Patches to Cassandra Tools

SSTableExport.java

import static org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil.bytesToHex;
import static org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil.hexToBytes;

import org.apache.cassandra.config.CFMetaData;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.ConfigurationException;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.Schema;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ColumnFamily;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.CounterColumn;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.DecoratedKey;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.DeletedColumn;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ExpiringColumn;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.IColumn;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AbstractType;
import org.apache.cassandra.dht.IPartitioner;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.Descriptor;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.KeyIterator;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.SSTableIdentityIterator;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.SSTableReader;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.SSTableScanner;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;
import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLineParser;
import org.apache.commons.cli.Option;
import org.apache.commons.cli.Options;
import org.apache.commons.cli.ParseException;
import org.apache.commons.cli.PosixParser;
import org.codehaus.jackson.JsonGenerator;
import org.codehaus.jackson.map.ObjectMapper;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * Export SSTables to JSON format.
 */
public class SSTableExport
{
    
    private static ObjectMapper jsonMapper = new ObjectMapper();
    
    private static final String KEY_OPTION = "k";
    private static final String EXCLUDEKEY_OPTION = "x";
    private static final String ENUMERATEKEYS_OPTION = "e";
    
    private static Options options;
    private static CommandLine cmd;
    
    static
    {
        options = new Options();
        
        Option optKey = new Option(KEY_OPTION, true, "Row key");
        // Number of times -k <key> can be passed on the command line.
        optKey.setArgs(500);
        options.addOption(optKey);
        
        Option excludeKey = new Option(EXCLUDEKEY_OPTION, true, "Excluded row key");
        // Number of times -x <key> can be passed on the command line.
        excludeKey.setArgs(500);
        options.addOption(excludeKey);
        
        Option optEnumerate = new Option(ENUMERATEKEYS_OPTION, false, "enumerate keys only");
        options.addOption(optEnumerate);
        
        // disabling auto close of the stream
        jsonMapper.configure(JsonGenerator.Feature.AUTO_CLOSE_TARGET, false);
    }
    
    
    /**
     * JSON Hash Key serializer
     * 
     * @param out
     *            The output steam to write data
     * @param value
     *            value to set as a key
     */
    private static void writeKey(PrintStream out, String value)
    {
        writeJSON(out, value);
        out.print(": ");
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Serialize columns using given column iterator
     * 
     * @param columns
     *            column iterator
     * @param out
     *            output stream
     * @param comparator
     *            columns comparator
     * @param cfMetaData
     *            Column Family metadata (to get validator)
     */
    private static void serializeColumns(Iterator<IColumn> columns, PrintStream out, AbstractType<?> comparator,
                                         CFMetaData cfMetaData)
    {
        while (columns.hasNext())
        {
            writeJSON(out, serializeColumn(columns.next(), comparator, cfMetaData));
            
            if (columns.hasNext())
                out.print(", ");
        }
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Serialize a given column to the JSON format
     * 
     * @param column
     *            column presentation
     * @param comparator
     *            columns comparator
     * @param cfMetaData
     *            Column Family metadata (to get validator)
     * @return column as serialized list
     */
    private static List<Object> serializeColumn(IColumn column, AbstractType<?> comparator, CFMetaData cfMetaData)
    {
        ArrayList<Object> serializedColumn = new ArrayList<Object>();
        
        ByteBuffer name = ByteBufferUtil.clone(column.name());
        ByteBuffer value = ByteBufferUtil.clone(column.value());
        
        serializedColumn.add(comparator.getString(name));
        if (column instanceof DeletedColumn)
        {
            serializedColumn.add(ByteBufferUtil.bytesToHex(value));
        }
        else
        {
            AbstractType<?> validator = cfMetaData.getValueValidator(name);
            serializedColumn.add(validator.getString(value));
        }
        serializedColumn.add(column.timestamp());
        
