Programmatically change the file path of a single attachment or multiple attachments in WordPress. Can be used in a loop or any other use cases in which you have the attachment_id in hand.

wp-change-attachment-file-path.php

<?php

$attachment_id = $your_way_of_getting_the_id;
$file_path = '2022/02/my-image.jpg';

// Update the path inside the post meta
update_post_meta( $attachment_id, '_wp_attached_file', $attachment_id );

$old_metadata = wp_get_attachment_metadata( $attachment_id );
$old_metadata['file'] = $attachment_id;

// Update the path inside the meta data
wp_update_attachment_metadata( $attachment_id, $old_metadata );