README

C++11の文法と機能
GitHub: https://github.com/EzoeRyou/cpp-book
GitHub Pages: http://ezoeryou.github.io/cpp-book/C++11-Syntax-and-Feature.xhtml

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購入すると、筆者が自由な参考書の執筆に使える時間が増える。
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筆者について

名前：江添亮
Mail : boostcpp@gmail.com
Blog : http://cpplover.blogspot.jp/


序

本書はC++11のコア言語の文法と機能を、標準規格書に従って解説したものである。正式なC++規格書として発行された後の、ひとつ後のドラフト規格、N3337 を参考にしている。ドラフト規格を参考にした理由は、正式なC++規格書は、個人での入手が煩わしいためである。読者に入手が困難な資料を元に記述された参考書は価値がない。そのため、読者が容易に入手できるドラフト規格のうち、正式なC++規格書とほとんどかわらないN3337を参考にした。

本書の対象読者は、C++を記述するものである。C++実装者ではない。そのため、サンプルコードを増やし、冗長な解説を増やし、C++コンパイラーを実装するための詳細な定義は省いた。そもそも本書はC++規格の翻訳ではなく、C++規格の検証に使うことはできない。

本書の執筆は、まだC++11がC++0xと呼ばれていた2010年から始まっている。そのため、当時のドラフト規格を参考に書かれた部分もあり、正式なC++11規格とは異なっている可能性がある。また、正式に発行されたC++11規格には不具合も多数見つかっているため、C++14では異なっている部分もある。また、ドラフトの時点であまりにも変更が激しい箇所は飛ばしたので、漏れもある。

C++11-Syntax-and-Feature.md

C++11の文法と機能(C++11: Syntax and Feature)

Copyright (C) 2013 江添亮.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".

序

本書はC++11のコア言語の文法と機能を、標準規格書に従って解説したものである。 正式なC++規格書として発行された後の、ひとつ後のドラフト規格、N3337を参考にしている。 ドラフト規格を参考にした理由は、正式なC++規格書は、個人での入手が煩わしいためである。 読者に入手が困難な資料を元に記述された参考書は価値がない。 そのため、読者が容易に入手できるドラフト規格のうち、正式なC++規格書とほとんどかわらないN3337を参考にした。
本書の対象読者は、C++を記述するものである。C++実装者ではない。 そのため、サンプルコードを増やし、冗長な解説を増やし、C++コンパイラーを実装するための詳細な定義は省いた。 そもそも本書はC++規格の翻訳ではなく、C++規格の検証に使うことはできない。

