the item entered
                if(itemToSell == null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("The player cannot sell any {0}", itemName);
                }
                else
                {
                    // Sell the item
                    _player.RemoveItemFromInventory(itemToSell.Details);
                    _player.Gold += itemToSell.Price;

                    Console.WriteLine("You receive {0} gold for your {1}", itemToSell.Price, itemToSell.Details.Name);
                }
            }
        }

        private static bool LocationDoesNotHaveVendor()
        {
            bool locationDoesNotHaveVendor = _player.CurrentLocation.VendorWorkingHere == null;

            Console.WriteLine("There is no vendor at this location");

            return locationDoesNotHaveVendor;
        }

        private static void DisplayCurrentLocation()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("You are at: {0}", _player.CurrentLocation.Name);

            if(_player.CurrentLocation.Description != "")
            {
                Console.WriteLine(_player.CurrentLocation.Description);
            }
        }

        private static void LoadGameData()
        {
            _player = PlayerDataMapper.CreateFromDatabase();

            if(_player == null)
            {
                if(File.Exists(PLAYER_DATA_FILE_NAME))
                {
                    _player = Player.CreatePlayerFromXmlString(File.ReadAllText(PLAYER_DATA_FILE_NAME));
                }
                else
                {
                    _player = Player.CreateDefaultPlayer();
                }
            }
        }

        private static void SaveGameData()
        {
            File.WriteAllText(PLAYER_DATA_FILE_NAME, _player.ToXmlString());

            PlayerDataMapper.SaveToDatabase(_player);
        }
    }
}

SuperAdventure.cs

using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;

using Engine;

namespace SuperAdventure
{
    public partial class SuperAdventure : Form
    {
        private const string PLAYER_DATA_FILE_NAME = "PlayerData.xml";

        private Player _player;

        public SuperAdventure()
        {
            InitializeComponent();

            _player = PlayerDataMapper.CreateFromDatabase();

            if(_player == null)
            {
                if(File.Exists(PLAYER_DATA_FILE_NAME))
                {
                    _player = Player.CreatePlayerFromXmlString(File.ReadAllText(PLAYER_DATA_FILE_NAME));
                }
                else
                {
                    _player = Player.CreateDefaultPlayer();
                }
            }

            lblHitPoints.DataBindings.Add("Text", _player, "CurrentHitPoints");
            lblGold.DataBindings.Add("Text", _player, "Gold");
            lblExperience.DataBindings.Add("Text", _player, "ExperiencePoints");
            lblLevel.DataBindings.Add("Text", _player, "Level");

            dgvInventory.RowHeadersVisible = false;
            dgvInventory.AutoGenerateColumns = false;

            dgvInventory.DataSource = _player.Inventory;

            dgvInventory.Columns.Add(new DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
            {
                HeaderText = "Name",
                Width = 197,
                DataPropertyName = "Description"
            });

            dgvInventory.Columns.Add(new DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
            {
                HeaderText = "Quantity",
                DataPropertyName = "Quantity"
            });

            dgvInventory.ScrollBars = ScrollBars.Vertical;

            dgvQuests.RowHeadersVisible = false;
            dgvQuests.AutoGenerateColumns = false;

            dgvQuests.DataSource = _player.Quests;

            dgvQuests.Columns.Add(new DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
            {
                HeaderText = "Name",
                Width = 197,
                DataPropertyName = "Name"
            });

            dgvQuests.Columns.Add(new DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
            {
                HeaderText = "Done?",
                DataPropertyName = "IsCompleted"
            });

            cboWeapons.DataSource = _player.Weapons;
            cboWeapons.DisplayMember = "Name";
            cboWeapons.ValueMember = "Id";

            if(_player.CurrentWeapon != null)
            {
                cboWeapons.SelectedItem = _player.CurrentWeapon;
            }

            cboWeapons.SelectedIndexChanged += cboWeapons_SelectedIndexChanged;

            cboPotions.DataSource = _player.Potions;
            cboPotions.DisplayMember = "Name";
            cboPotions.ValueMember = "Id";

            _player.PropertyChanged += PlayerOnPropertyChanged;
            _player.OnMessage += DisplayMessage;

