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Advanced Python Training at LinkedIn -- Feb 26 - Mar 1, 2014
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day1.ipynb
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day2.ipynb
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day3.ipynb
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day4.ipynb
{
"metadata": {
"name": ""
},
"nbformat": 3,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Advanced Python Training - Day 4\n",
"Linked In<br/>\n",
"Feb 26 - Mar 1, 2014<br/>\n",
"<a href=\"http://anandology.com\">Anand Chitipothu</a>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Classes warmup - <http://anandology.com/apy/slides/classes.html>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Problem 1\n",
"class Foo:\n",
" x = 1\n",
"\n",
"f1 = Foo()\n",
"f2 = Foo()\n",
"print Foo.x, f1.x, f2.x\n",
"\n",
"f2.x = 2\n",
"print Foo.x, f1.x, f2.x\n",
"\n",
"Foo.x = 3\n",
"print Foo.x, f1.x, f2.x"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"1 1 1\n",
"1 1 2\n",
"3 3 2\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 2
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class Foo(object):\n",
" x = 1\n",
"\n",
" def getx(self):\n",
" return self.x\n",
"\n",
"f = Foo()\n",
"print f.getx()\n",
"\n",
"# That is equivalant to:\n",
"print Foo.getx(f)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"1\n",
"1\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 4
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Problem 2\n",
"class Foo(object):\n",
" x = 1\n",
"\n",
"def getx(self):\n",
" return self.x\n",
"\n",
"Foo.getx = getx\n",
"\n",
"f = Foo()\n",
"print f.getx()"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"1\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 5
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# problem 6\n",
"class Foo:\n",
" print \"hello, world\"\n",
" def square(x):\n",
" return x*x\n",
"\n",
" a = square(10)\n",
" print a\n",
"\n",
"print Foo.a"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"hello, world\n",
"100\n",
"100\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 6
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class Foo:\n",
" x = 1\n",
"\n",
"Foo.__dict__"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 7,
"text": [
"{'__doc__': None, '__module__': '__main__', 'x': 1}"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 7
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"Foo.__dict__['y'] = 2\n",
"print Foo.y"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"2\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 8
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"f = Foo()\n",
"f.__dict__"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 9,
"text": [
"{}"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 9
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"f.__class__"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 10,
"text": [
"__main__.Foo"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 10
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"f.x"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 11,
"text": [
"1"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 11
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**ducktyping**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def wordcount(fileobj):\n",
" return len(fileobj.read().split())\n",
"\n",
"print wordcount(open(\"numbers.txt\"))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"5\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 12
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class FakeFile:\n",
" def read(self):\n",
" return \"a b c d e\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 13
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"wordcount(FakeFile())"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 14,
"text": [
"5"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 14
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### Special Class Methods"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**`__str__` and `__repr__`**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class Point:\n",
" def __init__(self, x, y):\n",
" self.x = x\n",
" self.y = y\n",
" \n",
" def __str__(self):\n",
" return \"({0}, {1})\".format(self.x, self.y)\n",
" \n",
" def __repr__(self):\n",
" return \"Point(x={}, y={})\".format(self.x, self.y)\n",
" \n",
"p = Point(1, 2)\n",
"print p\n",
"\n",
"print str(p)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"(1, 2)\n",
"(1, 2)\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 24
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print \"1\", 1"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"1 1\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 20
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print repr(\"1\"), repr(1)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"'1' 1\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 21
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"[\"1\", 1]"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 22,
"text": [
"['1', 1]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 22
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"[p]"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 25,
"text": [
"[Point(x=1, y=2)]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 25
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print p"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"(1, 2)\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 26
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Problem** Write a class `Person` with firstname and lastname and add str and repr."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Operators**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class Point:\n",
" def __init__(self, x, y):\n",
" self.x = x\n",
" self.y = y\n",
" \n",
" def __str__(self):\n",
" return \"({0}, {1})\".format(self.x, self.y)\n",
" \n",
" def __repr__(self):\n",
" return \"Point(x={}, y={})\".format(self.x, self.y)\n",
" \n",
" def __add__(self, p):\n",
" return Point(self.x+p.x, self.y+p.y)\n",
" \n",
"p1 = Point(2, 3)\n",
"p2 = Point(3, 4)\n",
"\n",
"print p1 + p2"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"(5, 7)\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 31
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"x = 1\n",
"y = 2\n",
"x + y"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 28,
"text": [
"3"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 28
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"x.__add__(y)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 29,
"text": [
"3"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 29
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Problem** Change the `Point` class above to support `*` operator.\n",
" \n",
" >>> p = Point(2, 3)\n",
" >>> p * 10\n",
" Point(20, 30)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Container types**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"x = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\n",
"print x[1]"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"b\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 32
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print x.__getitem__(1)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"b\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 33
