aso2101/sgt.json

## sgt.json
{
    "data": {
	"General": {
	    "intro": "<p>These are general terms which apply to various aspects of Sanskrit grammar.</p>",
	    "glossary": [
		{
		    "id" : "prakrtih",
		    "skt" : "prakr̥tiḥ",
		    "eng" : "base",
		    "comm" : "That to which an <a href='#pratyayah'>affix</a> is added. A base can be nominal (see <a href='#pratipadikam'>nominal stem</a>) or verbal. This is a synonym of <a href='#angam'>aṅgam</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "samanadhikaranah",
		    "skt" : "samānādhikaraṇaḥ",
		    "eng" : "coreferential",
		    "comm" : "Literally “having the same substrate.” Two linguistic forms are coreferential they identify the same entity. See also <a href='#vyadhikaranah'>non-coreferential</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "vyadhikaranah",
		    "skt" : "vyadhikaraṇaḥ",
		    "eng" : "non-coreferential",
		    "comm" : "The opposite of <a href='#samanadhikaranah'>coreferential</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "angam",
		    "skt" : "aṅgam",
		    "eng" : "base",
		    "comm" : "That to which an <a href='#pratyayah'>affix</a> is added. A base can be nominal (see <a href='#pratipadikam'>nominal stem</a>) or verbal. This is a synonym of <a href='#prakrtih'>prakr̥tiḥ</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "pratyayah",
		    "skt" : "pratyayaḥ",
		    "eng" : "affix",
		    "comm" : "That which is added to <a href='#prakrtih'>base</a>. Typically an affix follows its base, and hence it can be described as a suffix."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "nipatah",
		    "skt" : "nipātaḥ",
		    "eng" : "particle",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		    {
			    "id":"ekavacanam-n",
			    "skt":"ēkavacanam",
			    "eng":"singular",
			    "comm":""
		    },
		    {
			    "id":"dvivacanam-n",
			    "skt":"dvivacanam",
			    "eng":"dual",
			    "comm":""
		    },
		    {
			    "id":"bahuvacanam-n",
			    "skt":"bahuvacanam",
			    "eng":"plural",
			    "comm":""
		    },
		    {
			    "id":"samkhya",
			    "skt":"saṅkhyā",
			    "eng":"number",
			    "comm":""
		    }
	    ]
	},
	"Phonology": {
	    "intro": "",
	    "glossary": [
		{
		    "id" : "ghosah",
		    "skt" : "ghōṣaḥ",
		    "eng" : "voicing",
		    "comm" : "Vibration of the vocal cords, which is either present (<a href='#ghosavat'>voiced</a>) or absent (<a href='#aghosah'>unvoiced</a>) in a phoneme."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "ghosavat",
		    "skt" : "ghōṣavān",
		    "eng" : "voiced",
		    "comm" : "A phoneme that is pronounced with <a href='#ghosah'>voicing</a>. This includes all <a href='#svarah'>vowels</a>, all <a href='#antahsthah'>semivowels</a>, all <a href='#anunasikah'>nasals</a>, and half of the <a href='#sparsah'>stop</a> consonants, as well as <i>h</i>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "aghosa",
		    "skt" : "aghōṣaḥ",
		    "eng" : "voiceless",
		    "comm" : "A phoneme that is pronounced without <a href='#ghosah'>voicing</a>. This includes half of the <a href='#sparsah'>stop</a> consonants, and all of the <a href='#usman'>sibilants</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "visargah",
		    "skt" : "visargaḥ",
		    "eng" : "visarga",
		    "comm" : "A voiceless, placeless, aspiration, written <i>ḥ</i>, which is of the allophones of <i>s</i> and <i>r</i> at the end of a word. Also called <i>visarjanīyaḥ</i>. See also: <a href='#upadhmaniya'>upadhmānīyaḥ</a> and <a href='#jihvamuliyah'>jihvāmūlīyaḥ</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "pranah",
		    "skt" : "prāṇaḥ",
		    "eng" : "aspiration",
		    "comm" : "An exhalation of breath that accompanies the pronunciation of sound. <a href='#sparsah'>Stop</a> consonants are either <a href='#alpapranah'>unaspirated</a> or <a href='#mahapranah'>aspirated</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "alpapranah",
		    "skt" : "alpaprāṇaḥ",
		    "eng" : "unaspirated",
		    "comm" : "Literally “with small <a href='#pranah'>aspiration</a>.” Half of the <a href='#sparsa'>stop</a> consonants are unaspirated."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "mahapranah",
		    "skt" : "mahāprāṇaḥ",
		    "eng" : "aspirated",
		    "comm" : "Literally “with large <a href='#pranah'>aspiration</a>.” Half of the <a href='#sparsa'>stop</a> consonants are aspirated."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "svarah-1",
		    "skt" : "svaraḥ",
		    "eng" : "accent",
