alexklapheke/synsemtools.sty

## synsemtools.sty
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
%                                                 %
%   Some useful commands for syntax & semantics   %
%   Author:  Alex Klapheke (github/klapheke)      %
%   Updated: 26 Feb 2017                          %
%   Licence: GPL v2                               %
%   Installation:                                 %
%       1. Place in ~/texmf/tex/latex/            %
%       2. $ texhash                              %
%                                                 %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% Rule of thumb for formulae:
% 	Variables should be set in italics
% 	Constants, functions, and syncategoremata should be set in roman
% 		e.g., λ, ι, vP, Merge α, lift/lower

\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesPackage{synsemtools}[2017/02/26 Misc.\ syntax/semantics tools]
\RequirePackage{calc}
\RequirePackage{tikz}
\RequirePackage[leqno,fleqn]{amsmath}

%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
% Citations                                       %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% Typical, LI-style citations
\RequirePackage[round,sort&compress]{natbib}
\bibpunct[:]{(}{)}{;}{}{}{,}

% Commonly-used abbreviations, as proper citation commands.
% Abbreviations of book titles should be italicized.
% Can also define easy-to-type commands for these, e.g.,
%     \newcommand*\ptq{\citetalias{montague1973proper}}
\defcitealias{wittgenstein1953philosophical}{\textit{PI}} % Wittgenstein (1953) Philosophical Investigations, 2nd ed.
\defcitealias{chomsky1957syntactic}{\textit{SS}}          % Chomsky (1957) Syntactic Structures
\defcitealias{chomsky1965aspects}{\textit{Aspects}}       % Chomsky (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
\defcitealias{chomsky1968sound}{\textit{SPE}}             % Chomsky & Halle (1968) The Sound Pattern of English
\defcitealias{lewis1970general}{GS}                       % Lewis (1970) General Semantics
\defcitealias{montague1973the}{PTQ}                       % Montague (1973) The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary English
\defcitealias{karttunen1979conventional}{K\&P}            % Kartunnen & Peters (1979) Conventional Implicature
\defcitealias{heim1998semantics}{H\&K}                    % Heim & Kratzer (1998) Semantics in Generative Grammar
\defcitealias{kratzer2002indeterminate}{K\&S}             % Kratzer & Shimoyama (2002) Indeterminate Pronouns: The View from Japanese
\defcitealias{hauser2002faculty}{HCF}                     % Hauser, Chomsky, & Fitch (2002) The Faculty of Language


%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
% Numbered examples                               %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% Various linguistics tools, including example numbering.
% Modified to exclude ^ and _ shortcuts (which are not
% worth the havoc they wreak on other packages; see
% <http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/external/clmt/latex4ling/examples/>)
\RequirePackage{gb4e+}
\let\eachwordone=\it  % Italicize original in glosses
\let\c@exx\c@equation % Use equation numbering for gb4e examples, for consistency

% Simple example references to gb4e:
%     \cref{ex:colorlessgreen} -> example (1)
% Should be called AFTER hyperref!
\RequirePackage[sort&compress]{cleveref}
% tell cleveref to use the word "example" to refer to examples,
% and to put example numbers in brackets
\crefname{xnumi}{example}{examples}
\creflabelformat{xnumi}{(#2#1#3)}
\crefname{xnumii}{example}{examples}
\creflabelformat{xnumii}{(#2#1#3)}
\crefname{xnumiii}{example}{examples}
\creflabelformat{xnumiii}{(#2#1#3)}
\crefname{xnumiv}{example}{examples}
\creflabelformat{xnumiv}{(#2#1#3)}

% For "stacks" of options in braces. Takes optional alignment argument:
%     John \optstack[l]{knows \\ ? cares \\ * doubts} who came to the party.
%          ⎧   knows  ⎫
%  => John ⎨ ? cares  ⎬ who came to the party.
%          ⎩ * doubts ⎭
\newcommand*\optstack[2][l]{\ensuremath{\left\{\begin{tabular}{@{}#1@{}}#2\end{tabular}\right\}}}


%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
% General Definitions                             %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% Superscript on the left <http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/52080>
\def\presuper#1#2{\mathop{}\mathopen{\vphantom{#2}}^{#1}\kern-\scriptspace#2}

% Properly-spaced dot for lambda-like expressions; a bare period
% character will have the (very tight) spacing of a decimal point.
\def\l@mbdadot[#1]{#1\mathrel{.}}


%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
% Math/Logic                                      %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% miscellaneous symbols:
\let\emptyset\varnothing % the latter is much nicer (requires amssymb)
\newcommand*\zfc{\textsf{ZFC}}

% nicer syntactic inference <http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/222510>
\DeclareRobustCommand\turnstile{\bigspace{\mathrel{|}\joinrel\mkern-.5mu\mathrel{-}}}

% set theory
% \DeclareMathOperator{\powerset}{\mathcal{P}} % \wp is dispreferred for this

% lattice theory
\DeclareMathOperator{\filter}{\uparrow}  % alternative: \newcommand\filter[1]{\presuper{f}{#1}}
\DeclareMathOperator{\ideal}{\downarrow} % alternative: \newcommand\ideal[1]{\presuper{i}{#1}}

% define := symbol in math mode <http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/4881>
\newcommand*\defeq{\mathrel{\vcenter{\baselineskip0.5ex \lineskiplimit0pt
			\hbox{\scriptsize.}\hbox{\scriptsize.}}}=}