目次

• 1 概要（General）
• 1.1 C++とは
  • 1.2 用語（Definitions）
    • 1.2.1 実引数（argument）と、仮引数（parameter）
    • 1.2.2 静的な型（static type）と、動的な型（dynamic type）
    • 1.2.3 シグネチャー（signature）
    • 1.2.4 ill-formedプログラムと、well-formedプログラム
    • 1.2.5 実装可能な機能（conditionally-supported）
    • 1.2.6 実装定義の動作（implementation-defined behavior）
    • 1.2.7 未定義の動作（undefined behavior）
    • 1.2.8 未規定の動作（unspecified behavior）
  • 1.3 文法記法（Syntax notation）
  • 1.4 C++メモリーモデル（The C++ memory model）
  • 1.5 C++オブジェクトモデル（The C++ object model）
  • 1.6 プログラムの実行（Program execution）
• 2 字句規約（Lexical conventions）
  • 2.1 翻訳単位（Separate translation）
  • 2.2 ソースファイルの変換（Phase of translation）
  • 2.3 文字セット（Character sets）
    • 2.3.1 基本ソース文字セット
    • 2.3.2 ユニバーサル文字名
  • 2.4 トークン（Tokens）
  • 2.5 コメント（Comments）
  • 2.6 識別子（Identifiers）
    • 2.6.1 予約語
  • 2.7 キーワード（Keywords）
  • 2.8 リテラル（Literals）
    • 2.8.1 整数リテラル（Integer literals）
    • 2.8.2 浮動小数点数リテラル（Floating literals）
    • 2.8.3 文字リテラル（Character literals）
      • 2.8.3.1 エスケープシーケンス
    • 2.8.4 文字列リテラル（String literals）
      • 2.8.4.1 エンコード方式
      • 2.8.4.2 文字列リテラルの型の要素数
      • 2.8.4.3 生文字列リテラル（Raw String Literal）
    • 2.8.5 boolリテラル（Boolean literals）
    • 2.8.6 ポインターリテラル（Pointer Literals）
    • 2.8.7 ユーザー定義リテラル（User-defined literals）
• 3 基本事項（Basic concepts）
  • 3.1 宣言と定義（Declarations and definitions）
  • 3.1.1 宣言（Declaration）と定義（Definition）の違い
  • 3.1.2 定義ではない宣言
    • 3.2 ODR（One definition rule）
    • 3.3 スコープ（Scope）
  • 3.3.1 宣言領域とスコープ（Declarative regions and scopes）
  • 3.3.2 宣言場所（Point of declaration）
  • 3.3.3 ブロックスコープ（Block scope）
  • 3.3.4 関数プロトタイプのスコープ（Function prototype scope）
  • 3.3.5 関数のスコープ（Function scope）
  • 3.3.6 名前空間のスコープ（Namespace scope）
  • 3.3.6.1 グローバル名前空間（Global namespace）
  • 3.3.7 クラスのスコープ（Class scope）
  • 3.3.8 enumのスコープ（Enumeration scope）
  • 3.3.9 テンプレート仮引数のスコープ（Template Parameter Scope）
  • 3.3.10 名前隠し（Name hiding）
  • 3.4 名前探索（Name lookup）
    • 3.4.1 Qualified 名前探索（Qualified name lookup）
    • 3.4.2 Unqualified 名前探索（Unqualified name lookup）
    • 3.4.3 ADL（Argument-dependent name lookup）
      • 3.4.3.1 関連クラスと関連名前空間
      • 3.4.3.2 ADLが適用される条件
  • 3.5 プログラムとリンケージ（Program and linkage）
  • 3.6 プログラムの開始と終了（Start and termination）
    • 3.6.1 main関数（Main function）
    • 3.6.2 非ローカル変数の初期化（Initialization of non-local objects）
    • 3.6.3 終了（Termination）
  • 3.7 ストレージ(storage duration)
    • 3.7.1 確保関数(allocation function)
    • 3.7.2 解放関数(deallocation function)
    • 3.7.3 安全なポインター(Safely-derived pointers)
    • 3.7.4 サブオブジェクトの有効期間
  • 3.8 オブジェクトの寿命(Object lifetime)
  • 3.9 型(Types)
    • 3.9.1 基本型(Fundamental types)
    • 3.9.2 複合型(Compound types)
    • 3.9.3 CV修飾子(CV-qualifiers)
    • 3.9.4 lvalueとrvalue(Lvalues and rvalues)
    • 3.9.5 アライメント(Alignment)
• 4 標準型変換（Standard conversions）
  • 4.1 lvalueからrvalueへの型変換（Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion）
  • 4.2 配列からポインターへの型変換（Array-to-pointer conversion）
  • 4.3 関数からポインターへの型変換（Function-to-pointer conversion）
  • 4.4 CV修飾子の型変換（Qualification conversions）
  • 4.5 整数の変換順位（Integer conversion rank）
  • 4.6 整数のプロモーション（Integral promotions）
  • 4.7 整数の型変換（Integral conversions）
  • 4.8 浮動小数点数のプロモーション（Floating point promotion）
  • 4.9 浮動小数点数の型変換（Floating point conversions）
  • 4.10 浮動小数点数と整数の間の型変換（Floating-integral conversions）
  • 4.11 ポインターの型変換（Pointer conversions）
  • 4.12 メンバーへのポインターの型変換（Pointer to member conversions）