		    "comm" : "Sanskrit words generally have one syllable of accentual prominence, which is linked in the Indian grammatical tradition to a vowel. The accented vowel, which has a high pitch in the R̥gvēdic recitation tradition, is called <a href='#udattah'>udātta</a>; unaccented vowels are called <a href='#anudattah'>anudatta</a>. See also <a href='#svaritah'>svarita</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "svarah",
		    "skt" : "svaraḥ",
		    "eng" : "vowel",
		    "comm" : "A sound that is pronounced with a completely unobstructed flow of air, which can form the nuclear of a <a href='#aksarah'>syllable</a>. See also: <a href='#ac'>a-C</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "vyanjanah",
		    "skt" : "vyañjanaḥ",
		    "eng" : "consonant",
		    "comm" : "A sound that cannot form the nucleus of <a href='#aksarah'>syllable</a>, and therefore requires the accompaniment of a <a href='#svarah'>vowel</a> in order to be produced. Hence the name: “that which manifests [a vowel sound].” See also: <a href='#hal'>h<span class='pron'>a</span>-L</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "antahsthah",
		    "skt" : "antaḥsthaḥ",
		    "eng" : "semivowel",
		    "comm" : "Literally “standing between [vowels and consonants].” A sound that has the articulatory features of a vowel but does not stand in the nucleus of a <a href='#aksarah'>syllable</a>. See also: <a href='#ik'>y<span class='pron'>a</a>-Ṇ</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "sparsah",
		    "skt" : "sparśaḥ",
		    "eng" : "stop",
		    "comm" : "Also called “occlusive.” A sound wherein the flow of air is completely occluded by the <a href='#sthanam'>organs of articulation</a>. All stops are <a href='#vyanjanah'>consonants</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "svaritah",
		    "skt" : "svaritaḥ",
		    "eng" : "circumflex",
		    "comm" : "An accent that results from the combination of an <a href='#udattah'>accented</a> and <a href='#anudattah'>unaccented</a> vowel in <a href='#sandhih'>sandhi</a>. It is usually pronounced with a rising and falling tone."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "anudattah",
		    "skt" : "anudāttaḥ",
		    "eng" : "unaccented",
		    "comm" : "In the Indian tradition, any vowel in a word that is not associated with either a rising <a href='#svarah-1'>pitch accent</a> (<a href='#udattah'>udātta</a>) or a rising and falling accent (<a href='#svaritah'>svaritaḥ</a>); in modern terms, the entire syllable is probably to be described as unaccented."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "udattah",
		    "skt" : "udāttaḥ",
		    "eng" : "accented",
		    "comm" : "In the Indian tradition, the vowel with which a rising <a href='#svarah-1'>pitch accent</a> is associated; in modern terms, the entire syllable is probably to be described as accented."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "ac",
		    "skt" : "a-C",
		    "eng" : "vowel",
		    "comm" : "Pāṇini’s abbreviation for <a href='#svarah'>vowels</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "hal",
		    "skt" : "h<span class='pron'>a</span>-L",
		    "eng" : "consonant",
		    "comm" : "Pāṇini’s abbreviation for a <a href='#vyanjanah'>consonant</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "yan",
		    "skt" : "y<span class='pron'>a</span>-Ṇ",
		    "eng" : "semivowel",
		    "comm" : "Pāṇini’s abbreviation for a <span class='#antahsthah'>semivowel</a>."
		}
	    ]
	},
	"Nouns": {
	    "intro": "<p>Nominal forms are typically called <i>nāmāni</i>, or, following Pāṇini’s terminology, <i>sU-P</i>, “[forms that terminate in one of] the declensional endings.” This section will also cover most indeclinables (<a href='#avyayam'>avyayāni</a>).",
	    "glossary": [
		{
		    "id": "pratipadikam",
		    "skt": "prātipadikam",
		    "eng": "nominal stem",
		    "comm": ""
		},
		{
		    "id": "avyayam",
		    "skt": "avyayam",
		    "eng": "indeclinable",
		    "comm": ""
		},
		{
		    "id": "sup",
		    "skt" : "s<span class='anu'>U</span>-<span class='anu'>P</span>",
		    "eng" : "noun",
		    "comm" : "Literally, “[that which terminates in] one of the declensional endings.”"
		},
		{
		    "id": "ghi",
		    "skt" : "ghi",
		    "eng" : "i/u-stem",
		    "comm" : "Pāṇini’s technical term for a <a href='#pratipadikam'>nominal stem</a> ending in a short <i>i</i> or <i>u</i>, which triggers special endings."
		},
		{
		    "id": "nadi",
		    "skt" : "nadī",
		    "eng" : "derivative ī/ū-stem",
		    "comm" : "Pāṇini’s technical term for a <a href='#pratipadikam'>nominal stem</a> ending in a long <i>ī</i> or <i>ū</i>, which are all feminine and almost always polysyllabic. This class largely coincides with feminine stems built using <a href='#stripratyayah'>feminine suffixes</a>, and hence it can be characterized as a set of ‘derivative’ stems. Membership in this class of stems triggers special endings."