% For logical operators that connect formulas with relations like '='
% in them, that should have more space than the relations. Example:
%     \forall x,y \lbrack x=y \bigor x\ne y \rbrack
\newcommand*\bigmathskip{\mskip 6mu plus 5mu\relax}
\newcommand*\bigspace[1]{\bigmathskip#1\bigmathskip}
\newcommand*\bigand{\bigspace{\land}}
\newcommand*\bigor{\bigspace{\lor}}
\newcommand*\bigarrow{\bigspace{\rightarrow}}
\newcommand*\bigArrow{\bigspace{\Rightarrow}}

% Hilbert's epsilon operator or Frege's extension operator
\newcommand*\ep{{\mathord{\mathrm{\epsilon}}}}

% linear logic operators
\newcommand*\lintens{\mathbin{\otimes}}
\newcommand*\linplus{\mathbin{\oplus}}
\newcommand*\linwith{\mathbin{\&}}
\newcommand*\linpar{\mathbin{\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{\&}}} % exists at U+214B but most fonts don't have it
\newcommand*\linimpl{\mathbin{\multimap}}
\DeclareMathOperator{\ofcourse}{!}
\DeclareMathOperator{\whynot}{?}

% combinators in the SKI-calculus
\DeclareMathOperator{\CombI}{I}
\DeclareMathOperator{\CombK}{K}
\DeclareMathOperator{\CombS}{S}

% Polish notation
\DeclareMathOperator{\Pnot}{N}         % negation
\DeclareMathOperator{\Pand}{K}         % conjunction
\DeclareMathOperator{\Por}{A}          % disjunction
\DeclareMathOperator{\Pimpl}{C}        % implication
\DeclareMathOperator{\Pbiimpl}{E}      % biimplication
\DeclareMathOperator{\Pnand}{D}        % sheffer stroke
\DeclareMathOperator{\Ptrue}{V}        % tautology
\DeclareMathOperator{\Pfalse}{O}       % contradiction
\DeclareMathOperator{\Pexists}{\Sigma} % existential quantifier
\DeclareMathOperator{\Pforall}{\Pi}    % universal quantifier
\DeclareMathOperator{\Pdiamond}{M}     % modal possibility
\DeclareMathOperator{\Pbox}{L}         % modal necessity

% Big-O notation
\newcommand*{\BigO}[1]{\operatorname{O}(#1)}


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% Semantics                                       %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% easy nestable angle brackets: $P_\<e,\<e,t>>$ <https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/214973>
\def\<#1>{\ensuremath{\bgroup\left\langle\ignorespaces#1\unskip\right\rangle\egroup}}

% double brackets for denotations ("Oxford brackets") ⟦...⟧
\newcommand*\den[1]{\ensuremath{\big\llbracket\textnormal{\strut #1}\big\rrbracket}}

% lambda/iota functions with optional dot:
%     \lam x      ->   λx
%     \lam[x]x^2  ->   λx . x²
\newcommand*\lam{\mathord{\mathrm{\lambda}}\@ifnextchar[{\l@mbdadot}{}}
\newcommand*\io{\mathord{\mathrm{\iota}}\@ifnextchar[{\l@mbdadot}{}}

% type-shifting operations
\DeclareMathOperator{\lift}{lift}
\DeclareMathOperator{\lowr}{lower}        % \lower is already defined
\DeclareMathOperator{\ident}{ident}
\DeclareMathOperator{\iot}{iota}          % \iota is already defined
\DeclareMathOperator{\BE}{BE}             % Partee's (1986) BE operator
\newcommand*\nom[1]{\presuper{\cap}{#1}}  % properties -> kinds (Chierchia 1984)
\newcommand*\pred[1]{\presuper{\cup}{#1}} % kinds -> properties (Chierchia 1984)
\newcommand*\up[1]{\presuper{\wedge}{#1}} % abstraction over worlds
\newcommand*\down[1]{\presuper{\vee}{#1}} % application of implicit world argument

% entailment, presupposition, & implicature
\newcommand*\entails{\mathrel{\Rightarrow}}
\newcommand*\presupposes{\mathrel{\gg}}
\newcommand*\implicates{\mathrel{\leadsto}}

% Rooth's (1992) focus operator
\DeclareMathOperator{\focus}{\sim}

% exhaustivity operators and alternative sets
\newcommand*\ALT{\textsc{alt}}
\DeclareMathOperator{\exh}{Exh}
\DeclareMathOperator{\oalt}{O_\ALT}

% assertion and presupposition parts (Chierchia 2013)
\newcommand*\assert[1]{\presuper{\mathrm{\alpha}}{#1}} % assertion part of a partial proposition
\newcommand*\presup[1]{\presuper{\mathrm{\pi}}{#1}} % presupposition part of a partial proposition


%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
% Number & Plurality                              %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% Atomicity
\DeclareMathOperator{\at}{AT}

% From Link (1983). Example:
%     \propersum[x]P(x)\defeq\io[x]\ppl{P}(x)\land\forall y\left\lbrack\pl{P}(y)\to y\atomicpart x\right\rbrack

% Predicate modifiers
\newcommand*\pl[1]{\presuper{\ast}{#1}}                                    % plural predicate (*P)
\newcommand*\ppl[1]{\presuper{\circledast}{#1}}                            % proper plural predicate (⊛P)
\newcommand*\massterm[1]{\presuper{m}{#1}}                                 % mass term correspondent (ᵐP)