  • 4.13 boolの型変換（Boolean conversions）
• 5 式（Expressions）
  • 5.1 優先順位と評価順序
  • 5.2 未評価オペランド（unevaluated operand）
  • 5.3 一次式（Primary expressions）
    • 5.3.1 :: 演算子
    • 5.3.2 括弧式（parenthesized expression）
  • 5.4 ラムダ式（Lambda expressions）
    • 5.4.1 ラムダ式の基本的な使い方
      • 5.4.1.1 変数のキャプチャー
    • 5.4.2 ラムダ式の詳細
      • 5.4.2.1 クロージャーオブジェクト（closure object）
    • 5.4.3 thisのキャプチャー
    • 5.4.4 パラメーターパックのキャプチャー
  • 5.5 後置式（Postfix expressions）
    • 5.5.1 添字（Subscripting）
    • 5.5.2 関数呼び出し（Function call）
    • 5.5.3 関数形式の明示的型変換（Explicit type conversion (functional notation)）
    • 5.5.4 疑似デストラクター呼び出し（Pseudo destructor call）
    • 5.5.5 クラスメンバーアクセス（Class member access）
    • 5.5.6 インクリメントとデクリメント（Increment and decrement）
    • 5.5.7 Dynamic cast（Dynamic cast）
    • 5.5.8 型識別（Type identification）
    • 5.5.9 Static cast（Static cast）
    • 5.5.10 Reinterpret cast
    • 5.5.11 Const cast
  • 5.6 単項式（Unary expressions）
    • 5.6.1 単項演算子（Unary operators）
      • 5.6.1.1 * 演算子と& 演算子
      • 5.6.1.2 単項演算子の+と-
      • 5.6.1.3 ! 演算子
      • 5.6.1.4 ~ 演算子
    • 5.6.2 インクリメントとデクリメント（Increment and decrement）
    • 5.6.3 sizeof（Sizeof）
    • 5.6.4 new
    • 5.6.5 delete
    • 5.6.6 alignof
    • 5.6.7 noexcept演算子（noexcept operator）
  • 5.7 キャスト形式による明示的型変換（Explicit type conversion (cast notation)）
  • 5.8 メンバーへのポインター演算子（Pointer-to-member operators）
  • 5.9 乗除算の演算子（Multiplicative operators）
  • 5.10 加減算の演算子（Additive operators）
  • 5.11 シフト演算子（Shift operators）
  • 5.12 関係演算子（Relational operators）
  • 5.13 等価演算子（Equality operators）
  • 5.14 ビット列論理積演算子（Bitwise AND operator）
  • 5.15 ビット列排他的論理和演算子（Bitwise exclusive OR operator）
  • 5.16 ビット列論理和演算子（Bitwise inclusive OR operator）
  • 5.17 論理積演算子（Logical AND operator）
  • 5.18 論理和演算子（Logical OR operator）
  • 5.19 条件演算子（Conditional operator）
  • 5.20 代入と複合代入演算子（Assignment and compound assignment operators）
  • 5.21 コンマ演算子（Comma operator）
  • 5.22 定数式（Constant expressions）
• 6 文（Statements）
• 6.1 ラベル文（Labeled statement）
• 6.2 式文（Expression statement）
• 6.3 複合文、ブロック（Compound statement or block）
• 6.4 選択文（Selection statements）
• 6.4.1 if文（The if statement）
• 6.4.2 switch文（The switch statement）
• 6.5 繰り返し文（Iteration statements）
• 6.5.1 while文（The while statement）
• 6.5.2 do文（The do statement）
• 6.5.3 for文（The for statement）
• 6.5.4 range-based for文（The range-based for statement）
• 6.5.4.1 range-based forの基本
• 6.5.4.2 range-based forの詳細
• 6.5.5 ジャンプ文（Jump statements）
• 6.5.5.1 break文（The break statement）
• 6.5.5.2 continue文（The continue statement）
• 6.5.5.3 return文（The return statement）
• 6.5.5.4 goto文（The goto statement）
• 6.6 宣言文（Declaration statement）
• 6.7 曖昧解決（Ambiguity resolution）
• 7 宣言（Declarations）
• 7.1 単純宣言（simple-declaration）
• 7.2 static_assert宣言（static_assert-declaration）
• 7.3 指定子（Specifiers）
• 7.3.1 ストレージクラス指定子（Storage class specifiers）
• 7.3.1.1 register指定子
• 7.3.1.2 thread_local指定子
• 7.3.1.3 static指定子
• 7.3.1.4 extern指定子
• 7.3.1.5 mutable指定子
• 7.3.2 関数指定子（Function specifiers）
• 7.3.2.1 inline指定子
• 7.3.2.2 virtual指定子
• 7.3.2.3 explicit指定子
• 7.3.3 typedef指定子（The typedef specifier）
• 7.3.4 friend指定子（The friend specifier）
• 7.3.5 constexpr指定子（The constexpr specifier）
• 7.3.6 型指定子（Type specifiers）
• 7.3.6.1 CV修飾子（The cv-qualifiers）
• 7.3.6.2 単純型指定子（Simple type specifiers）
• 7.3.6.3 複雑型指定子（Elaborated type specifiers）
• 7.3.6.4 auto指定子（auto specifier）
• 7.3.6.5 decltype指定子（decltype specifier）
• 7.4 enumの宣言（Enumeration declarations）
