Why Git doesn't track renames – original email by Linus Torvalds

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Why Git doesn't track renames – original email by Linus Torvalds

A copy / backup of Linus' email from 15 Apr 2005.

email-raw.txt

On Fri, 15 Apr 2005, David Woodhouse wrote:
> 
> And you're right; it shouldn't have to be for renames only. There's no
> need for us to limit it to one "source" and one "destination"; the SCM
> can use it to track content as it sees fit.

Listen to yourself, and think about the problem for a second.

First off, let's just posit that "files" do not matter. The only thing
that matters is how "content" moved in the tree. Ok? If I copy a function
from one fiel to another, the perfect SCM will notice that, and show it as
a diff that removes it from one file and adds it to another, and is
_still_ able to track authorship past the move. Agreed?

Now, you basically propose to put that information in the "commit" log,
and that's certainly valid. You can have the commit log say "lines 50-89
in file kernel/sched.c moved to lines 100-139 in kernel/timer.c", and then
renames fall out of that as one very small special case.

You can even say "lines 50-89 in file kernel/sched.c copied to.." and
allow data to be tracked past not just movement, but also duplication.

Do you agree that this is kind of what you'd want to aim for? That's a
winning SCM concept.

How do you think the SCM _gets_ at this information? In particular, how
are you proposing that we determine this, especially since 90% of all
stuff comes in as patches etc?

You propose that we spend time when generating the tree on doing so. I'm
telling you that that is wrong, for several reasons:

 - you're ignoring different paths for the same data. For example, you
   will make it impossible to merge two trees that have done exactly the
   same thing, except one did it as a patch (create/delete) and one did it
   using some other heuristic.

 - you're doing the work at the wrong point. Doing it _well_ is quite
   expensive. So if you do it at commit time, you cannot _afford_ to do it
   well, and you'll always fall back to doing an ass-backwards job that
   doesn't really get you to the good state, and only gets you to a
   not-very-interesting easy 1% of the solution (ie full file renames).

 - you're doing the work at the wrong point for _another_ reason. You're
   freezing your (crappy) algorithm at tree creation time, and basically
   making it pointless to ever create something better later, because even
   if hardware and software improves, you've codified that "we have to
   have crappy information".

Now, look at my proposal:

 - the actual information tracking tracks _nothing_ but information. You
   have an SCM that tracks what changed at the only level that really
   matters, namely the whole project. None of the information actually
   makes any sense at all at a smaller granularity, since by definition, a
   "project" depends on the other files, or it wouldn't be a project, it
   would be _two_ projects or more.

 - When you're interested in the history of the information, you actually
   track it, and you try to be _intelligent_ about it. You can actually do
   a HELL of a lot better than whet you propose if you go the extra mile.
   For example, let's say that you have a visualization tool that you can
   use for finding out where a line of code came from. You start out at
   some arbitrary point in the tree, and you drill down. That's how it
   works, right?

   So how do you drill down? You simply go backwards in history for that
   project, tracking when that file+line changed (a "file+line" thing is
   actually a "sensible" tracking unit at this point, because it makes
   sense within the query you're doing - it's _not_ a sensible thing to
   track at "commit" time, but when you ask yourself "where did this line
   come from", that _question_ makes it sensible. Also note that "where
   did this _file_ come from is not a sensible question, since the file
   may have been the combination (or split) of several files, so there is
   no _answer_ to that question"

   So the question then becomes: "how can you reasonably _efficiently_
   find the history of one particular line", and in fact it turns out that
   by asking the question that way, it's pretty obvious: now that you
   don't have to track the whole repository, you can always try to
   minimize the thing you're looking for.

   So what you do is walk back the history, and look at the tree objects
   (both sides when you hit a merge), eand see if that file ever changes.
   That's actually a very efficient operation in GIT - it matches
   _exactly_ how git tracks things anyway. So it's not expensive at all.

   When that file changes, you need to look if that _line_ changed (and
   here is where it comes down to usability: from a practical standpoint
   you probably don't care about a single line, you really _probably_ want
   to see changes around it too). So you diff the old state and the new
   state, and you see if you can still find where you were. If you still
   can, and the line (and a few lines around it) is still the same, you
   just continue to drill down. So that's not the interesting case.

   So what happens when you found "ok, that area changed"? Your
   visualization tool now shows it to the user, AND BECAUSE IT SEES THE
   WHOLE TREE DIFF, it also shows where it probably came from. At _that_
   point, it is actually very trivial to use a modest amount of CPU time,
   and look for probable sources within that diff. You can do it on modern
   hardware in basically no time, so your visualization tool can actually
   notice that

        "oops, that line didn't even exist in the previous version, BUT I
         FOUND FIVE PLACES that matched almost perfectly in the same diff,
         and here they are"

   and voila, your tool now very efficiently showed the programmer that
   the source of the line in question was actually that we had merged 5
   copies of the same code in different archtiectures into one common
   helper function.