% Relations
\newcommand*\atomicpart{\mathrel{\Pi}}                                     % atomic part (Π)
\newcommand*\matpart{\mathrel{\top}}                                       % material part (⊤)
\newcommand*\makesup{\mathrel{\vartriangleright}}                          % constitues/makes up (▷)

% Maximizers (with dot, as in Landman (1989)). Without a dot, use a thin space:
%     \atomicsum[x] P(x) -> σx . Px
%     \atomicsum x\,P(x) -> σx Px
\newcommand*\atomicsum{\mathord{\mathrm{\sigma}}\@ifnextchar[{\l@mbdadot}{}}      % sum (σxPx)
\newcommand*\propersum{\mathord{\mathrm{\sigma}^\ast}\@ifnextchar[{\l@mbdadot}{}} % proper sum (σ*xPx)
\newcommand*\matfusion{\mathord{\mathrm{\mu}}\@ifnextchar[{\l@mbdadot}{}}         % material fusion (μxPx)

% From Schwarzschild (2009). Defined at U+229C but most fonts don't have it.
% This definition ensures the operator will have the same dimensions and
% spacing as a normal equals sign. These values should work with most math fonts.
\newlength{\eqwd}\setlength{\eqwd}{\widthof{$=$}}
\newcommand*\sharepartic{\mathrel{\ooalign{$=$\cr\hidewidth\lower0.05ex\hbox{%
	\tikz{\draw[outer sep=0pt,inner sep=0pt] (0,0) circle (0.44\eqwd);}}\hidewidth}}}


%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
% Temporal & Modal Logic                          %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% accessibility relation
\newcommand*\acc{\mathrel{\mathrm{R}}}

% modal quantifiers
\DeclareMathOperator{\nec}{\Box}
\DeclareMathOperator{\pos}{\Diamond}

% from Anscombe (1964)
\newcommand*\andthen{\mkern6mu\mathcal{T}\mkern1mu}

% from Parsons (1990)
\DeclareMathOperator{\cul}{Cul}
\DeclareMathOperator{\hold}{Hold}

% tau operator in event semantics
\DeclareMathOperator{\timeof}{\mathrm{\tau}}

% temporal logic operators
\DeclareMathOperator{\TemP}{P} % past
\DeclareMathOperator{\TemF}{F} % future
\DeclareMathOperator{\TemH}{H} % has been
\DeclareMathOperator{\TemG}{G} % going to be
\DeclareMathOperator{\TemM}{M} % temporal possibility
\DeclareMathOperator{\TemN}{N} % temporal necessity
\DeclareMathOperator{\TemS}{S} % since
\DeclareMathOperator{\TemU}{U} % until

% Timelines (kind of crappy):
%     \begin{timeline}{4}
%     	\timelineevent[event 1]{-1}{0}
%     	\timelineevent[event 2]{2}{3}
%     \end{timeline}
\newenvironment{timeline}[1]{%
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick]%
	\draw[->]%
	(-#1-1,0) -- (#1+1,0) node[below right] {t};%
	\foreach \x in {-#1,...,#1}%
		\draw (\x,0) -- ++(0,-5pt) node[below] {\footnotesize$t_{\x}$};%
}{\end{tikzpicture}}
\newcommand\timelineevent[3][]{
	\draw[fill=lightgray] (#2,0) rectangle node[above] {\strut #1} (#3,0.25);%
}

% Bhatt & Pancheva (2005)-style viewpoint aspect diagrams:
%     Simple      \viewpoint{-1  }{ 1  }{-1  }{ 1  }
%     Perfective  \viewpoint{-1.5}{ 1.5}{-1  }{ 1  }
%     Progressive \viewpoint{-1  }{ 1  }{-1.5}{ 1.5}
%     Right edge  \viewpoint{ 0  }{ 1.5}{-1.5}{ 1.5}
%     Left edge   \viewpoint{-1.5}{ 0  }{-1.5}{ 1.5}
%     End         \viewpoint{ 0  }{ 1.5}{-1.5}{ 1  }
%     Beginning   \viewpoint{-1.5}{ 0  }{-1  }{ 1.5}
%     Anterior    \viewpoint{ 0.5}{ 1.5}{-1.5}{-0.5}
%     Posterior   \viewpoint{-1.5}{-0.5}{ 0.5}{ 1.5}
\newcommand\viewpoint[4]{\mbox{%
	\vspace{0pt}\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,baseline]%
		\draw[->] (-2,0) -- (2,0) node[below right] {};%
		\draw[fill=lightgray] (#1,0) rectangle node[below=0.5ex] {\small R} (#2,-0.25);%
		\draw[fill=darkgray]  (#3,0) rectangle node[above=0.5ex] {\small E} (#4, 0.25);%
	\end{tikzpicture}%
}}


%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
% Inquisitive Semantics                           %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% \begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,scale=.8]
% 	\tikzstyle{index gray}=[inner sep=2pt, black, circle, fill=lightgray]
% 	\tikzstyle{opaque}=[fill=gray,fill opacity=.1]
% 	\tikzstyle{counter}=[densely dashed]
% 	% Possibilities
%     \draw[opaque,counter,rounded corners] (-1.7,1.7) rectangle (-.2, .2);
% 	\draw[opaque,rotate=180,rounded corners]
% 	(-1.7,0) -- (-1.7,1.7) -- (1.7, 1.7) -- (1.7,.7)
% 	-- (-.7,-1.7) -- (-1.7,-1.7) -- (-1.7,0);
% 	% Indices
% 	\draw (-1,1)  node[index gray] (yy) {$11$};
% 	\draw (1,1)   node[index gray] (yn) {$10$};
% 	\draw (-1,-1) node[index gray] (ny) {$01$};
% 	\draw (1,-1)  node[index gray] (nn) {$00$};
% \end{tikzpicture}


