Andrew, I always welcome the opportunity to evangelize about typography. Here you go. These are my favourite links (but not an all-inclusive list).
The FontShop Education .pdfs are invaluable. A good introduction into just about everything: type terminology, selecting & pairing typefaces, best practices in setting type, type licensing, file formats, and webfonts.
Typography Deconstructed is an extremely comprehensive guide to the minutiae of type anatomy and terminology, but short on
Type Workshop's type basics (also translated to Spanish, German, Hungarian) is excellent for an intro to how typefaces are designed for balance and readability. It explains finer details like why bold faces or small caps are drawn and optimized for certain features.
Nice Web Type is a pretty excellent list of typographic resources for the web.
The Elements of Typographic Style Applied to the Web is slightly pedantic (and in my opinion sometimes hews too closely to convention) but is a good practical
Typekit's Sites We Like feature shows off clever, interesting, and beautiful web typography around the web.
I Love Typography interviews type designers, covers new type releases, and generally provides longform, well-written, ruminative articles of a caliber that's hard to find what with "Top 10 Free Typefaces of the Week" fluff online. Huh, that got really opinionated really fast.
The Elements of Style by Robert Bringhurst is the Bible-and-American-Constitution of typesetting, pretty much, and it's quite a fun read. Ellen Lupton's Thinking With Type is, however, more accessible and serves as a good introduction to typography.
I just wrote this up fairly quickly, but the internet is chock-full of good type resources. There should probably be more things on this list and I'll add them sometime.
—Celine