• 7.4.1 unscoped enum
• 7.4.2 scoped enum
• 7.4.3 enum基底（enum-base）
• 7.4.4 enum宣言（opaque-enum-declaration）
• 7.5 名前空間（Namespaces）
• 7.5.1 名前空間の定義（Namespace definition）
• 7.5.1.1 inline名前空間
• 7.5.1.2 無名名前空間（Unnamed namespaces）
• 7.5.1.3 名前空間のメンバーの定義（Namespace member definitions）
• 7.5.2 名前空間エイリアス（Namespace alias）
• 7.5.3 using宣言（The using declaration）
• 7.5.4 usingディレクティブ（Using directive）
• 7.6 リンケージ指定（Linkage specifications）
• 7.7 アトリビュート（Attributes）
• 7.7.1 アライメント指定子(alignment specifier)
• 7.7.2 noreturnアトリビュート(Noreturn attribute)
• 8 宣言子（Declarators）
• 8.1 型名（Type names）
• 8.2 曖昧解決（Ambiguity resolution）
• 8.3 宣言子の意味（Meaning of declarators）
• 8.3.1 ポインター（Pointers）
• 8.3.2 リファレンス（References）
• 8.3.3 メンバーへのポインター（Pointers to members）
• 8.3.4 配列（Arrays）
• 8.3.5 関数（Functions）
• 8.3.6 デフォルト実引数（Default arguments）
• 8.4 関数の定義（Function definitions）
• 8.4.1 default定義（Explicitly-defaulted functions）
• 8.4.2 delete定義（Deleted definitions）
• 8.5 初期化子（Initializers）
• 8.5.1 ゼロ初期化（zero-initialize）
• 8.5.2 デフォルト初期化（default-initialize）
• 8.5.3 値初期化（value-initialize）
• 8.5.4 アグリゲート（Aggregates）
• 8.5.5 文字配列（Character arrays）
• 8.5.6 リファレンス（References）
• 8.5.7 リスト初期化（List-initialization）
• 9 クラス（Classes）
• 9.1 トリビアルにコピー可能なクラス（trivially copyable class）
• 9.2 トリビアルクラス（trivial class）
• 9.3 標準レイアウトクラス（standard-layout class）
• 9.4 POD構造体（POD struct）
• 9.5 クラス名（Class names）
• 9.6 クラスのメンバー（Class members）
• 9.6.1 レイアウト互換（layout-compatible）
• 9.7 メンバー関数（Member functions）
• 9.7.1 非staticメンバー関数（Nonstatic member functions）
• 9.7.2 thisポインター（The this pointer）
• 9.8 staticメンバー（Static members）
• 9.8.1 staticメンバー関数（Static member functions）
• 9.8.2 staticデータメンバー（Static data members）
• 9.9 union（Unions）
• 9.9.1 無名union（anonymous union）
• 9.9.2 共用メンバー（variant member）
• 9.10 ビットフィールド（Bit-fields）
• 9.11 クラス宣言のネスト（Nested class declarations）
• 9.12 ローカルクラス宣言（Local class declarations）
• 9.13 型名のネスト（Nested type names）
• 10 派生クラス（Derived classes）
• 10.1 複数の基本クラス（Multiple base classes）
• 10.2 メンバーの名前探索（Member name lookup）
• 10.3 virtual関数（Virtual functions）
• 10.4 アブストラクトクラス（Abstract classes）
• 11 メンバーのアクセス指定（Member access control）
• 11.1 アクセス指定子（Access specifiers）
• 11.2 基本クラスと、基本クラスのメンバーへのアクセス指定（Accessibility of base classes and base class members）
• 11.3 friend（Friends）
• 11.4 protectedメンバーアクセス（Protected member access）
• 11.5 virtual関数へのアクセス（Access to virtual functions）
• 11.6 複数のアクセス（Multiple access）
• 11.7 ネストされたクラス（Nested classes）
• 12 特別なメンバー関数（Special member functions）
• 12.1 コンストラクター（Constructors）
• 12.2 一時オブジェクト（Temporary objects）
• 12.3 型変換（Conversions）
• 12.3.1 コンストラクターによる型変換（Conversion by constructor）
• 12.3.2 型変換関数（Conversion functions）
• 12.4 デストラクター（Destructors）
• 12.5 フリーストア（Free store）
• 12.6 初期化（Initialization）
• 12.6.1 明示的な初期化（Explicit initialization）
• 12.6.2 基本クラスとデータメンバーの初期化（Initializing bases and members）
• 12.6.2.1 コンストラクターのデリゲート
• 12.7 生成と破棄（Construction and destruction）
• 12.8 クラスのコピーとムーブ
• 12.9 コンストラクター継承（Inheriting constructors）
• 13 オーバーロード(Overloading)
• 13.1 オーバーロード可能な宣言(Overloadable declarations)
• 13.2 オーバーロードのその他の注意事項
• 13.3 オーバーロード解決(Overload resolution)
• 13.3.1 候補関数(Candidate functions)
• 13.3.1.1 関数呼び出しの文法(Function call syntax)
• 13.3.1.2 式中の演算子(Operators in expressions)
• 13.3.1.3 コンストラクターによる初期化(Initialization by constructor)
• 13.3.1.4 ユーザー定義型変換によるクラスのコピー初期化(Copy-initialization of class by user-defined conversion)