%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
% Syntax                                          %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% X⁰ (for use in text mode; requires fontspec package and compatible font)
\newcommand*\head{{\addfontfeature{VerticalPosition=Superior}0}}

% Left/right periphery markers that span lines (for glosses):
%     {\gll ... \rperiph{VP} ... \\
%           ... {}           ... \\
%     \trans `Gloss'}
\newcommand*\lperiph[1]{\smash{\raisebox{-0.5\baselineskip}{\rm$\biggl[_\textsubscript{#1}$}}}
\newcommand*\rperiph[1]{\smash{\raisebox{-0.5\baselineskip}{\rm$\biggr]_\textsubscript{#1}$}}}

% Subscript indexing:
%     Bill\coindex{i} said John\coindex{k} saw himself\coindex{*i/k}.
% These settings should work with most fonts
\newcommand*\coindex[1]{%
	{\footnotesize\ensuremath{{}_{\textnormal{\c@index#1\relax\mathstrut}}}}%
}
\def\c@index#1{\ignorespaces%
	\ifx#1\relax%
	\let\next\relax%
	\else\ifx#1*\expandafter{$*$}%
	\else\ifx#1?\expandafter{\scalebox{0.75}{?}}%
	\else\ifx#1/\expandafter{\kern 0.5pt/\kern 0.3pt}% looser kerning for ease of reading
	\else\expandafter{#1}%
	\fi\fi\fi
	\let\next\c@index%
	\fi\next%
}

% forest is much more extensible and better laid-out than [tikz-]qtree
% these settings try to look like qtree defaults
\RequirePackage{forest}
\forestset{tree/.style={for tree={%
			align=center,
			parent anchor=south,
			child anchor=north,
			calign=fixed edge angles,
			calign primary angle=-67.5,
			calign secondary angle=67.5
		}}}
% movement: \movel{startnode}{endnode}{1}
\newcommand\movel[3]{\draw[thin,->,out=180,in=270,looseness=#3,shorten >=1pt,shorten <=1pt] (#1.west) to (#2.south);} % leftward movement
\newcommand\mover[3]{\draw[thin,->,out=0,  in=270,looseness=#3,shorten >=1pt,shorten <=1pt] (#1.east) to (#2.south);} % rightward movement

% Finite-State Automata:
%     \begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth',shorten >=1pt,auto,node distance=2cm]
%     	\node[initial,state]   (1)               {$1$};
%     	\node[state,accepting] (2) [right of=1]  {$2$};
%     	\path[->] (1)  edge [bend right] node[below] {a} (2);
%     	\path[->] (2)  edge [bend right] node[below] {b} (1);
%     	\path[->] (1)  edge [loop below] node[below] {b} (1);
%     	\path[->] (2)  edge [loop below] node[below] {a} (2);
%     \end{tikzpicture}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,arrows,automata}


%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
% Phonetics/Phonology                             %
%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

% This section assumes the use of XeTeX, which allows full UTF-8
% input, and lets you use a real IPA font like Gentium or Junicode.
% Unless you need crazy things like "open o-e ligature", this is
% probably preferable to tipa. See <https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/75>
\RequirePackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
	% Modifiers (WARNING: Unicode combining marks. Edit with caution)
	\newcommand*\tiebar[2]{#1͡#2} % double articulation
	\newcommand*\voiced[1]{#1̬}
	\newcommand*\voiceless[1]{#1̥}
	\newcommand*\syll[1]{#1̩}
	\newcommand*\nasal[1]{#1̃}
	\newcommand*\retro[1]{#1̣}
	\newcommand*\dent[1]{#1̪}

	% Various apostrophe-like things
	\newcommand*\stress{ˈ}
	\newcommand*\ej{ʼ} % ejective
	\newcommand*\ayn{ʿ}
	\newcommand*\hamza{ʾ}
	\newcommand*\okina{ʻ} % proper setting: \newcommand*\hawaii{Hawai\okina{}i}
\fi

% Phonological rules:
%     \phonc{z}{s}{\placehold
%     	\begin{phonfeat}
%     		\mbox{–syl} \\
%     		\mbox{-voi}
%     	\end{phonfeat}
%     }
\RequirePackage{phonrule}

% Autosegmental tiers: <http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/240372>
%     \begin{forest}syll
%     [$\sigma$ [X,tier=tim [$\alpha$ː,name=a ]]
%               [X,tier=tim,name=x ]
%     		  ]
%     \draw (x.south) -- (a.north);
\forestset{syll/.style={for tree={%
			align=center,
			parent anchor=south,
			child anchor=north,
			calign=center,
			inner sep=0pt,
			where n children=0{tier=seg}{}
		}}}

% OT tableaux (from <http://sanders.phonologist.org/OTtablx/>)
% Warning: breaks some font packages like newtxtext
% \usepackage[medium,open,noipa]{OTtablx}

