Adapter vs Decorator vs Bridge

Difference

In scope and intent

Adapter - intent is to mix an interface into a class that doesn't currently  implement htat interface.

Decorator - intent is to change the way a method behaves differently for different decorators.

Bridge - intent is to insolate sub-systems so you can swap out sub-systems without impacting the code that is using that sub-systems.
  The point of a Bridge is to isolate two subsystems so that they can be independently modified. Bridges are big things, often comprised of other patterns (like Adapters and Decorators). This segment looks at how to implement a Bridge and discusses the differences between Bridge and similar patterns like Adapter.
  E.g. JDBC (bad implementation of Bridge since swapping doesn't work as it should)
  Best example: ORM systems like Hibernate.

Facade

Idea is to simplify
Facade is another way to isolate subsystems, but it's purpose is simplification, not complete isolation.