		},
		{
		    "id": "stripratyayah",
		    "skt": "strīpratyayaḥ",
		    "eng": "feminine suffix",
		    "comm": "Any one of a number of suffixes added onto nominal stems (<a href='#taddhitah'>taddhitāḥ</a>) which primary serve to form a feminine stem."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "vibhakti",
		    "skt" : "vibhaktiḥ",
		    "eng" : "case suffix",
		    "comm" : "An inflectional ending used in nominal forms (thus also called a declensional ending) which primarily expresses the grammatical category of case."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "prathama",
		    "skt" : "prathamā (vibhaktiḥ)",
		    "eng" : "nominative case",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "dvitiya",
		    "skt" : "dvitīyā (vibhaktiḥ)",
		    "eng" : "accusative case",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "trtiya",
		    "skt" : "tr̥tīyā (vibhaktiḥ)",
		    "eng" : "instrumental case",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "caturthi",
		    "skt" : "caturthī (vibhaktiḥ)",
		    "eng" : "dative case",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "pancami",
		    "skt" : "pañcamī (vibhaktiḥ)",
		    "eng" : "ablative case",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "sasthi",
		    "skt" : "ṣaṣthī (vibhaktiḥ)",
		    "eng" : "genitive case",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "saptami",
		    "skt" : "saptamī (vibhaktiḥ)",
		    "eng" : "locative case",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "sambodhanam",
		    "skt" : "saṁbōdhanam",
		    "eng" : "vocative",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "sambuddhih",
		    "skt" : "saṁbuddhiḥ",
		    "eng" : "vocative",
		    "comm" : ""
		}
	    ]
	},
	"Verbs": {
	    "intro": "<p>Verbal forms are typically called <i>ākhyātāni</i>, or, following Pāṇini’s terminology, <i>ti-Ṅ</i>, “[forms that terminate in one of] the finite verbal endings. The category of verbal forms is, however, larger than that of <i>finite</i> verbal forms. This section will therefore also include primary verbal derivatives that are, despite being non-finite, often used as the verbal predicate of a sentence.</p>",
	    "glossary": [
		{
		    "id" : "dhatuh",
		    "skt": "dhātuḥ",
		    "eng": "verbal root",
		    "comm": ""
		},
		    {
			    "id":"prathamapurusah",
			    "skt":"prathamapuruṣaḥ",
			    "eng":"third person",
			    "comm":""
		    },
		    {
			    "id":"madhyamapurusah",
			    "skt":"madhyamapuruṣaḥ",
			    "eng":"second person",
			    "comm":""
		    },
		    {
			    "id":"uttamapurusah",
			    "skt":"uttamapuruṣaḥ",
			    "eng":"first person",
			    "comm":""
		    },
		{
		    "id" : "upasargah",
		    "skt": "upasargaḥ",
		    "eng": "preverb",
		    "comm": ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "vikaranah",
		    "skt": "vikaraṇaḥ",
		    "eng": "present stem formant",
		    "comm": ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "tin",
		    "skt": "ti-Ṅ",
		    "eng": "finite verb",
		    "comm": "A form that terminates in a finite verbal ending, which expresses the categories of tense and mood (combined into one of the <a href='#lakarah'>lakārāḥ</a>) as well as <a href='#purusah'>person</a> and <a href='#sankhya-v'>number</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "lakarah",
		    "skt": "lakāraḥ",
		    "eng": "tense-aspect-mood",
		    "comm": "Pāṇini uses forms beginning with the sound <i>l</i> to represent conjugational systems, which we would call combinations of tense, mood, and aspect (or <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood'>TAM</a>). The TAM systems that Pāṇini defines are: <a href='#lat'>laṭ</a>, <a href='#lan'>laṅ</a>, <a href='#lun'>luṅ</a>, <a href='#lit'>liṭ</a>, <a href='#lot'>lōṭ</a>, <a href='#lrt'>lr̥ṭ</a>, <a href='#lin'>liṅ</a>, <a href='#let'>lēṭ</a>, <a href='#lut'>luṭ</a>, and <a href='#lrn'>lr̥ṅ</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "lat",
		    "skt": "laṭ",
		    "eng": "present indicative",
		    "comm": "The <a href='#lakarah'>lakāraḥ</a> for the present indicative. It refers to present time."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "lan",
		    "skt": "laṅ",
		    "eng": "imperfect indicative",
		    "comm": "The <a href='#lakarah'>lakāraḥ</a> for the imperfect indicative. It refers to time in the recent past."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "lun",
		    "skt": "luṅ",
		    "eng": "aorist indicative",
		    "comm": "The <a href='#lakarah'>lakāraḥ</a> for the aorist indicative. It refers to time in the past, without further specification."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "lit",
		    "skt": "liṭ",
		    "eng": "perfect indicative",
		    "comm": "The <a href='#lakarah'>lakāraḥ</a> for the perfect indicative. It refers to time in the past, usually in the distant past, beyond the speaker’s own experience."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "lin",
		    "skt": "liṅ",
		    "eng": "present optative",
		    "comm": "The <a href='#lakarah'>lakāraḥ</a> for the optative, which is almost always formed from the present stem in classical Sanskrit. It is the primary <i>irrealis</i> form, with the senses of obligation, permission, potentiality, and counterfactuality."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "kta",
		    "skt": "Kta",
		    "eng": "past absolutive participle",
		    "comm": "A verbal adjective formed by the affixation of <i>tá</i> to a verbal root in the zero grade. The alignment pattern of this participle is absolutive: generally, it describes the <a href='#kartr'>agent</a> of an <a href='#akarmakam'>intransitive</a> verb, or the <a href='#karma'>patient</a> of a <a href='#sakarmakam'>transitive</a> verb. It can be used either attributively or predicately."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "krtya",
		    "skt": "kr̥tyaḥ",
		    "eng": "potential absolutive participle",
		    "comm": "A verbal adjective formed by the affixation of one of a number of suffixes, all of which express the notion of futurity, potentiality, or obligation. These suffixes all take absolutive alignment: that is, they describe the <a href='#kartr'>agent</a> of an <a href='#akarmakam'>intransitive</a> verb, or the <a href='#karma'>patient</a> of a <a href='#sakarmakam'>transitive</a> verb. They can be used either attributively or predicately. Some examples of such suffixes include: <a href='#aniyar'>anīyaR</a>, <a href='#nyat'>ṆyaT</a> and <a href='#yat'>yaT</a>, <a href='#kyap'>KyaP</a>, <a href='#tavya'>tavya</a> and <a href='#tavyat'>tavyaT</a>."
