Code snippets for Fly blog posts - https://fly.io/phoenix-files/making-a-checkboxgroup-input/

book.ex

defmodule MyApp.Books.Book do
  use Ecto.Schema
  import Ecto.Query, warn: false
  import Ecto.Changeset
  import MyApp.ChangesetHelpers

  schema "books" do
    field :name, :string

    field :genres, {:array, :string}, default: []
    # ...
  end

  @genre_options [
    {"Fantasy", "fantasy"},
    {"Science Fiction", "sci-fi"},
    {"Dystopian", "dystopian"},
    {"Adventure", "adventure"},
    {"Romance", "romance"},
    {"Detective & Mystery", "mystery"},
    {"Horror", "horror"},
    {"Thriller", "thriller"},
    {"Historical Fiction", "historical-fiction"},
    {"Young Adult (YA)", "young-adult"},
    {"Children's Fiction", "children-fiction"},
    {"Memoir & Autobiography", "autobiography"},
    {"Biography", "biography"},
    {"Cooking", "cooking"},
    # ...
  ]

  @valid_genres Enum.map(@genre_options, fn({_text, val}) -> val end)

  def genre_options, do: @genre_options

  def changeset(book, attrs) do
    book
    |> cast(attrs, [:name, :genres])
    |> common_validations()
  end

  defp common_validations(changeset) do
    changeset
    # ...
    |> validate_required([:name])
    |> clean_and_validate_array(:genres, @valid_genres)
  end
end

changeset_helpers.ex

defmodule MyApp.ChangesetHelpers do
  @moduledoc """
  Helper functions for working with changesets.

  Includes common specialized validations for working with tags.
  """
  import Ecto.Changeset

  @doc """
  Remove the blank value from the array.
  """
  def trim_array(changeset, field, blank_value \\ "") do
    update_change(changeset, field, &Enum.reject(&1, fn item -> item == blank_value end))
  end

  @doc """
  Validate that the array of string on the changeset are all in the set of valid
  values.

  NOTE: Could use `Ecto.Changeset.validate_subset/4` instead, however, it won't
  give as helpful errors.
  """
  def validate_array(changeset, field, valid_values) when is_list(valid_values) do
    validate_change(changeset, field, fn ^field, new_values ->
      if Enum.all?(new_values, &(&1 in valid_values)) do
        []
      else
        unsupported = new_values -- valid_values
        [{field, "Only the defined values are allowed. Unsupported: #{inspect(unsupported)}"}]
      end
    end)
  end

  @doc """
  When working with a field that is an array of strings, this function sorts the
  values in the array.
  """
  def sort_array(changeset, field) do
    update_change(changeset, field, &Enum.sort(&1))
  end

  @doc """
  Clean and process the array values and validate the selected values against an
  approved list.
  """
  def clean_and_validate_array(changeset, field, valid_values, blank_value \\ "") do
    changeset
    |> trim_array(field, blank_value)
    |> sort_array(field)
    |> validate_array(field, valid_values)
  end
end

core_components.ex

defmodule MyAppWeb.CoreComponents do
  use Phoenix.Component

  # ...
  def input(%{type: "checkgroup"} = assigns) do
    ~H"""
    <div phx-feedback-for={@name} class="text-sm">
      <.label for={@id}><%= @label %></.label>
      <div class="mt-1 w-full bg-white border border-gray-300 rounded-md shadow-sm pl-3 pr-10 py-2 text-left cursor-default focus:outline-none focus:ring-1 focus:ring-indigo-500 focus:border-indigo-500 sm:text-sm">
        <div class="grid grid-cols-1 gap-1 text-sm items-baseline">
          <input type="hidden" name={@name} value="" />
          <div class="flex items-center" :for={{label, value} <- @options}>
            <label
              for={"#{@name}-#{value}"} class="font-medium text-gray-700">
              <input
                type="checkbox"
                id={"#{@name}-#{value}"}
                name={@name}
                value={value}
                checked={value in @value}
                class="mr-2 h-4 w-4 rounded border-gray-300 text-indigo-600 focus:ring-indigo-500 transition duration-150 ease-in-out"
                {@rest}
              />
              <%= label %>
            </label>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <.error :for={msg <- @errors}><%= msg %></.error>
    </div>
    """
  end

  # ...

  @doc """
  Generate a checkbox group for multi-select.
  """
  attr :id, :any
  attr :name, :any
  attr :label, :string, default: nil
  attr :field, Phoenix.HTML.FormField,
    doc: "a form field struct retrieved from the form, for example: @form[:email]"
  attr :errors, :list
  attr :options, :list, doc: "the options to pass to Phoenix.HTML.Form.options_for_select/2"
  attr :rest, :global, include: ~w(disabled form readonly)
  attr :class, :string, default: nil

  def checkgroup(assigns) do
    new_assigns =
      assigns
      |> assign(:multiple, true)
      |> assign(:type, "checkgroup")

    input(new_assigns)
  end

  # ...
end 

I replaced the line checked={value in @value} with checked={@value && value in @value} to avoid the protocol Enumerable not implemented for nil of type Atom error mentioned by @ciroque above.