            _player.MoveTo(_player.CurrentLocation);
        }

        private void DisplayMessage(object sender, MessageEventArgs messageEventArgs)
        {
            rtbMessages.Text += messageEventArgs.Message + Environment.NewLine;

            if(messageEventArgs.AddExtraNewLine)
            {
                rtbMessages.Text += Environment.NewLine;
            }

            rtbMessages.SelectionStart = rtbMessages.Text.Length;
            rtbMessages.ScrollToCaret();
        }

        private void PlayerOnPropertyChanged(object sender, PropertyChangedEventArgs propertyChangedEventArgs)
        {
            if(propertyChangedEventArgs.PropertyName == "Weapons")
            {
                cboWeapons.DataSource = _player.Weapons;

                if(!_player.Weapons.Any())
                {
                    cboWeapons.Visible = false;
                    btnUseWeapon.Visible = false;
                }
            }

            if(propertyChangedEventArgs.PropertyName == "Potions")
            {
                cboPotions.DataSource = _player.Potions;

                if(!_player.Potions.Any())
                {
                    cboPotions.Visible = false;
                    btnUsePotion.Visible = false;
                }
            }

            if(propertyChangedEventArgs.PropertyName == "CurrentLocation")
            {
                // Show/hide available movement buttons
                btnNorth.Visible = (_player.CurrentLocation.LocationToNorth != null);
                btnEast.Visible = (_player.CurrentLocation.LocationToEast != null);
                btnSouth.Visible = (_player.CurrentLocation.LocationToSouth != null);
                btnWest.Visible = (_player.CurrentLocation.LocationToWest != null);

                btnTrade.Visible = (_player.CurrentLocation.VendorWorkingHere != null);

                // Display current location name and description
                rtbLocation.Text = _player.CurrentLocation.Name + Environment.NewLine;
                rtbLocation.Text += _player.CurrentLocation.Description + Environment.NewLine;

                if(!_player.CurrentLocation.HasAMonster)
                {
                    cboWeapons.Visible = false;
                    cboPotions.Visible = false;
                    btnUseWeapon.Visible = false;
                    btnUsePotion.Visible = false;
                }
                else
                {
                    cboWeapons.Visible = _player.Weapons.Any();
                    cboPotions.Visible = _player.Potions.Any();
                    btnUseWeapon.Visible = _player.Weapons.Any();
                    btnUsePotion.Visible = _player.Potions.Any();
                }
            }
        }

        private void btnNorth_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            _player.MoveNorth();
        }

        private void btnEast_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            _player.MoveEast();
        }

        private void btnSouth_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            _player.MoveSouth();
        }

        private void btnWest_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            _player.MoveWest();
        }

        private void btnUseWeapon_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            // Get the currently selected weapon from the cboWeapons ComboBox
            Weapon currentWeapon = (Weapon)cboWeapons.SelectedItem;

            _player.UseWeapon(currentWeapon);
        }

        private void btnUsePotion_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            // Get the currently selected potion from the combobox
            HealingPotion potion = (HealingPotion)cboPotions.SelectedItem;

            _player.UsePotion(potion);
        }

        private void SuperAdventure_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
        {
            File.WriteAllText(PLAYER_DATA_FILE_NAME, _player.ToXmlString());

            PlayerDataMapper.SaveToDatabase(_player);
        }

        private void cboWeapons_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            _player.CurrentWeapon = (Weapon)cboWeapons.SelectedItem;
        }

        private void btnTrade_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            TradingScreen tradingScreen = new TradingScreen(_player);
            tradingScreen.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterParent;
            tradingScreen.ShowDialog(this);
        }
    }
}

World.cs

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace Engine
{
    public static class World
    {
        private static readonly List<Item> _items = new List<Item>();
        private static readonly List<Monster> _monsters = new List<Monster>();
        private static readonly List<Quest> _quests = new List<Quest>();
        private static readonly List<Location> _locations = new List<Location>();

        public const int UNSELLABLE_ITEM_PRICE = -1;

        public const int ITEM_ID_RUSTY_SWORD = 1;
        public const int ITEM_ID_RAT_TAIL = 2;
        public const int ITEM_ID_PIECE_OF_FUR = 3;
        public const int ITEM_ID_SNAKE_FANG = 4;
        public const int ITEM_ID_SNAKESKIN = 5;
        public const int ITEM_ID_CLUB = 6;
        public const int ITEM_ID_HEALING_POTION = 7;
        public const int ITEM_ID_SPIDER_FANG = 8;
        public const int ITEM_ID_SPIDER_SILK = 9;
        public const int ITEM_ID_ADVENTURER_PASS = 10;