		}
	    ]
	},
	"Compounds": {
	    "intro":  "<p>Compounds refer to two nominal forms (<a href='#sup'>sU-P</a>) combined into a single form.</p>",
	    "glossary": [
		{
		    "id" : "tatpurusah",
		    "skt" : "tatpuruṣaḥ",
		    "eng" : "endocentric compound",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "upapadatatpurusah",
		    "skt" : "upapadatatpuruṣaḥ",
		    "eng" : "subordinate-word endocentric compound",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "karmadharayah",
		    "skt" : "karmadhārayaḥ",
		    "eng" : "coreferential endocentric compound",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "vibhaktitatpurusah",
		    "skt" : "vibhaktipuruṣaḥ",
		    "eng" : "case-relation endocentric compound",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "bahuvrihih",
		    "skt" : "bahuvrīhiḥ",
		    "eng" : "exocentric compound",
		    "comm" : ""
		},
		{
		    "id" : "dvandvah",
		    "skt" : "dvandvaḥ",
		    "eng" : "copulative compound",
		    "comm" : ""
		}
	    ]
	},
	"Syntax": {
	    "intro": "",
	    "glossary": [
		{
		    "id" : "sakarmakah",
		    "skt" : "sakarmakaḥ",
		    "eng" : "transitive",
		    "comm" : "Describes a verbal root which can take a <a href='#karma'>patient</a> as one of its core arguments, either as the accusative object in the <a href='#kartariprayogah'>agentive construction</a> or as the nominative subject in the <a href='#karmaniprayogah'>patentive construction</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "akarmakah",
		    "skt" : "akarmakaḥ",
		    "eng" : "intransitive",
		    "comm" : "Describes a verbal root that takes a single core argument, which is generally called the <a href='#kartr'>agent</a>, although the agent may often be better characterized as an ‘experiencer’ or ‘undergoer.’ Such verbs cannot take an accusative object."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "dvikarmakah",
		    "skt" : "dvikarmakaḥ",
		    "eng" : "ditransitive",
		    "comm" : "Describes a verbal root that can take <i>three</i> core arguments: one <a href='#kartr'>agent</a> and two <a href='#karma'>patients</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "kartariprayogah",
		    "skt" : "kartari prayōgaḥ",
		    "eng" : "agentive construction",
		    "comm" : "A construction wherein the verbal predicate (whether represented by a finite verb or not) expresses the <a href='#kartr'>agent</a> of the verbal action."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "karmaniprayogah",
		    "skt" : "karmaṇi prayōgaḥ",
		    "eng" : "patientive construction",
		    "comm" : "A construction wherein the verbal predicate (whether represented by a finite verb or not) expresses the <a href='#kartr'>patient</a> of the verbal action."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "prayojakakartr",
		    "skt" : "prayōjakakartr̥",
		    "eng" : "impelling agent",
		    "comm" : "In a causative construction, the agent who causes the <a href='#prayojyakartr'>impelled agent</a> to perform the verbal action."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "prayojyakakartr",
		    "skt" : "prayōjyakakartr̥",
		    "eng" : "impeled agent",
		    "comm" : "In a causative construction, the agent who is caused to perform the verbal action by the <a href='#prayojakakartr'>impelling agent</a>."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "karma",
		    "skt" : "karma",
		    "eng" : "patient",
		    "comm" : "One of the <a href='#karakam'>participant roles</a>: the one which is most affected by the action of the verb."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "kartr",
		    "skt" : "kartr̥",
		    "eng" : "agent",
		    "comm" : "One of the <a href='#karakam'>participant roles</a>: the one which carries out the action of the verb."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "karanam",
		    "skt" : "karaṇam",
		    "eng" : "instrument",
		    "comm" : "One of the <a href='#karakam'>participant roles</a>: the one by means of which the action of the verb is brought about."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "sampradanam",
		    "skt" : "saṁpradānam",
		    "eng" : "recipient",
		    "comm" : "One of the <a href='#karakam'>participant roles</a>: the one which is receives or benefits from the action of the verb."
		},
		{
		    "id" : "karakam",
		    "skt" : "kārakam",
		    "eng" : "participant role",
		    "comm" : "Every action involves a number of participants which are spoken of in terms of these abstract semantic categories: they include <a href='#kartr'>agent</a>, <a href='#karma'>patient</a>, <a href='#karanam'>instrument</a>, <a href='#sampradanam'>recipient</a>, etc. These abstract categories are mapped onto nominal and verbal forms morphologically and syntactically."