   And if you didn't find some source that matched, or if the old file was
   actually very similar around that line, and that line hadn't been
   "totally new"? That's the easy case again - you show the programmer the
   diff at that point in time, and you let him decide whether that diff
   was what he was looking for, or whether he wants to continue to "zoom
   down" into the history.

The above tool is (a) fairly easy to write for git (if you can do
visualization tools and (b) _exactly_ what I think most programmers
actually want. Tell me I'm wrong. Honestly..

And notice? My clearly _superior_ algorithm never needed any rename
information at all. It would have been a total waste of time. It would
also have hidden the _real_ pattern, which was that a piece of code was
merged from several other matching pieces of code into one new helper
function. But if it _had_ been a pure rename, my superior tool would have
trivially found that _too_. So rename infomation really really doesn't
matter.

So I'm claiming that any SCM that tries to track renames is fundamentally
broken unless it does so for internal reasons (ie to allow efficient
deltas), exactly because renames do not matter. They don't help you, and
they aren't what you were interested in _anyway_.

What matters is finding "where did this come from", and the git
architecture does that very well indeed - much better than anything else
out there. I outlined a simple algorithm that can be fairly trivially
coded up by somebody who really cares. Sure, pattern matching isn't
trivial, but you start out with just saying "let's find that exact line,
and two lines on each side", and then you start improving on that.

And that "where did this come from" decision should be done at _search_
time, not commit time. Because at that time it's not only trivial to do,
but at that time you can _dynamically_ change your search criteria. For
example, you can make the "match" algorithm be dependent on what you are
looking at.

If it's C source code, it might want to ignore vairable names when it
searches for matching code. And if it's a OpenOffice document, you might
have some open-office-specific tools to do so. See? Also, the person doing
the searches can say whether he is interested in that particular line (or
even that particial _identifier_ on a line), or whether he wants to see
the changes "around" that line.

All of which are very valid things to do, and all of which my world-view
supports very well indeed. And all of which your pitiful "files matter"
world-view totally doesn't get at all.

In other words, I'm right. I'm always right, but sometimes I'm more right
than other times. And dammit, when I say "files don't matter", I'm really
really Right(tm).

Please stop this "track files" crap. Git tracks _exactly_ what matters,
namely "collections of files". Nothing else is relevant, and even
_thinking_ that it is relevant only limits your world-view. Notice how the
notion of CVS "annotate" always inevitably ends up limiting how people use
it. I think it's a totally useless piece of crap, and I've described
something that I think is a million times more useful, and it all fell out
_exactly_ because I'm not limiting my thinking to the wrong model of the
world.

                        Linus

email-rendered.md

On Fri, 15 Apr 2005, David Woodhouse wrote:

And you're right; it shouldn't have to be for renames only. There's no need for us to limit it to one "source" and one "destination"; the SCM can use it to track content as it sees fit.

Listen to yourself, and think about the problem for a second.

First off, let's just posit that "files" do not matter. The only thing that matters is how "content" moved in the tree. Ok? If I copy a function from one fiel to another, the perfect SCM will notice that, and show it as a diff that removes it from one file and adds it to another, and is still able to track authorship past the move. Agreed?

Now, you basically propose to put that information in the "commit" log, and that's certainly valid. You can have the commit log say "lines 50-89 in file kernel/sched.c moved to lines 100-139 in kernel/timer.c", and then renames fall out of that as one very small special case.

You can even say "lines 50-89 in file kernel/sched.c copied to.." and allow data to be tracked past not just movement, but also duplication.

Do you agree that this is kind of what you'd want to aim for? That's a winning SCM concept.

How do you think the SCM gets at this information? In particular, how are you proposing that we determine this, especially since 90% of all stuff comes in as patches etc?

You propose that we spend time when generating the tree on doing so. I'm telling you that that is wrong, for several reasons:

• you're ignoring different paths for the same data. For example, you will make it impossible to merge two trees that have done exactly the same thing, except one did it as a patch (create/delete) and one did it using some other heuristic.

• you're doing the work at the wrong point. Doing it well is quite expensive. So if you do it at commit time, you cannot afford to do it well, and you'll always fall back to doing an ass-backwards job that doesn't really get you to the good state, and only gets you to a not-very-interesting easy 1% of the solution (ie full file renames).

• you're doing the work at the wrong point for another reason. You're freezing your (crappy) algorithm at tree creation time, and basically making it pointless to ever create something better later, because even if hardware and software improves, you've codified that "we have to have crappy information".

Now, look at my proposal:

• the actual information tracking tracks nothing but information. You have an SCM that tracks what changed at the only level that really matters, namely the whole project. None of the information actually makes any sense at all at a smaller granularity, since by definition, a "project" depends on the other files, or it wouldn't be a project, it would be two projects or more.

