There have been many discussions under this gist about installing docker in Google Colab: https://gist.github.com/mwufi/6718b30761cd109f9aff04c5144eb885
As a possible alternative, Apptainer works on Google Colab.
You can follow the instruction in the document to install it: https://apptainer.org/docs/admin/latest/installation.html#install-ubuntu-packages
It is possible to convert a docker image to .sif
file for Apptainer:
!apptainer build hello.sif docker://hello-world