		}
	    ]
	}
    }
}
	{
	"data": {
	"General": {
	"intro": "<p>These are general terms which apply to various aspects of Sanskrit grammar.</p>",
	"glossary": [
	{
	"id" : "prakrtih",
	"skt" : "prakr̥tiḥ",
	"eng" : "base",
	"comm" : "That to which an <a href='#pratyayah'>affix</a> is added. A base can be nominal (see <a href='#pratipadikam'>nominal stem</a>) or verbal. This is a synonym of <a href='#angam'>aṅgam</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "samanadhikaranah",
	"skt" : "samānādhikaraṇaḥ",
	"eng" : "coreferential",
	"comm" : "Literally “having the same substrate.” Two linguistic forms are coreferential they identify the same entity. See also <a href='#vyadhikaranah'>non-coreferential</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "vyadhikaranah",
	"skt" : "vyadhikaraṇaḥ",
	"eng" : "non-coreferential",
	"comm" : "The opposite of <a href='#samanadhikaranah'>coreferential</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "angam",
	"skt" : "aṅgam",
	"eng" : "base",
	"comm" : "That to which an <a href='#pratyayah'>affix</a> is added. A base can be nominal (see <a href='#pratipadikam'>nominal stem</a>) or verbal. This is a synonym of <a href='#prakrtih'>prakr̥tiḥ</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "pratyayah",
	"skt" : "pratyayaḥ",
	"eng" : "affix",
	"comm" : "That which is added to <a href='#prakrtih'>base</a>. Typically an affix follows its base, and hence it can be described as a suffix."
	},
	{
	"id" : "nipatah",
	"skt" : "nipātaḥ",
	"eng" : "particle",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id":"ekavacanam-n",
	"skt":"ēkavacanam",
	"eng":"singular",
	"comm":""
	},
	{
	"id":"dvivacanam-n",
	"skt":"dvivacanam",
	"eng":"dual",
	"comm":""
	},
	{
	"id":"bahuvacanam-n",
	"skt":"bahuvacanam",
	"eng":"plural",
	"comm":""
	},
	{
	"id":"samkhya",
	"skt":"saṅkhyā",
	"eng":"number",
	"comm":""
	}
	]
	},
	"Phonology": {
	"intro": "",
	"glossary": [
	{
	"id" : "ghosah",
	"skt" : "ghōṣaḥ",
	"eng" : "voicing",
	"comm" : "Vibration of the vocal cords, which is either present (<a href='#ghosavat'>voiced</a>) or absent (<a href='#aghosah'>unvoiced</a>) in a phoneme."
	},
	{
	"id" : "ghosavat",
	"skt" : "ghōṣavān",
	"eng" : "voiced",
	"comm" : "A phoneme that is pronounced with <a href='#ghosah'>voicing</a>. This includes all <a href='#svarah'>vowels</a>, all <a href='#antahsthah'>semivowels</a>, all <a href='#anunasikah'>nasals</a>, and half of the <a href='#sparsah'>stop</a> consonants, as well as <i>h</i>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "aghosa",
	"skt" : "aghōṣaḥ",
	"eng" : "voiceless",
	"comm" : "A phoneme that is pronounced without <a href='#ghosah'>voicing</a>. This includes half of the <a href='#sparsah'>stop</a> consonants, and all of the <a href='#usman'>sibilants</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "visargah",
	"skt" : "visargaḥ",
	"eng" : "visarga",
	"comm" : "A voiceless, placeless, aspiration, written <i>ḥ</i>, which is of the allophones of <i>s</i> and <i>r</i> at the end of a word. Also called <i>visarjanīyaḥ</i>. See also: <a href='#upadhmaniya'>upadhmānīyaḥ</a> and <a href='#jihvamuliyah'>jihvāmūlīyaḥ</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "pranah",
	"skt" : "prāṇaḥ",
	"eng" : "aspiration",
	"comm" : "An exhalation of breath that accompanies the pronunciation of sound. <a href='#sparsah'>Stop</a> consonants are either <a href='#alpapranah'>unaspirated</a> or <a href='#mahapranah'>aspirated</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "alpapranah",
	"skt" : "alpaprāṇaḥ",
	"eng" : "unaspirated",
	"comm" : "Literally “with small <a href='#pranah'>aspiration</a>.” Half of the <a href='#sparsa'>stop</a> consonants are unaspirated."
	},
	{
	"id" : "mahapranah",
	"skt" : "mahāprāṇaḥ",
	"eng" : "aspirated",
	"comm" : "Literally “with large <a href='#pranah'>aspiration</a>.” Half of the <a href='#sparsa'>stop</a> consonants are aspirated."