% % Alternative for OT tableaux (calls amssymb which messes with some font packages):
% %     \begin{tableau}{c:c|c}
% %     	\inp{stap}           \const{*Complex} \const{Anchor-IO} \const{Contiguity-IO}
% %     	\cand{stap}          \vio{*!}         \vio{}            \vio{}
% %     	\cand[\Optimal]{sap} \vio{}           \vio{}            \vio{*}
% %     	\cand{tap}           \vio{}           \vio{*!}          \vio{}
% %     \end{tableau}
% \usepackage[notipa,shadedcells]{ot-tableau}
% \renewcommand\OptimalMarker{☞}
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% %
	% Some useful commands for syntax & semantics %
	% Author: Alex Klapheke (github/klapheke) %
	% Updated: 26 Feb 2017 %
	% Licence: GPL v2 %
	% Installation: %
	% 1. Place in ~/texmf/tex/latex/ %
	% 2. $ texhash %
	% %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% Rule of thumb for formulae:
	% Variables should be set in italics
	% Constants, functions, and syncategoremata should be set in roman
	% e.g., λ, ι, vP, Merge α, lift/lower

	\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
	\ProvidesPackage{synsemtools}[2017/02/26 Misc.\ syntax/semantics tools]
	\RequirePackage{calc}
	\RequirePackage{tikz}
	\RequirePackage[leqno,fleqn]{amsmath}

	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% Citations %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% Typical, LI-style citations
	\RequirePackage[round,sort&compress]{natbib}
	\bibpunct[:]{(}{)}{;}{}{}{,}

	% Commonly-used abbreviations, as proper citation commands.
	% Abbreviations of book titles should be italicized.
	% Can also define easy-to-type commands for these, e.g.,
	% \newcommand*\ptq{\citetalias{montague1973proper}}
	\defcitealias{wittgenstein1953philosophical}{\textit{PI}} % Wittgenstein (1953) Philosophical Investigations, 2nd ed.
	\defcitealias{chomsky1957syntactic}{\textit{SS}} % Chomsky (1957) Syntactic Structures
	\defcitealias{chomsky1965aspects}{\textit{Aspects}} % Chomsky (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
	\defcitealias{chomsky1968sound}{\textit{SPE}} % Chomsky & Halle (1968) The Sound Pattern of English
	\defcitealias{lewis1970general}{GS} % Lewis (1970) General Semantics
	\defcitealias{montague1973the}{PTQ} % Montague (1973) The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary English
	\defcitealias{karttunen1979conventional}{K\&P} % Kartunnen & Peters (1979) Conventional Implicature
	\defcitealias{heim1998semantics}{H\&K} % Heim & Kratzer (1998) Semantics in Generative Grammar
	\defcitealias{kratzer2002indeterminate}{K\&S} % Kratzer & Shimoyama (2002) Indeterminate Pronouns: The View from Japanese
	\defcitealias{hauser2002faculty}{HCF} % Hauser, Chomsky, & Fitch (2002) The Faculty of Language



	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% Numbered examples %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% Various linguistics tools, including example numbering.
	% Modified to exclude ^ and _ shortcuts (which are not
	% worth the havoc they wreak on other packages; see
	% <http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/external/clmt/latex4ling/examples/>)
	\RequirePackage{gb4e+}
	\let\eachwordone=\it % Italicize original in glosses
	\let\c@exx\c@equation % Use equation numbering for gb4e examples, for consistency

	% Simple example references to gb4e:
	% \cref{ex:colorlessgreen} -> example (1)
	% Should be called AFTER hyperref!
	\RequirePackage[sort&compress]{cleveref}
	% tell cleveref to use the word "example" to refer to examples,
	% and to put example numbers in brackets
	\crefname{xnumi}{example}{examples}
	\creflabelformat{xnumi}{(#2#1#3)}
	\crefname{xnumii}{example}{examples}
	\creflabelformat{xnumii}{(#2#1#3)}
	\crefname{xnumiii}{example}{examples}
	\creflabelformat{xnumiii}{(#2#1#3)}
	\crefname{xnumiv}{example}{examples}
	\creflabelformat{xnumiv}{(#2#1#3)}

	% For "stacks" of options in braces. Takes optional alignment argument:
	% John \optstack[l]{knows \\ ? cares \\ * doubts} who came to the party.
	% ⎧ knows ⎫
	% => John ⎨ ? cares ⎬ who came to the party.
	% ⎩ * doubts ⎭
	\newcommand*\optstack[2][l]{\ensuremath{\left\{\begin{tabular}{@{}#1@{}}#2\end{tabular}\right\}}}



	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% General Definitions %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% Superscript on the left <http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/52080>
	\def\presuper#1#2{\mathop{}\mathopen{\vphantom{#2}}^{#1}\kern-\scriptspace#2}

	% Properly-spaced dot for lambda-like expressions; a bare period
	% character will have the (very tight) spacing of a decimal point.
	\def\l@mbdadot[#1]{#1\mathrel{.}}



	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% Math/Logic %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% miscellaneous symbols:
	\let\emptyset\varnothing % the latter is much nicer (requires amssymb)
	\newcommand*\zfc{\textsf{ZFC}}

	% nicer syntactic inference <http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/222510>
	\DeclareRobustCommand\turnstile{\bigspace{\mathrel{\|}\joinrel\mkern-.5mu\mathrel{-}}}

	% set theory
	% \DeclareMathOperator{\powerset}{\mathcal{P}} % \wp is dispreferred for this

	% lattice theory
	\DeclareMathOperator{\filter}{\uparrow} % alternative: \newcommand\filter[1]{\presuper{f}{#1}}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\ideal}{\downarrow} % alternative: \newcommand\ideal[1]{\presuper{i}{#1}}

	% define := symbol in math mode <http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/4881>
	\newcommand*\defeq{\mathrel{\vcenter{\baselineskip0.5ex \lineskiplimit0pt
	\hbox{\scriptsize.}\hbox{\scriptsize.}}}=}

