Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) — an architectural style where software components (services) provide functionality to other components over a network via standardized communication protocols.
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Heavy protocols: SOAP, WSDL, XML-based communication.
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Centralized architecture: Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) as the integration core.
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Monolithic and tightly coupled: Large services sharing centralized databases.
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Slow and complex: Heavy governance, difficult to adapt, on-premises deployment.