	},
	{
	"id" : "svarah-1",
	"skt" : "svaraḥ",
	"eng" : "accent",
	"comm" : "Sanskrit words generally have one syllable of accentual prominence, which is linked in the Indian grammatical tradition to a vowel. The accented vowel, which has a high pitch in the R̥gvēdic recitation tradition, is called <a href='#udattah'>udātta</a>; unaccented vowels are called <a href='#anudattah'>anudatta</a>. See also <a href='#svaritah'>svarita</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "svarah",
	"skt" : "svaraḥ",
	"eng" : "vowel",
	"comm" : "A sound that is pronounced with a completely unobstructed flow of air, which can form the nuclear of a <a href='#aksarah'>syllable</a>. See also: <a href='#ac'>a-C</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "vyanjanah",
	"skt" : "vyañjanaḥ",
	"eng" : "consonant",
	"comm" : "A sound that cannot form the nucleus of <a href='#aksarah'>syllable</a>, and therefore requires the accompaniment of a <a href='#svarah'>vowel</a> in order to be produced. Hence the name: “that which manifests [a vowel sound].” See also: <a href='#hal'>h<span class='pron'>a</span>-L</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "antahsthah",
	"skt" : "antaḥsthaḥ",
	"eng" : "semivowel",
	"comm" : "Literally “standing between [vowels and consonants].” A sound that has the articulatory features of a vowel but does not stand in the nucleus of a <a href='#aksarah'>syllable</a>. See also: <a href='#ik'>y<span class='pron'>a</a>-Ṇ</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "sparsah",
	"skt" : "sparśaḥ",
	"eng" : "stop",
	"comm" : "Also called “occlusive.” A sound wherein the flow of air is completely occluded by the <a href='#sthanam'>organs of articulation</a>. All stops are <a href='#vyanjanah'>consonants</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "svaritah",
	"skt" : "svaritaḥ",
	"eng" : "circumflex",
	"comm" : "An accent that results from the combination of an <a href='#udattah'>accented</a> and <a href='#anudattah'>unaccented</a> vowel in <a href='#sandhih'>sandhi</a>. It is usually pronounced with a rising and falling tone."
	},
	{
	"id" : "anudattah",
	"skt" : "anudāttaḥ",
	"eng" : "unaccented",
	"comm" : "In the Indian tradition, any vowel in a word that is not associated with either a rising <a href='#svarah-1'>pitch accent</a> (<a href='#udattah'>udātta</a>) or a rising and falling accent (<a href='#svaritah'>svaritaḥ</a>); in modern terms, the entire syllable is probably to be described as unaccented."
	},
	{
	"id" : "udattah",
	"skt" : "udāttaḥ",
	"eng" : "accented",
	"comm" : "In the Indian tradition, the vowel with which a rising <a href='#svarah-1'>pitch accent</a> is associated; in modern terms, the entire syllable is probably to be described as accented."
	},
	{
	"id" : "ac",
	"skt" : "a-C",
	"eng" : "vowel",
	"comm" : "Pāṇini’s abbreviation for <a href='#svarah'>vowels</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "hal",
	"skt" : "h<span class='pron'>a</span>-L",
	"eng" : "consonant",
	"comm" : "Pāṇini’s abbreviation for a <a href='#vyanjanah'>consonant</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "yan",
	"skt" : "y<span class='pron'>a</span>-Ṇ",
	"eng" : "semivowel",
	"comm" : "Pāṇini’s abbreviation for a <span class='#antahsthah'>semivowel</a>."
	}
	]
	},
	"Nouns": {
	"intro": "<p>Nominal forms are typically called <i>nāmāni</i>, or, following Pāṇini’s terminology, <i>sU-P</i>, “[forms that terminate in one of] the declensional endings.” This section will also cover most indeclinables (<a href='#avyayam'>avyayāni</a>).",
	"glossary": [
	{
	"id": "pratipadikam",
	"skt": "prātipadikam",
	"eng": "nominal stem",
	"comm": ""
	},
	{
	"id": "avyayam",
	"skt": "avyayam",
	"eng": "indeclinable",
	"comm": ""
	},
	{
	"id": "sup",
	"skt" : "s<span class='anu'>U</span>-<span class='anu'>P</span>",
	"eng" : "noun",
	"comm" : "Literally, “[that which terminates in] one of the declensional endings.”"
	},
	{
	"id": "ghi",
	"skt" : "ghi",
	"eng" : "i/u-stem",
	"comm" : "Pāṇini’s technical term for a <a href='#pratipadikam'>nominal stem</a> ending in a short <i>i</i> or <i>u</i>, which triggers special endings."
	},
	{
	"id": "nadi",
	"skt" : "nadī",
	"eng" : "derivative ī/ū-stem",
	"comm" : "Pāṇini’s technical term for a <a href='#pratipadikam'>nominal stem</a> ending in a long <i>ī</i> or <i>ū</i>, which are all feminine and almost always polysyllabic. This class largely coincides with feminine stems built using <a href='#stripratyayah'>feminine suffixes</a>, and hence it can be characterized as a set of ‘derivative’ stems. Membership in this class of stems triggers special endings."
	},
	{
	"id": "stripratyayah",
	"skt": "strīpratyayaḥ",
	"eng": "feminine suffix",
	"comm": "Any one of a number of suffixes added onto nominal stems (<a href='#taddhitah'>taddhitāḥ</a>) which primary serve to form a feminine stem."
	},
	{
	"id" : "vibhakti",
	"skt" : "vibhaktiḥ",
	"eng" : "case suffix",
	"comm" : "An inflectional ending used in nominal forms (thus also called a declensional ending) which primarily expresses the grammatical category of case."