        public const int MONSTER_ID_RAT = 1;
        public const int MONSTER_ID_SNAKE = 2;
        public const int MONSTER_ID_GIANT_SPIDER = 3;

        public const int QUEST_ID_CLEAR_ALCHEMIST_GARDEN = 1;
        public const int QUEST_ID_CLEAR_FARMERS_FIELD = 2;

        public const int LOCATION_ID_HOME = 1;
        public const int LOCATION_ID_TOWN_SQUARE = 2;
        public const int LOCATION_ID_GUARD_POST = 3;
        public const int LOCATION_ID_ALCHEMIST_HUT = 4;
        public const int LOCATION_ID_ALCHEMISTS_GARDEN = 5;
        public const int LOCATION_ID_FARMHOUSE = 6;
        public const int LOCATION_ID_FARM_FIELD = 7;
        public const int LOCATION_ID_BRIDGE = 8;
        public const int LOCATION_ID_SPIDER_FIELD = 9;

        static World()
        {
            PopulateItems();
            PopulateMonsters();
            PopulateQuests();
            PopulateLocations();
        }

        private static void PopulateItems()
        {
            _items.Add(new Weapon(ITEM_ID_RUSTY_SWORD, "Rusty sword", "Rusty swords", 0, 5, 5));
            _items.Add(new Item(ITEM_ID_RAT_TAIL, "Rat tail", "Rat tails", 1));
            _items.Add(new Item(ITEM_ID_PIECE_OF_FUR, "Piece of fur", "Pieces of fur", 1));
            _items.Add(new Item(ITEM_ID_SNAKE_FANG, "Snake fang", "Snake fangs", 1));
            _items.Add(new Item(ITEM_ID_SNAKESKIN, "Snakeskin", "Snakeskins", 2));
            _items.Add(new Weapon(ITEM_ID_CLUB, "Club", "Clubs", 3, 10, 8));
            _items.Add(new HealingPotion(ITEM_ID_HEALING_POTION, "Healing potion", "Healing potions", 5, 3));
            _items.Add(new Item(ITEM_ID_SPIDER_FANG, "Spider fang", "Spider fangs", 1));
            _items.Add(new Item(ITEM_ID_SPIDER_SILK, "Spider silk", "Spider silks", 1));
            _items.Add(new Item(ITEM_ID_ADVENTURER_PASS, "Adventurer pass", "Adventurer passes", UNSELLABLE_ITEM_PRICE));
        }

        private static void PopulateMonsters()
        {
            Monster rat = new Monster(MONSTER_ID_RAT, "Rat", 5, 3, 10, 3, 3);
            rat.LootTable.Add(new LootItem(ItemByID(ITEM_ID_RAT_TAIL), 75, false));
            rat.LootTable.Add(new LootItem(ItemByID(ITEM_ID_PIECE_OF_FUR), 75, true));

            Monster snake = new Monster(MONSTER_ID_SNAKE, "Snake", 5, 3, 10, 3, 3);
            snake.LootTable.Add(new LootItem(ItemByID(ITEM_ID_SNAKE_FANG), 75, false));
            snake.LootTable.Add(new LootItem(ItemByID(ITEM_ID_SNAKESKIN), 75, true));

            Monster giantSpider = new Monster(MONSTER_ID_GIANT_SPIDER, "Giant spider", 20, 5, 40, 10, 10);
            giantSpider.LootTable.Add(new LootItem(ItemByID(ITEM_ID_SPIDER_FANG), 75, true));
            giantSpider.LootTable.Add(new LootItem(ItemByID(ITEM_ID_SPIDER_SILK), 25, false));

            _monsters.Add(rat);
            _monsters.Add(snake);
            _monsters.Add(giantSpider);
        }

        private static void PopulateQuests()
        {
            Quest clearAlchemistGarden =
                new Quest(
                    QUEST_ID_CLEAR_ALCHEMIST_GARDEN,
                    "Clear the alchemist's garden",
                    "Kill rats in the alchemist's garden and bring back 3 rat tails. You will receive a healing potion and 10 gold pieces.", 20, 10);

            clearAlchemistGarden.QuestCompletionItems.Add(new QuestCompletionItem(ItemByID(ITEM_ID_RAT_TAIL), 3));

            clearAlchemistGarden.RewardItem = ItemByID(ITEM_ID_HEALING_POTION);

