Yasoz

\chapter{Introduction}
\label{chapter:introduction}

\section{Background and Motivation}

Cities are the engines of modern civilization. According to the United Nations, more than half of the global population currently lives in urban areas, and this proportion is expected to continue rising in the coming decades [CITATION NEEDED]. This long-term urbanization trend concentrates human activity into dense and highly interconnected environments, producing large-scale mobility patterns that shape nearly every dimension of city life: commuting flows determine transportation demand, discretionary trips influence commercial vitality, and emergency movements stress-test urban resilience. Understanding how people move through cities is therefore not only a scientific question, but also a practical requirement for planning, governance, and sustainable development.

Over the past two decades, the pervasive deployment of GPS-enabled smartphones, in-vehicle navigation systems, ride-hailing platforms, and other location-aw