        if (column instanceof DeletedColumn)
        {
            serializedColumn.add("d");
        }
        else if (column instanceof ExpiringColumn)
        {
            serializedColumn.add("e");
            serializedColumn.add(((ExpiringColumn) column).getTimeToLive());
            serializedColumn.add(column.getLocalDeletionTime());
        }
        else if (column instanceof CounterColumn)
        {
            serializedColumn.add("c");
            serializedColumn.add(((CounterColumn) column).timestampOfLastDelete());
        }
        
        return serializedColumn;
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Get portion of the columns and serialize in loop while not more columns left in the row
     * 
     * @param row
     *            SSTableIdentityIterator row representation with Column Family
     * @param key
     *            Decorated Key for the required row
     * @param out
     *            output stream
     */
    private static void serializeRow(SSTableIdentityIterator row, DecoratedKey key, PrintStream out)
    {
        ColumnFamily columnFamily = row.getColumnFamily();
        boolean isSuperCF = columnFamily.isSuper();
        CFMetaData cfMetaData = columnFamily.metadata();
        AbstractType<?> comparator = columnFamily.getComparator();
        
        writeKey(out, bytesToHex(key.key));
        out.print(isSuperCF ? "{" : "[");
        
        if (isSuperCF)
        {
            while (row.hasNext())
            {
                IColumn column = row.next();
                
                writeKey(out, comparator.getString(column.name()));
                out.print("{");
                writeKey(out, "deletedAt");
                out.print(column.getMarkedForDeleteAt());
                out.print(", ");
                writeKey(out, "subColumns");
                out.print("[");
                serializeColumns(column.getSubColumns().iterator(), out, columnFamily.getSubComparator(), cfMetaData);
                out.print("]");
                out.print("}");
                
                if (row.hasNext())
                    out.print(", ");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            serializeColumns(row, out, comparator, cfMetaData);
        }
        
        out.print(isSuperCF ? "}" : "]");
        
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Enumerate row keys from an SSTableReader and write the result to a PrintStream.
     * 
     * @param desc
     *            the descriptor of the file to export the rows from
     * @param outs
     *            PrintStream to write the output to
     * @throws IOException
     *             on failure to read/write input/output
     */
    public static void enumeratekeys(Descriptor desc, PrintStream outs)
                                                                       throws IOException
    {
        KeyIterator iter = new KeyIterator(desc);
        DecoratedKey lastKey = null;
        while (iter.hasNext())
        {
            DecoratedKey key = iter.next();
            
            // validate order of the keys in the sstable
            if (lastKey != null && lastKey.compareTo(key) > 0)
                throw new IOException("Key out of order! " + lastKey + " > " + key);
            lastKey = key;
            
            outs.println(bytesToHex(key.key));
        }
        iter.close();
        outs.flush();
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Export specific rows from an SSTable and write the resulting JSON to a PrintStream.
     * 
     * @param desc
     *            the descriptor of the sstable table to read from
     * @param outs
     *            PrintStream to write the output to
     * @param toExport
     *            the keys corresponding to the rows to export
     * @param excludes
     *            keys to exclude from export
     * @throws IOException
     *             on failure to read/write input/output
     */
    public static void
            export(Descriptor desc, PrintStream outs, Collection<String> toExport, String[] excludes)
                                                                                                     throws IOException
    {
        SSTableReader reader = SSTableReader.open(desc);
        SSTableScanner scanner = reader.getDirectScanner();
        
        IPartitioner<?> partitioner = reader.partitioner;
        
        if (excludes != null)
            toExport.removeAll(Arrays.asList(excludes));
        
        outs.println("{");
        
        int i = 0;
        
        // last key to compare order
        DecoratedKey lastKey = null;
        
        for (String key : toExport)
        {
            DecoratedKey decoratedKey = partitioner.decorateKey(hexToBytes(key));
            
            if (lastKey != null && lastKey.compareTo(decoratedKey) > 0)
                throw new IOException("Key out of order! " + lastKey + " > " + decoratedKey);
            
            lastKey = decoratedKey;
            
            scanner.seekTo(decoratedKey);
            
            if (!scanner.hasNext())
                continue;
            