• When you're interested in the history of the information, you actually track it, and you try to be intelligent about it. You can actually do a HELL of a lot better than whet you propose if you go the extra mile. For example, let's say that you have a visualization tool that you can use for finding out where a line of code came from. You start out at some arbitrary point in the tree, and you drill down. That's how it works, right?

  So how do you drill down? You simply go backwards in history for that project, tracking when that file+line changed (a "file+line" thing is actually a "sensible" tracking unit at this point, because it makes sense within the query you're doing - it's not a sensible thing to track at "commit" time, but when you ask yourself "where did this line come from", that question makes it sensible. Also note that "where did this file come from is not a sensible question, since the file may have been the combination (or split) of several files, so there is no answer to that question"

  So the question then becomes: "how can you reasonably efficiently find the history of one particular line", and in fact it turns out that by asking the question that way, it's pretty obvious: now that you don't have to track the whole repository, you can always try to minimize the thing you're looking for.

  So what you do is walk back the history, and look at the tree objects (both sides when you hit a merge), eand see if that file ever changes. That's actually a very efficient operation in GIT - it matches exactly how git tracks things anyway. So it's not expensive at all.

  When that file changes, you need to look if that line changed (and here is where it comes down to usability: from a practical standpoint you probably don't care about a single line, you really probably want to see changes around it too). So you diff the old state and the new state, and you see if you can still find where you were. If you still can, and the line (and a few lines around it) is still the same, you just continue to drill down. So that's not the interesting case.

  So what happens when you found "ok, that area changed"? Your visualization tool now shows it to the user, AND BECAUSE IT SEES THE WHOLE TREE DIFF, it also shows where it probably came from. At that point, it is actually very trivial to use a modest amount of CPU time, and look for probable sources within that diff. You can do it on modern hardware in basically no time, so your visualization tool can actually notice that

   "oops, that line didn't even exist in the previous version, BUT I
    FOUND FIVE PLACES that matched almost perfectly in the same diff,
    and here they are"
  

  and voila, your tool now very efficiently showed the programmer that the source of the line in question was actually that we had merged 5 copies of the same code in different archtiectures into one common helper function.

  And if you didn't find some source that matched, or if the old file was actually very similar around that line, and that line hadn't been "totally new"? That's the easy case again - you show the programmer the diff at that point in time, and you let him decide whether that diff was what he was looking for, or whether he wants to continue to "zoom down" into the history.

The above tool is (a) fairly easy to write for git (if you can do visualization tools and (b) exactly what I think most programmers actually want. Tell me I'm wrong. Honestly..

And notice? My clearly superior algorithm never needed any rename information at all. It would have been a total waste of time. It would also have hidden the real pattern, which was that a piece of code was merged from several other matching pieces of code into one new helper function. But if it had been a pure rename, my superior tool would have trivially found that too. So rename infomation really really doesn't matter.

So I'm claiming that any SCM that tries to track renames is fundamentally broken unless it does so for internal reasons (ie to allow efficient deltas), exactly because renames do not matter. They don't help you, and they aren't what you were interested in anyway.

What matters is finding "where did this come from", and the git architecture does that very well indeed - much better than anything else out there. I outlined a simple algorithm that can be fairly trivially coded up by somebody who really cares. Sure, pattern matching isn't trivial, but you start out with just saying "let's find that exact line, and two lines on each side", and then you start improving on that.

And that "where did this come from" decision should be done at search time, not commit time. Because at that time it's not only trivial to do, but at that time you can dynamically change your search criteria. For example, you can make the "match" algorithm be dependent on what you are looking at.

If it's C source code, it might want to ignore vairable names when it searches for matching code. And if it's a OpenOffice document, you might have some open-office-specific tools to do so. See? Also, the person doing the searches can say whether he is interested in that particular line (or even that particial identifier on a line), or whether he wants to see the changes "around" that line.

All of which are very valid things to do, and all of which my world-view supports very well indeed. And all of which your pitiful "files matter" world-view totally doesn't get at all.

In other words, I'm right. I'm always right, but sometimes I'm more right than other times. And dammit, when I say "files don't matter", I'm really really Right(tm).

Please stop this "track files" crap. Git tracks exactly what matters, namely "collections of files". Nothing else is relevant, and even thinking that it is relevant only limits your world-view. Notice how the notion of CVS "annotate" always inevitably ends up limiting how people use it. I think it's a totally useless piece of crap, and I've described something that I think is a million times more useful, and it all fell out exactly because I'm not limiting my thinking to the wrong model of the world.

Linus

This email is linked e.g. from Why does Git not "track" renames? on git.wiki.kernel.org but both these "canonical" URLs don't work for me at this point (03/2021):

• http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/217
• http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/217

So I created this copy.

In case anyone cares, that email can be found here:
https://lore.kernel.org/git/Pine.LNX.4.58.0504150753440.7211@ppc970.osdl.org/