	},
	{
	"id" : "prathama",
	"skt" : "prathamā (vibhaktiḥ)",
	"eng" : "nominative case",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "dvitiya",
	"skt" : "dvitīyā (vibhaktiḥ)",
	"eng" : "accusative case",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "trtiya",
	"skt" : "tr̥tīyā (vibhaktiḥ)",
	"eng" : "instrumental case",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "caturthi",
	"skt" : "caturthī (vibhaktiḥ)",
	"eng" : "dative case",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "pancami",
	"skt" : "pañcamī (vibhaktiḥ)",
	"eng" : "ablative case",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "sasthi",
	"skt" : "ṣaṣthī (vibhaktiḥ)",
	"eng" : "genitive case",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "saptami",
	"skt" : "saptamī (vibhaktiḥ)",
	"eng" : "locative case",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "sambodhanam",
	"skt" : "saṁbōdhanam",
	"eng" : "vocative",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "sambuddhih",
	"skt" : "saṁbuddhiḥ",
	"eng" : "vocative",
	"comm" : ""
	}
	]
	},
	"Verbs": {
	"intro": "<p>Verbal forms are typically called <i>ākhyātāni</i>, or, following Pāṇini’s terminology, <i>ti-Ṅ</i>, “[forms that terminate in one of] the finite verbal endings. The category of verbal forms is, however, larger than that of <i>finite</i> verbal forms. This section will therefore also include primary verbal derivatives that are, despite being non-finite, often used as the verbal predicate of a sentence.</p>",
	"glossary": [
	{
	"id" : "dhatuh",
	"skt": "dhātuḥ",
	"eng": "verbal root",
	"comm": ""
	},
	{
	"id":"prathamapurusah",
	"skt":"prathamapuruṣaḥ",
	"eng":"third person",
	"comm":""
	},
	{
	"id":"madhyamapurusah",
	"skt":"madhyamapuruṣaḥ",
	"eng":"second person",
	"comm":""
	},
	{
	"id":"uttamapurusah",
	"skt":"uttamapuruṣaḥ",
	"eng":"first person",
	"comm":""
	},
	{
	"id" : "upasargah",
	"skt": "upasargaḥ",
	"eng": "preverb",
	"comm": ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "vikaranah",
	"skt": "vikaraṇaḥ",
	"eng": "present stem formant",
	"comm": ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "tin",
	"skt": "ti-Ṅ",
	"eng": "finite verb",
	"comm": "A form that terminates in a finite verbal ending, which expresses the categories of tense and mood (combined into one of the <a href='#lakarah'>lakārāḥ</a>) as well as <a href='#purusah'>person</a> and <a href='#sankhya-v'>number</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "lakarah",
	"skt": "lakāraḥ",
	"eng": "tense-aspect-mood",
	"comm": "Pāṇini uses forms beginning with the sound <i>l</i> to represent conjugational systems, which we would call combinations of tense, mood, and aspect (or <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood'>TAM</a>). The TAM systems that Pāṇini defines are: <a href='#lat'>laṭ</a>, <a href='#lan'>laṅ</a>, <a href='#lun'>luṅ</a>, <a href='#lit'>liṭ</a>, <a href='#lot'>lōṭ</a>, <a href='#lrt'>lr̥ṭ</a>, <a href='#lin'>liṅ</a>, <a href='#let'>lēṭ</a>, <a href='#lut'>luṭ</a>, and <a href='#lrn'>lr̥ṅ</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "lat",
	"skt": "laṭ",
	"eng": "present indicative",
	"comm": "The <a href='#lakarah'>lakāraḥ</a> for the present indicative. It refers to present time."
	},
	{
	"id" : "lan",
	"skt": "laṅ",
	"eng": "imperfect indicative",
	"comm": "The <a href='#lakarah'>lakāraḥ</a> for the imperfect indicative. It refers to time in the recent past."
	},
	{
	"id" : "lun",
	"skt": "luṅ",
	"eng": "aorist indicative",
	"comm": "The <a href='#lakarah'>lakāraḥ</a> for the aorist indicative. It refers to time in the past, without further specification."
	},
	{
	"id" : "lit",
	"skt": "liṭ",
	"eng": "perfect indicative",
	"comm": "The <a href='#lakarah'>lakāraḥ</a> for the perfect indicative. It refers to time in the past, usually in the distant past, beyond the speaker’s own experience."
	},
	{
	"id" : "lin",
	"skt": "liṅ",
	"eng": "present optative",
	"comm": "The <a href='#lakarah'>lakāraḥ</a> for the optative, which is almost always formed from the present stem in classical Sanskrit. It is the primary <i>irrealis</i> form, with the senses of obligation, permission, potentiality, and counterfactuality."
	},
	{
	"id" : "kta",
	"skt": "Kta",
	"eng": "past absolutive participle",
	"comm": "A verbal adjective formed by the affixation of <i>tá</i> to a verbal root in the zero grade. The alignment pattern of this participle is absolutive: generally, it describes the <a href='#kartr'>agent</a> of an <a href='#akarmakam'>intransitive</a> verb, or the <a href='#karma'>patient</a> of a <a href='#sakarmakam'>transitive</a> verb. It can be used either attributively or predicately."