	% For logical operators that connect formulas with relations like '='
	% in them, that should have more space than the relations. Example:
	% \forall x,y \lbrack x=y \bigor x\ne y \rbrack
	\newcommand*\bigmathskip{\mskip 6mu plus 5mu\relax}
	\newcommand*\bigspace[1]{\bigmathskip#1\bigmathskip}
	\newcommand*\bigand{\bigspace{\land}}
	\newcommand*\bigor{\bigspace{\lor}}
	\newcommand*\bigarrow{\bigspace{\rightarrow}}
	\newcommand*\bigArrow{\bigspace{\Rightarrow}}

	% Hilbert's epsilon operator or Frege's extension operator
	\newcommand*\ep{{\mathord{\mathrm{\epsilon}}}}

	% linear logic operators
	\newcommand*\lintens{\mathbin{\otimes}}
	\newcommand*\linplus{\mathbin{\oplus}}
	\newcommand*\linwith{\mathbin{\&}}
	\newcommand*\linpar{\mathbin{\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{\&}}} % exists at U+214B but most fonts don't have it
	\newcommand*\linimpl{\mathbin{\multimap}}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\ofcourse}{!}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\whynot}{?}

	% combinators in the SKI-calculus
	\DeclareMathOperator{\CombI}{I}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\CombK}{K}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\CombS}{S}

	% Polish notation
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Pnot}{N} % negation
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Pand}{K} % conjunction
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Por}{A} % disjunction
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Pimpl}{C} % implication
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Pbiimpl}{E} % biimplication
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Pnand}{D} % sheffer stroke
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Ptrue}{V} % tautology
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Pfalse}{O} % contradiction
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Pexists}{\Sigma} % existential quantifier
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Pforall}{\Pi} % universal quantifier
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Pdiamond}{M} % modal possibility
	\DeclareMathOperator{\Pbox}{L} % modal necessity

	% Big-O notation
	\newcommand*{\BigO}[1]{\operatorname{O}(#1)}


	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% Semantics %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% easy nestable angle brackets: $P_\<e,\<e,t>>$ <https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/214973>
	\def\<#1>{\ensuremath{\bgroup\left\langle\ignorespaces#1\unskip\right\rangle\egroup}}

	% double brackets for denotations ("Oxford brackets") ⟦...⟧
	\newcommand*\den[1]{\ensuremath{\big\llbracket\textnormal{\strut #1}\big\rrbracket}}

	% lambda/iota functions with optional dot:
	% \lam x -> λx
	% \lam[x]x^2 -> λx . x²
	\newcommand*\lam{\mathord{\mathrm{\lambda}}\@ifnextchar[{\l@mbdadot}{}}
	\newcommand*\io{\mathord{\mathrm{\iota}}\@ifnextchar[{\l@mbdadot}{}}

	% type-shifting operations
	\DeclareMathOperator{\lift}{lift}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\lowr}{lower} % \lower is already defined
	\DeclareMathOperator{\ident}{ident}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\iot}{iota} % \iota is already defined
	\DeclareMathOperator{\BE}{BE} % Partee's (1986) BE operator
	\newcommand*\nom[1]{\presuper{\cap}{#1}} % properties -> kinds (Chierchia 1984)
	\newcommand*\pred[1]{\presuper{\cup}{#1}} % kinds -> properties (Chierchia 1984)
	\newcommand*\up[1]{\presuper{\wedge}{#1}} % abstraction over worlds
	\newcommand*\down[1]{\presuper{\vee}{#1}} % application of implicit world argument

	% entailment, presupposition, & implicature
	\newcommand*\entails{\mathrel{\Rightarrow}}
	\newcommand*\presupposes{\mathrel{\gg}}
	\newcommand*\implicates{\mathrel{\leadsto}}

	% Rooth's (1992) focus operator
	\DeclareMathOperator{\focus}{\sim}

	% exhaustivity operators and alternative sets
	\newcommand*\ALT{\textsc{alt}}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\exh}{Exh}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\oalt}{O_\ALT}

	% assertion and presupposition parts (Chierchia 2013)
	\newcommand*\assert[1]{\presuper{\mathrm{\alpha}}{#1}} % assertion part of a partial proposition
	\newcommand*\presup[1]{\presuper{\mathrm{\pi}}{#1}} % presupposition part of a partial proposition



	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% Number & Plurality %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% Atomicity
	\DeclareMathOperator{\at}{AT}

	% From Link (1983). Example:
	% \propersum[x]P(x)\defeq\io[x]\ppl{P}(x)\land\forall y\left\lbrack\pl{P}(y)\to y\atomicpart x\right\rbrack

	% Predicate modifiers
	\newcommand\pl[1]{\presuper{\ast}{#1}} % plural predicate (P)
	\newcommand*\ppl[1]{\presuper{\circledast}{#1}} % proper plural predicate (⊛P)
	\newcommand*\massterm[1]{\presuper{m}{#1}} % mass term correspondent (ᵐP)

	% Relations
	\newcommand*\atomicpart{\mathrel{\Pi}} % atomic part (Π)
	\newcommand*\matpart{\mathrel{\top}} % material part (⊤)
	\newcommand*\makesup{\mathrel{\vartriangleright}} % constitues/makes up (▷)