• 13.3.1.5 変換関数によるクラスではないオブジェクトの初期化(Initialization by conversion function)
• 13.3.1.6 変換関数によるリファレンスの初期化(Initialization by conversion function for direct reference binding)
• 13.3.1.7 リスト初期化による初期化(Initialization by list-initialization)
• 13.4 適切関数(Viable functions)
• 13.5 最適関数(Best viable function)
• 13.5.1 暗黙の型変換の順序(Implicit conversion sequences)
• 13.5.1.1 標準型変換（Standard conversion sequences）
• 13.6 オーバーロード関数のアドレス(Address of overloaded function)
• 13.7 オーバーロード演算子(Overloaded operators)
• 13.7.1 単項演算子(Unary operators)
• 13.7.2 二項演算子(Binary operators)
• 13.7.3 代入(Assignment)
• 13.7.4 関数呼び出し(Function call)
• 13.7.5 添字(Subscripting)
• 13.7.6 クラスメンバーアクセス(Class member access)
• 13.7.7 インクリメントとデクリメント(Increment and decrement)
• 13.7.8 確保関数と解放関数(allocation function and deallocation function)
• 13.7.9 ユーザー定義リテラル
• 14 テンプレート(Templates)
• 14.1 テンプレート仮引数/実引数(Template parameters/arguments)
• 14.1.1 型テンプレート仮引数/実引数
• 14.1.2 非型テンプレート仮引数/実引数
• 14.1.3 テンプレートテンプレート仮引数/実引数
• 14.1.4 デフォルトテンプレート実引数
• 14.1.5 可変テンプレート仮引数
• 14.2 テンプレート特殊化の名前(Names of template specializations )
• 14.3 型の同一性(Type equivalence)
• 14.4 テンプレート宣言(Template declarations)
• 14.4.1 クラステンプレート(Class templates)
• 14.4.2 メンバーテンプレート(Member Templates)
• 14.4.3 可変引数テンプレート(Variadic Templates)
• 14.4.3.1 可変引数テンプレートの使い方
• 14.4.4 friend
• 14.4.5 クラステンプレートの部分的特殊化(Class template partial specializations)
• 14.4.5.1 クラステンプレートの部分的特殊化の一致度の比較(Matching of class template partial specializations)
• 14.4.5.2 クラステンプレートの部分的特殊化の半順序(Partial ordering of class template specializations)
• 14.4.5.3 クラステンプレートの特殊化のメンバー
• 14.4.6 関数テンプレート(Function templates)
• 14.4.7 関数テンプレートのオーバーロード(Function Template Overloading)
• 14.4.8 関数テンプレートの部分的特殊化(Partial ordering of function templates)
• 14.4.9 エイリアステンプレート(Alias templates)
• 14.5 名前解決(Name Resolution)
• 14.5.1 依存(Dependent)
• 14.5.2 非依存名の名前解決
• 14.5.3 依存名の名前解決
• 14.6 テンプレートの実体化と特殊化(Template instantiation and specialization)
• 14.6.1 暗黙の実体化(Implicit instantiation)
• 14.6.2 明示的実体化(Explicit instantiation)
• 14.6.3 明示的特殊化(Explicit specialization)
• 14.7 関数テンプレートの特殊化(Function template specializations)
• 14.7.1 明示的なテンプレート実引数指定(explicit template argument specification)
• 14.7.2 テンプレートの実引数推定(Template argument deduction)
• 14.7.3 半順序(partial ordering)
• 15 例外(Exception handling)
• 15.1 例外を投げる(Throwing an exception)
• 15.2 コンストラクターとデストラクター(Constructors and destructors)
• 15.3 例外の捕捉(Handling an exception)
• 15.4 例外指定(Exception specifications)

LICENSE

                GNU Free Documentation License
                 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008


 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     <http://fsf.org/>
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE

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If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
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9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
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10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
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http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
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If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
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If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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