Dado um número aleatório, retornar todos os números PRIMOS entre 0 e o número escolhido

primeNumbers.js

"use strict";

const divisors = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
const max = Math.max.apply(null, divisors);
const base = (num) => num > max ? [].concat(divisors, num) : divisors;
const numbers = (num) => [...Array(num).keys()];
const numberTest = (num) => base(num).map((_a) => num % _a === 0).filter(_a => _a === true);
const prime = (num) => numbers(num).filter(_a => numberTest(_a).length === 2);

console.log(prime(100)); // [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97]

Muito bom
https://gist.github.com/lubien/b984b501ea2df1242df34cd5bc75b4ca

https://gist.github.com/anabastos/d33e5c850d6250399c0d731ed2fb4b84

function show_primes(number) {
  var prime_numbers = [];
  for (var n = 0; n <= number; n++) {
    if (verify_prime(n)){
      prime_numbers.push(n);
    }
  }
  return prime_numbers;
}

function verify_prime(number) {
  if (number > 1) {
    for (var i = 2; i < number; i++) {
      if (number % i === 0) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }
}

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes

function sieveOfEratosthenes (n) {
    var primeNumbers = [...Array(n + 1).keys()];
    var upperBound = Math.sqrt(n);

    for (var i = 2; i < upperBound; i++) {
        for (var j = i * 2; j <= n; j += i) {
            delete primeNumbers[j];
        }
    }

    return (
        Object.keys(primeNumbers)
        .splice(2)
        .map(x => parseInt(x))
    );
}

Em ES6:

const sieveOfEratosthenes = ( n ) => {
    var upperBound = Math.sqrt( n )
    var primeNumbers = [ ...Array(n + 1).keys() ]

    for ( let i = 2; i < upperBound; i++ ) {
        for ( let j = i * 2; j <= n; j += i ) {
            delete primeNumbers[ j ]
        }
    }

    return Object.keys( primeNumbers ).splice( 2 ) .map( x => parseInt( x ) )
}

var primos = [];
var gravado = [];
var number = 50; // número desejado aqui

primos.push(1);

for(var i = 0; i < number + 1; i++){
    gravado = [];
    for(var j = 1; j <= i; j++){
        i % j == 0 ? gravado.push(j) : total = 1;
    }
    gravado.length == 2 ? primos.push(i) : total = 1;
}

console.log(primos);