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print len(x)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"3\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 34
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"len(\"abce\")"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 35,
"text": [
"4"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 35
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"x.__len__()"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 36,
"text": [
"3"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 36
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class yrange:\n",
" def __init__(self, begin, end):\n",
" self.begin = begin\n",
" self.end = end\n",
" \n",
" def __len__(self):\n",
" return self.end - self.begin\n",
" \n",
"y = yrange(5, 10)\n",
"print len(y)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"5\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 39
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Problem** The the above `yrange` class work like a list by adding `__getitem__` method.\n",
"\n",
" >>> y = yrange(5, 10)\n",
" >>> y[0]\n",
" 5\n",
" >>> y[3]\n",
" 8\n",
" >>> y[8]\n",
" Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
" ...\n",
" IndexError: index out of range "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import functools\n",
"\n",
"def itemgetter(f):\n",
" \"\"\"decorator to wrap __getitem__ to \n",
" take care of negative indices and \n",
" out of range errors.\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" @functools.wraps(f)\n",
" def g(self, index):\n",
" if index < 0:\n",
" index = len(self) + index\n",
" if 0 <= index < len(self):\n",
" return f(self, index)\n",
" else:\n",
" raise IndexError(\"index out of range\")\n",
" return g\n",
" \n",
"class yrange:\n",
" def __init__(self, begin, end):\n",
" self.begin = begin\n",
" self.end = end\n",
" \n",
" def __len__(self):\n",
" return self.end - self.begin\n",
" \n",
" @itemgetter\n",
" def __getitem__(self, index):\n",
" return self.begin + index\n",
" \n",
"y = yrange(5, 10)\n",
"print len(y)\n",
"print y[0]\n",
"print y[3]\n",
"print y[-1]\n",
"try:\n",
" print y[8]\n",
"except IndexError, e:\n",
" print str(e)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"5\n",
"5\n",
"8\n",
"9\n",
"index out of range\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 45
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Problem** Write a class `Node` to represent a Node in HTML tree. It should work as shown in the examples below.\n",
"\n",
" >>> input = Node(\"input\", name=\"x\", type=\"text\", value=\"3\")\n",
" >>> print input\n",
" <input type=\"text\" name=\"x\" value=\"3\"/>\n",
" >>> print repr(input)\n",
" <Node input attrs={\"type\": \"text\", \"name\": \"x\", \"value\": \"3\"}>\n",
" \n",
" >>> input['type']\n",
" 'text'\n",
" >>> input['value'] = \"10\"\n",
" >>> print input\n",
" <input type=\"text\" name=\"x\" value=\"10\"/>\n",
" >>> print Node(\"hr\")\n",
" <hr/>\n",
" >>> print Node(\"img\", src=\"a.jpg\")\n",
" <img src=\"a.jpg\"/> "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Properties**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class Person0:\n",
" def __init__(self, fullname):\n",
" self.fullname = fullname\n",
" \n",
"def hello(p):\n",
" print \"Hello\", p.fullname\n",
" \n",
"# Lets say we are planning to replace the above class\n",
"# with the one below.\n",
"\n",
"class Person:\n",
" def __init__(self, firstname, lastname):\n",
" self.firstname = firstname\n",
" self.lastname = lastname\n",
" \n",
" @property\n",
" def fullname(self):\n",
" return \"{} {}\".format(self.firstname, self.lastname)\n",
" \n",
"p = Person(\"Foo\", \"Bar\")\n",
"hello(p)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Hello Foo Bar\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 52
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Problem** Write a class `File` that takes path as argument in the constuctor and provides basename, dirname and ext as properties.\n",
"\n",
" >>> f = File(\"/tmp/a.txt\")\n",
" >>> f.basename\n",
" 'a.txt'\n",
" >>> f.dirname\n",
" '/tmp'\n",
" >>> f.ext\n",
" 'txt'"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import re\n",
"class Person(object):\n",
" def __init__(self, firstname, lastname, phone):\n",
" self.firstname = firstname\n",
" self.lastname = lastname\n",
" self._phone = phone\n",
" \n",
" @property\n",
" def fullname(self):\n",
" return \"{} {}\".format(self.firstname, self.lastname)\n",
"\n",
" @property\n",
" def phone(self):\n",
" return self._phone\n",
" \n",
" @phone.setter\n",
" def phone(self, value):\n",
" if not re.match(\"[0-9]+\", value):\n",
" raise ValueError(\"Invalid Phone number\")\n",
" self._phone = value\n",
" \n",
" # The same thing can also be done as:\n",
" def get_phone(self):\n",
" return self._phone\n",
" \n",
" def set_phone(self, value):\n",
" if not re.match(\"[0-9]+\", value):\n",
" raise ValueError(\"Invalid Phone number\")\n",
" self._phone = value\n",
" \n",
" phone2 = property(get_phone, set_phone)\n",
"\n",
"p = Person(\"Foo\", \"Bar\", \"1234\")\n",
"print p.phone\n",
"p.phone = \"bad-value\"\n",
"print p.phone"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"ename": "ValueError",
"evalue": "Invalid Phone number",
"output_type": "pyerr",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-65-f475fee4479a>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 33\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mPerson\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Foo\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"Bar\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"1234\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 34\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mphone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 35\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mphone\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"bad-value\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 36\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mphone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-65-f475fee4479a>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mphone\u001b[0;34m(self, value)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 17\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mphone\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 18\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mnot\u001b[0m \u001b[0mre\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmatch\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"[0-9]+\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 19\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mValueError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Invalid Phone number\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 20\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_phone\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 21\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: Invalid Phone number"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"1234\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 65
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### new-style and old-style classes"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class A:\n",
" pass\n",
"\n",
"class B(object):\n",
