challenge.js

const asciiTable = text => {
    const rows = text.split("\n");
    const nonEmptyRows = rows.filter(row => 0 !== row.trim().length);
    const normalizedRows = nonEmptyRows.map(row => row.trim());
    const rowsColumns = normalizedRows.map(row => row.split("|"));

    const initialPadding = [];
    const padding = rowsColumns.reduce((pad, row) => row.map((column, index) => {
        if ("undefined" === typeof pad[index]) {
            return column.length;
        }

        if (pad[index] < column.length) {
            return column.length;
        }

        return pad[index];
    }), initialPadding);

    const rowsColumnsPadded = rowsColumns.map(row => row.map((column, index) => column.padEnd(padding[index])));

    const rowsPadded = rowsColumnsPadded.map(row => row.join(" | "));

    const table = rowsPadded.join("\n");

    return table;
};

// [14, 5, 38]

const text = `
    Command|Alias|Description|Additional Information
    make build|N/A.|Compile the program for your platform.|This does not work
    make clean|N/A.|Clean the compiled artifacts.|This works
    make install|make|Install the program.|Maybe this will work
    make uninstall|N/A.|Uninstall the program.|???
`;

console.log(asciiTable(text));