            Quest clearFarmersField =
                new Quest(
                    QUEST_ID_CLEAR_FARMERS_FIELD,
                    "Clear the farmer's field",
                    "Kill snakes in the farmer's field and bring back 3 snake fangs. You will receive an adventurer's pass and 20 gold pieces.", 20, 20);

            clearFarmersField.QuestCompletionItems.Add(new QuestCompletionItem(ItemByID(ITEM_ID_SNAKE_FANG), 3));

            clearFarmersField.RewardItem = ItemByID(ITEM_ID_ADVENTURER_PASS);

            _quests.Add(clearAlchemistGarden);
            _quests.Add(clearFarmersField);
        }

        private static void PopulateLocations()
        {
            // Create each location
            Location home = new Location(LOCATION_ID_HOME, "Home", "Your house. You really need to clean up the place.");

            Location townSquare = new Location(LOCATION_ID_TOWN_SQUARE, "Town square", "You see a fountain.");

            Vendor bobTheRatCatcher = new Vendor("Bob the Rat-Catcher");
            bobTheRatCatcher.AddItemToInventory(ItemByID(ITEM_ID_PIECE_OF_FUR), 5);
            bobTheRatCatcher.AddItemToInventory(ItemByID(ITEM_ID_RAT_TAIL), 3);

            townSquare.VendorWorkingHere = bobTheRatCatcher;

            Location alchemistHut = new Location(LOCATION_ID_ALCHEMIST_HUT, "Alchemist's hut", "There are many strange plants on the shelves.");
            alchemistHut.QuestAvailableHere = QuestByID(QUEST_ID_CLEAR_ALCHEMIST_GARDEN);

            Location alchemistsGarden = new Location(LOCATION_ID_ALCHEMISTS_GARDEN, "Alchemist's garden", "Many plants are growing here.");
            alchemistsGarden.AddMonster(MONSTER_ID_RAT, 100);

            Location farmhouse = new Location(LOCATION_ID_FARMHOUSE, "Farmhouse", "There is a small farmhouse, with a farmer in front.");
            farmhouse.QuestAvailableHere = QuestByID(QUEST_ID_CLEAR_FARMERS_FIELD);

            Location farmersField = new Location(LOCATION_ID_FARM_FIELD, "Farmer's field", "You see rows of vegetables growing here.");
            farmersField.AddMonster(MONSTER_ID_SNAKE, 100);
            Location guardPost = new Location(LOCATION_ID_GUARD_POST, "Guard post", "There is a large, tough-looking guard here.", ItemByID(ITEM_ID_ADVENTURER_PASS));

            Location bridge = new Location(LOCATION_ID_BRIDGE, "Bridge", "A stone bridge crosses a wide river.");

            Location spiderField = new Location(LOCATION_ID_SPIDER_FIELD, "Forest", "You see spider webs covering covering the trees in this forest.");
            spiderField.AddMonster(MONSTER_ID_GIANT_SPIDER, 100);

            // Link the locations together
            home.LocationToNorth = townSquare;

            townSquare.LocationToNorth = alchemistHut;
            townSquare.LocationToSouth = home;
            townSquare.LocationToEast = guardPost;
            townSquare.LocationToWest = farmhouse;

            farmhouse.LocationToEast = townSquare;
            farmhouse.LocationToWest = farmersField;

            farmersField.LocationToEast = farmhouse;

            alchemistHut.LocationToSouth = townSquare;
            alchemistHut.LocationToNorth = alchemistsGarden;

            alchemistsGarden.LocationToSouth = alchemistHut;

            guardPost.LocationToEast = bridge;
            guardPost.LocationToWest = townSquare;

            bridge.LocationToWest = guardPost;
            bridge.LocationToEast = spiderField;

            spiderField.LocationToWest = bridge;

            // Add the locations to the static list
            _locations.Add(home);
            _locations.Add(townSquare);
            _locations.Add(guardPost);
            _locations.Add(alchemistHut);
            _locations.Add(alchemistsGarden);
            _locations.Add(farmhouse);
            _locations.Add(farmersField);
            _locations.Add(bridge);
            _locations.Add(spiderField);
        }

        public static Item ItemByID(int id)
        {
            return _items.SingleOrDefault(x => x.ID == id);
        }

        public static Monster MonsterByID(int id)
        {
            return _monsters.SingleOrDefault(x => x.ID == id);
        }

        public static Quest QuestByID(int id)
        {
            return _quests.SingleOrDefault(x => x.ID == id);
        }

        public static Location LocationByID(int id)
        {
            return _locations.SingleOrDefault(x => x.ID == id);
        }
    }
}