	% Maximizers (with dot, as in Landman (1989)). Without a dot, use a thin space:
	% \atomicsum[x] P(x) -> σx . Px
	% \atomicsum x\,P(x) -> σx Px
	\newcommand*\atomicsum{\mathord{\mathrm{\sigma}}\@ifnextchar[{\l@mbdadot}{}} % sum (σxPx)
	\newcommand\propersum{\mathord{\mathrm{\sigma}^\ast}\@ifnextchar[{\l@mbdadot}{}} % proper sum (σxPx)
	\newcommand*\matfusion{\mathord{\mathrm{\mu}}\@ifnextchar[{\l@mbdadot}{}} % material fusion (μxPx)

	% From Schwarzschild (2009). Defined at U+229C but most fonts don't have it.
	% This definition ensures the operator will have the same dimensions and
	% spacing as a normal equals sign. These values should work with most math fonts.
	\newlength{\eqwd}\setlength{\eqwd}{\widthof{$=$}}
	\newcommand*\sharepartic{\mathrel{\ooalign{$=$\cr\hidewidth\lower0.05ex\hbox{%
	\tikz{\draw[outer sep=0pt,inner sep=0pt] (0,0) circle (0.44\eqwd);}}\hidewidth}}}



	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% Temporal & Modal Logic %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% accessibility relation
	\newcommand*\acc{\mathrel{\mathrm{R}}}

	% modal quantifiers
	\DeclareMathOperator{\nec}{\Box}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\pos}{\Diamond}

	% from Anscombe (1964)
	\newcommand*\andthen{\mkern6mu\mathcal{T}\mkern1mu}

	% from Parsons (1990)
	\DeclareMathOperator{\cul}{Cul}
	\DeclareMathOperator{\hold}{Hold}

	% tau operator in event semantics
	\DeclareMathOperator{\timeof}{\mathrm{\tau}}

	% temporal logic operators
	\DeclareMathOperator{\TemP}{P} % past
	\DeclareMathOperator{\TemF}{F} % future
	\DeclareMathOperator{\TemH}{H} % has been
	\DeclareMathOperator{\TemG}{G} % going to be
	\DeclareMathOperator{\TemM}{M} % temporal possibility
	\DeclareMathOperator{\TemN}{N} % temporal necessity
	\DeclareMathOperator{\TemS}{S} % since
	\DeclareMathOperator{\TemU}{U} % until

	% Timelines (kind of crappy):
	% \begin{timeline}{4}
	% \timelineevent[event 1]{-1}{0}
	% \timelineevent[event 2]{2}{3}
	% \end{timeline}
	\newenvironment{timeline}[1]{%
	\begin{tikzpicture}[thick]%
	\draw[->]%
	(-#1-1,0) -- (#1+1,0) node[below right] {t};%
	\foreach \x in {-#1,...,#1}%
	\draw (\x,0) -- ++(0,-5pt) node[below] {\footnotesize$t_{\x}$};%
	}{\end{tikzpicture}}
	\newcommand\timelineevent[3][]{
	\draw[fill=lightgray] (#2,0) rectangle node[above] {\strut #1} (#3,0.25);%
	}

	% Bhatt & Pancheva (2005)-style viewpoint aspect diagrams:
	% Simple \viewpoint{-1 }{ 1 }{-1 }{ 1 }
	% Perfective \viewpoint{-1.5}{ 1.5}{-1 }{ 1 }
	% Progressive \viewpoint{-1 }{ 1 }{-1.5}{ 1.5}
	% Right edge \viewpoint{ 0 }{ 1.5}{-1.5}{ 1.5}
	% Left edge \viewpoint{-1.5}{ 0 }{-1.5}{ 1.5}
	% End \viewpoint{ 0 }{ 1.5}{-1.5}{ 1 }
	% Beginning \viewpoint{-1.5}{ 0 }{-1 }{ 1.5}
	% Anterior \viewpoint{ 0.5}{ 1.5}{-1.5}{-0.5}
	% Posterior \viewpoint{-1.5}{-0.5}{ 0.5}{ 1.5}
	\newcommand\viewpoint[4]{\mbox{%
	\vspace{0pt}\begin{tikzpicture}[thick,baseline]%
	\draw[->] (-2,0) -- (2,0) node[below right] {};%
	\draw[fill=lightgray] (#1,0) rectangle node[below=0.5ex] {\small R} (#2,-0.25);%
	\draw[fill=darkgray] (#3,0) rectangle node[above=0.5ex] {\small E} (#4, 0.25);%
	\end{tikzpicture}%
	}}



	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% Inquisitive Semantics %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% \begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,scale=.8]
	% \tikzstyle{index gray}=[inner sep=2pt, black, circle, fill=lightgray]
	% \tikzstyle{opaque}=[fill=gray,fill opacity=.1]
	% \tikzstyle{counter}=[densely dashed]
	% % Possibilities
	% \draw[opaque,counter,rounded corners] (-1.7,1.7) rectangle (-.2, .2);
	% \draw[opaque,rotate=180,rounded corners]
	% (-1.7,0) -- (-1.7,1.7) -- (1.7, 1.7) -- (1.7,.7)
	% -- (-.7,-1.7) -- (-1.7,-1.7) -- (-1.7,0);
	% % Indices
	% \draw (-1,1) node[index gray] (yy) {$11$};
	% \draw (1,1) node[index gray] (yn) {$10$};
	% \draw (-1,-1) node[index gray] (ny) {$01$};
	% \draw (1,-1) node[index gray] (nn) {$00$};
	% \end{tikzpicture}



