ip address i.e 127.0.0.1 - internet protocol
DNS - maps ip addresses to domains - (Domain name system) 216.58.223.110=== google.com
DNS works with caches a lot. it uses the local cache, LAN DNS server and the ISP DNS server to find the shortest route to a domain.
DNS cache poisoning can be prevented by using https. DNS cache poisoning tampers with the cache such that a domain name is pointed to the wrong ip.
traceroute shows you the number of hops it takes to get to a domain name, while ping just shows you if the server is live. traceroute uses (ICMP)
internet control message protocol(ICMP) - An error reporting protocol, used by routers, hosts and network devices to generate error messaages when there are problems delivering ip packets. it's an extension of (ICMP)
SSh - a way of connecting to remote devices.