	},
	{
	"id" : "krtya",
	"skt": "kr̥tyaḥ",
	"eng": "potential absolutive participle",
	"comm": "A verbal adjective formed by the affixation of one of a number of suffixes, all of which express the notion of futurity, potentiality, or obligation. These suffixes all take absolutive alignment: that is, they describe the <a href='#kartr'>agent</a> of an <a href='#akarmakam'>intransitive</a> verb, or the <a href='#karma'>patient</a> of a <a href='#sakarmakam'>transitive</a> verb. They can be used either attributively or predicately. Some examples of such suffixes include: <a href='#aniyar'>anīyaR</a>, <a href='#nyat'>ṆyaT</a> and <a href='#yat'>yaT</a>, <a href='#kyap'>KyaP</a>, <a href='#tavya'>tavya</a> and <a href='#tavyat'>tavyaT</a>."
	}
	]
	},
	"Compounds": {
	"intro": "<p>Compounds refer to two nominal forms (<a href='#sup'>sU-P</a>) combined into a single form.</p>",
	"glossary": [
	{
	"id" : "tatpurusah",
	"skt" : "tatpuruṣaḥ",
	"eng" : "endocentric compound",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "upapadatatpurusah",
	"skt" : "upapadatatpuruṣaḥ",
	"eng" : "subordinate-word endocentric compound",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "karmadharayah",
	"skt" : "karmadhārayaḥ",
	"eng" : "coreferential endocentric compound",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "vibhaktitatpurusah",
	"skt" : "vibhaktipuruṣaḥ",
	"eng" : "case-relation endocentric compound",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "bahuvrihih",
	"skt" : "bahuvrīhiḥ",
	"eng" : "exocentric compound",
	"comm" : ""
	},
	{
	"id" : "dvandvah",
	"skt" : "dvandvaḥ",
	"eng" : "copulative compound",
	"comm" : ""
	}
	]
	},
	"Syntax": {
	"intro": "",
	"glossary": [
	{
	"id" : "sakarmakah",
	"skt" : "sakarmakaḥ",
	"eng" : "transitive",
	"comm" : "Describes a verbal root which can take a <a href='#karma'>patient</a> as one of its core arguments, either as the accusative object in the <a href='#kartariprayogah'>agentive construction</a> or as the nominative subject in the <a href='#karmaniprayogah'>patentive construction</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "akarmakah",
	"skt" : "akarmakaḥ",
	"eng" : "intransitive",
	"comm" : "Describes a verbal root that takes a single core argument, which is generally called the <a href='#kartr'>agent</a>, although the agent may often be better characterized as an ‘experiencer’ or ‘undergoer.’ Such verbs cannot take an accusative object."
	},
	{
	"id" : "dvikarmakah",
	"skt" : "dvikarmakaḥ",
	"eng" : "ditransitive",
	"comm" : "Describes a verbal root that can take <i>three</i> core arguments: one <a href='#kartr'>agent</a> and two <a href='#karma'>patients</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "kartariprayogah",
	"skt" : "kartari prayōgaḥ",
	"eng" : "agentive construction",
	"comm" : "A construction wherein the verbal predicate (whether represented by a finite verb or not) expresses the <a href='#kartr'>agent</a> of the verbal action."
	},
	{
	"id" : "karmaniprayogah",
	"skt" : "karmaṇi prayōgaḥ",
	"eng" : "patientive construction",
	"comm" : "A construction wherein the verbal predicate (whether represented by a finite verb or not) expresses the <a href='#kartr'>patient</a> of the verbal action."
	},
	{
	"id" : "prayojakakartr",
	"skt" : "prayōjakakartr̥",
	"eng" : "impelling agent",
	"comm" : "In a causative construction, the agent who causes the <a href='#prayojyakartr'>impelled agent</a> to perform the verbal action."
	},
	{
	"id" : "prayojyakakartr",
	"skt" : "prayōjyakakartr̥",
	"eng" : "impeled agent",
	"comm" : "In a causative construction, the agent who is caused to perform the verbal action by the <a href='#prayojakakartr'>impelling agent</a>."
	},
	{
	"id" : "karma",
	"skt" : "karma",
	"eng" : "patient",
	"comm" : "One of the <a href='#karakam'>participant roles</a>: the one which is most affected by the action of the verb."
	},
	{
	"id" : "kartr",
	"skt" : "kartr̥",
	"eng" : "agent",
	"comm" : "One of the <a href='#karakam'>participant roles</a>: the one which carries out the action of the verb."
	},
	{
	"id" : "karanam",
	"skt" : "karaṇam",
	"eng" : "instrument",
	"comm" : "One of the <a href='#karakam'>participant roles</a>: the one by means of which the action of the verb is brought about."
	},
	{
	"id" : "sampradanam",
	"skt" : "saṁpradānam",
	"eng" : "recipient",
	"comm" : "One of the <a href='#karakam'>participant roles</a>: the one which is receives or benefits from the action of the verb."
	},
	{
	"id" : "karakam",
	"skt" : "kārakam",
	"eng" : "participant role",
	"comm" : "Every action involves a number of participants which are spoken of in terms of these abstract semantic categories: they include <a href='#kartr'>agent</a>, <a href='#karma'>patient</a>, <a href='#karanam'>instrument</a>, <a href='#sampradanam'>recipient</a>, etc. These abstract categories are mapped onto nominal and verbal forms morphologically and syntactically."
	}
	]
	}
	}
	}