	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% Syntax %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% X⁰ (for use in text mode; requires fontspec package and compatible font)
	\newcommand*\head{{\addfontfeature{VerticalPosition=Superior}0}}

	% Left/right periphery markers that span lines (for glosses):
	% {\gll ... \rperiph{VP} ... \\
	% ... {} ... \\
	% \trans `Gloss'}
	\newcommand*\lperiph[1]{\smash{\raisebox{-0.5\baselineskip}{\rm$\biggl[_\textsubscript{#1}$}}}
	\newcommand*\rperiph[1]{\smash{\raisebox{-0.5\baselineskip}{\rm$\biggr]_\textsubscript{#1}$}}}

	% Subscript indexing:
	% Bill\coindex{i} said John\coindex{k} saw himself\coindex{*i/k}.
	% These settings should work with most fonts
	\newcommand*\coindex[1]{%
	{\footnotesize\ensuremath{{}_{\textnormal{\c@index#1\relax\mathstrut}}}}%
	}
	\def\c@index#1{\ignorespaces%
	\ifx#1\relax%
	\let\next\relax%
	\else\ifx#1\expandafter{$$}%
	\else\ifx#1?\expandafter{\scalebox{0.75}{?}}%
	\else\ifx#1/\expandafter{\kern 0.5pt/\kern 0.3pt}% looser kerning for ease of reading
	\else\expandafter{#1}%
	\fi\fi\fi
	\let\next\c@index%
	\fi\next%
	}

	% forest is much more extensible and better laid-out than [tikz-]qtree
	% these settings try to look like qtree defaults
	\RequirePackage{forest}
	\forestset{tree/.style={for tree={%
	align=center,
	parent anchor=south,
	child anchor=north,
	calign=fixed edge angles,
	calign primary angle=-67.5,
	calign secondary angle=67.5
	}}}
	% movement: \movel{startnode}{endnode}{1}
	\newcommand\movel[3]{\draw[thin,->,out=180,in=270,looseness=#3,shorten >=1pt,shorten <=1pt] (#1.west) to (#2.south);} % leftward movement
	\newcommand\mover[3]{\draw[thin,->,out=0, in=270,looseness=#3,shorten >=1pt,shorten <=1pt] (#1.east) to (#2.south);} % rightward movement

	% Finite-State Automata:
	% \begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth',shorten >=1pt,auto,node distance=2cm]
	% \node[initial,state] (1) {$1$};
	% \node[state,accepting] (2) [right of=1] {$2$};
	% \path[->] (1) edge [bend right] node[below] {a} (2);
	% \path[->] (2) edge [bend right] node[below] {b} (1);
	% \path[->] (1) edge [loop below] node[below] {b} (1);
	% \path[->] (2) edge [loop below] node[below] {a} (2);
	% \end{tikzpicture}
	\usetikzlibrary{positioning,arrows,automata}


	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%
	% Phonetics/Phonology %
	%-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-%

	% This section assumes the use of XeTeX, which allows full UTF-8
	% input, and lets you use a real IPA font like Gentium or Junicode.
	% Unless you need crazy things like "open o-e ligature", this is
	% probably preferable to tipa. See <https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/75>
	\RequirePackage{ifxetex}
	\ifxetex
	% Modifiers (WARNING: Unicode combining marks. Edit with caution)
	\newcommand*\tiebar[2]{#1͡#2} % double articulation
	\newcommand*\voiced[1]{#1̬}
	\newcommand*\voiceless[1]{#1̥}
	\newcommand*\syll[1]{#1̩}
	\newcommand*\nasal[1]{#1̃}
	\newcommand*\retro[1]{#1̣}
	\newcommand*\dent[1]{#1̪}

	% Various apostrophe-like things
	\newcommand*\stress{ˈ}
	\newcommand*\ej{ʼ} % ejective
	\newcommand*\ayn{ʿ}
	\newcommand*\hamza{ʾ}
	\newcommand\okina{ʻ} % proper setting: \newcommand\hawaii{Hawai\okina{}i}
	\fi

	% Phonological rules:
	% \phonc{z}{s}{\placehold
	% \begin{phonfeat}
	% \mbox{–syl} \\
	% \mbox{-voi}
	% \end{phonfeat}
	% }
	\RequirePackage{phonrule}

	% Autosegmental tiers: <http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/240372>
	% \begin{forest}syll
	% [$\sigma$ [X,tier=tim [$\alpha$ː,name=a ]]
	% [X,tier=tim,name=x ]
	% ]
	% \draw (x.south) -- (a.north);
	\forestset{syll/.style={for tree={%
	align=center,
	parent anchor=south,
	child anchor=north,
	calign=center,
	inner sep=0pt,
	where n children=0{tier=seg}{}
	}}}

	% OT tableaux (from <http://sanders.phonologist.org/OTtablx/>)
	% Warning: breaks some font packages like newtxtext
	% \usepackage[medium,open,noipa]{OTtablx}

	% % Alternative for OT tableaux (calls amssymb which messes with some font packages):
	% % \begin{tableau}{c:c\|c}
	% % \inp{stap} \const{*Complex} \const{Anchor-IO} \const{Contiguity-IO}
	% % \cand{stap} \vio{*!} \vio{} \vio{}
	% % \cand[\Optimal]{sap} \vio{} \vio{} \vio{*}
	% % \cand{tap} \vio{} \vio{*!} \vio{}
	% % \end{tableau}
	% \usepackage[notipa,shadedcells]{ot-tableau}
	% \renewcommand\OptimalMarker{☞}