" pass\n",
"\n",
"a = A()\n",
"b = B()\n",
"\n",
"print type(a), type(b)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"<type 'instance'> <class '__main__.B'>\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 67
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"a + 1"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"ename": "TypeError",
"evalue": "unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'instance' and 'int'",
"output_type": "pyerr",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-68-a1bd27f4633f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'instance' and 'int'"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 68
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"b + 1"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"ename": "TypeError",
"evalue": "unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'B' and 'int'",
"output_type": "pyerr",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-69-60661c9df6ee>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'B' and 'int'"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 69
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class A:\n",
" @property\n",
" def x(self):\n",
" return 1\n",
"\n",
"class B(object):\n",
" @property\n",
" def x(self):\n",
" return 1\n",
" \n",
"a = A()\n",
"b = B()\n",
"print a.x, b.x"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"1 1\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 71
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"a.x = 2"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 72
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print a.x"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"2\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 73
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"b.x = 2"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"ename": "AttributeError",
"evalue": "can't set attribute",
"output_type": "pyerr",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-74-020d13f236c7>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: can't set attribute"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 74
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Descriptors**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class One(object):\n",
" def __get__(self, obj, type):\n",
" print \"__get__ called\", obj, One\n",
" if obj is None:\n",
" return self\n",
" return 1\n",
" \n",
" def __repr__(self):\n",
" return \"<one>\"\n",
" \n",
"class Foo(object):\n",
" x = One()\n",
" \n",
" @property\n",
" def y(self):\n",
" return 2\n",
" \n",
" def __repr__(self):\n",
" return \"Foo()\"\n",
" \n",
"f = Foo()\n",
"print f.x\n",
"print Foo.x"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"__get__ called Foo() <class '__main__.One'>\n",
"1\n",
"__get__ called None <class '__main__.One'>\n",
"<one>\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 82
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"y = Foo.y\n",
"\n",
"print y.__get__(f, property)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"2\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 84
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import re\n",
"re_email = re.compile(\".*@.*\")\n",
"\n",
"class Email(object):\n",
" \"\"\"Descriptor class to validate email addresses.\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" def __init__(self):\n",
" self.value = None\n",
" \n",
" def __get__(self, obj, type):\n",
" if obj is None:\n",
" return self\n",
" return self.value\n",
" \n",
" def __set__(self, obj, value):\n",
" print \"__set__\", value\n",
" if re_email.match(value):\n",
" self.value = value\n",
" else:\n",
" raise ValueError(\"Invalid email\")\n",
" \n",
"class Person(object):\n",
" email = Email()\n",
" \n",
"p = Person()\n",
"print p.email\n",
"p.email = \"a@example.com\"\n",
"print p.email\n",
"p.email = \"bad-email\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"ename": "ValueError",
"evalue": "Invalid email",
"output_type": "pyerr",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-92-7b22aa81328e>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 27\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0memail\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"a@example.com\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 28\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0memail\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 29\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0memail\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"bad-email\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-92-7b22aa81328e>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__set__\u001b[0;34m(self, obj, value)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 18\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 19\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32melse\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 20\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mValueError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Invalid email\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 21\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 22\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mclass\u001b[0m \u001b[0mPerson\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mobject\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: Invalid email"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"None\n",
"__set__ a@example.com\n",
"a@example.com\n",
"__set__ bad-email\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 92
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class my_property(object):\n",
" def __init__(self, func):\n",
" self.func = func\n",
" print \"my_property.__init__\", self.func\n",
" \n",
" def __get__(self, obj, type):\n",
" # convention used in descriptiors\n",
" # to return the descirptor when accessed \n",
" # from the class\n",
" if obj is None:\n",
" return self\n",
" return self.func(obj)\n",
"\n",
"class Foo(object):\n",
" #@my_property\n",
" def x(self):\n",
" print \"Foo.x function called\"\n",
" return 1\n",
" \n",
" x = my_property(x)\n",
" \n",
"f = Foo()\n",
"print f.x \n",
"print f.x "
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"my_property.__init__ <function x at 0x102ca2578>\n",
"Foo.x function called\n",
"1\n",
"Foo.x function called\n",
"1\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 99
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Problem** Write a descriptor `cached_property` that works like the property descriptor, but caches the result after calling the function once."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Callable objects**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def square(x):\n",
" return x*x"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 100
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"square.__call__(3)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 101,
"text": [
"9"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 101
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class Square:\n",
" def __call__(self, x):\n",
" return x*x\n",
" \n",
"sq = Square()\n",
"print sq(4)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"16\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 102
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"def make_adder(x):\n",
" def adder(y):\n",
" return x+y\n",
" return adder\n",
"\n",
"add5 = make_adder(5)\n",
"print add5(3)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"8\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 103
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class Adder(object):\n",
" def __init__(self, x):\n",
" self.x = x\n",
" def __call__(self, y):\n",
" return self.x + y\n",
" \n",
"add5 = Adder(5)\n",
"print add5(3)\n",
"print add5.x\n",
"add5.x = 2\n",
"print add5(7)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"8\n",
"5\n",
"9\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 111
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"Adder.__call__"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 107,
"text": [
"<unbound method Adder.__call__>"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 107
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"Adder.__class__"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 108,
"text": [
"type"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 108
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"type.__call__(Adder, 5)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 109,
"text": [
"<__main__.Adder at 0x102ca3f10>"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 109
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Memoize as a class."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class memoize:\n",
" def __init__(self, func):\n",
" self.func = func\n",
" self.cache = {}\n",
" \n",
" def reset_cache(self):\n",
" self.cache.clear()\n",
" \n",
" def __call__(self, *args):\n",
" if args not in self.cache:\n",
" self.cache[args] = self.func(*args)\n",
" return self.cache[args]\n",
" \n",
"@memoize\n",
"def square(n):\n",
" print \"square\", n\n",
" return n*n\n",
" \n",
"print square(2)\n",
"print square(2)\n",
"print square(2)\n",
"square.reset_cache()\n",
"print square(2)\n",
"print square(2)\n",
"print square(2)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"square 2\n",
"4\n",
"4\n",
"4\n",
"square 2\n",
"4\n",
"4\n",
"4\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 114
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Meta classes**"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"x = 1\n",
"print type(x)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"<type 'int'>\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 116
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print type(int)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"<type 'type'>\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 117
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print type(type)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"<type 'type'>\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 119
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"Point = type(\"Point\", (object,), {\"x\": 0, \"y\": 0})"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 120
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"Point"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 121,
"text": [
"__main__.Point"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 121
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"Point.x"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 122,
"text": [
"0"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 122
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"p = Point()"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 123
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class Point(object):\n",
" x = 0\n",
" y = 0"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 124
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The above snippet is eqvivalant to "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"Point = type(\"Point\", (object,), {\"x\": 0, \"y\": 0})"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 125
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"A = type(\"A\", (object,), {\"x\": 0})\n",
"B = type(\"B\", (A,), {\"y\": 1})"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 127
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"B"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 128,
"text": [
"__main__.B"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 128
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"B.x"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 129,
"text": [
"0"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 129
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"B.y"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 130,
"text": [
"1"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 130
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"B.__bases__"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 131,
"text": [
"(__main__.A,)"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 131
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Since type is a class, it should be possible to subclass it."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class type2(type):\n",
" pass"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 132
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"A = type2(\"A\", (), {})"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 133
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"A"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 134,
"text": [
"__main__.A"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 134
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"a = A()"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 135
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print type(a)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"<class '__main__.A'>\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 136
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print type(A)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"<class '__main__.type2'>\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 137
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class type2(type):\n",
" def __init__(self, name, bases, attrs):\n",
" print \"type2.__init__\", name, bases, attrs\n",
" type.__init__(self, name, bases, attrs)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 138
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"A = type2(\"A\", (), {})"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"type2.__init__ A () {}\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 139
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class B(A):\n",
" pass"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"type2.__init__ B (<class '__main__.A'>,) {'__module__': '__main__'}\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 140
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class A(object):\n",
" __metaclass__ = type2"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"type2.__init__ A (<type 'object'>,) {'__module__': '__main__', '__metaclass__': <class '__main__.type2'>}\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 141
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"class B(A): pass"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"type2.__init__ B (<class '__main__.A'>,) {'__module__': '__main__'}\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 142
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": []
}
],
"metadata": {}
}
]
}
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