            SSTableIdentityIterator row = (SSTableIdentityIterator) scanner.next();
            if (!row.getKey().equals(decoratedKey))
                continue;
            
            serializeRow(row, decoratedKey, outs);
            
            if (i != 0)
                outs.println(",");
            
            i++;
        }
        
        outs.println("\n}");
        outs.flush();
        
        scanner.close();
    }
    
    
    // This is necessary to accommodate the test suite since you cannot open a Reader more
    // than once from within the same process.
    static void export(SSTableReader reader, PrintStream outs, String[] excludes) throws IOException
    {
        Set<String> excludeSet = new HashSet<String>();
        
        if (excludes != null)
            excludeSet = new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(excludes));
        
        SSTableIdentityIterator row;
        SSTableScanner scanner = reader.getDirectScanner();
        
        outs.println("{");
        
        int i = 0;
        
        // collecting keys to export
        while (scanner.hasNext())
        {
            row = (SSTableIdentityIterator) scanner.next();
            
            String currentKey = bytesToHex(row.getKey().key);
            
            if (excludeSet.contains(currentKey))
                continue;
            else if (i != 0)
                outs.println(",");
            
            serializeRow(row, row.getKey(), outs);
            
            i++;
        }
        
        outs.println("\n}");
        outs.flush();
        
        scanner.close();
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Export an SSTable and write the resulting JSON to a PrintStream.
     * 
     * @param desc
     *            the descriptor of the sstable table to read from
     * @param outs
     *            PrintStream to write the output to
     * @param excludes
     *            keys to exclude from export
     * @throws IOException
     *             on failure to read/write input/output
     */
    public static void export(Descriptor desc, PrintStream outs, String[] excludes) throws IOException
    {
        export(SSTableReader.open(desc), outs, excludes);
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Export an SSTable and write the resulting JSON to standard out.
     * 
     * @param desc
     *            the descriptor of the sstable table to read from
     * @param excludes
     *            keys to exclude from export
     * @throws IOException
     *             on failure to read/write SSTable/standard out
     */
    public static void export(Descriptor desc, String[] excludes) throws IOException
    {
        export(desc, System.out, excludes);
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Given arguments specifying an SSTable, and optionally an output file, export the contents of the SSTable to JSON.
     * 
     * @param args
     *            command lines arguments
     * @throws IOException
     *             on failure to open/read/write files or output streams
     * @throws ConfigurationException
     *             on configuration failure (wrong params given)
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ConfigurationException
    {
        String usage =
                       String.format("Usage: %s <sstable> [-k key [-k key [...]] -x key [-x key [...]]]%n",
                                     SSTableExport.class.getName());
        
        CommandLineParser parser = new PosixParser();
        try
        {
            cmd = parser.parse(options, args);
        }
        catch (ParseException e1)
        {
            System.err.println(e1.getMessage());
            System.err.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }
        
        if (cmd.getArgs().length != 1)
        {
            System.err.println("You must supply exactly one sstable");
            System.err.println(usage);
            System.exit(1);
        }
        
        String[] keys = cmd.getOptionValues(KEY_OPTION);
        String[] excludes = cmd.getOptionValues(EXCLUDEKEY_OPTION);
        String ssTableFileName = new File(cmd.getArgs()[0]).getAbsolutePath();
        
        DatabaseDescriptor.loadSchemas();
        //if (Schema.instance.getNonSystemTables().size() < 1)
        //{
        //    String msg = "no non-system tables are defined";
        //    System.err.println(msg);
        //    throw new ConfigurationException(msg);
        //}
        Descriptor descriptor = Descriptor.fromFilename(ssTableFileName);
        if (Schema.instance.getCFMetaData(descriptor) == null)
        {
            System.err.println(String.format("The provided column family is not part of this cassandra database: keysapce = %s, column family = %s",
                                             descriptor.ksname, descriptor.cfname));
            System.exit(1);
        }
        
        if (cmd.hasOption(ENUMERATEKEYS_OPTION))
        {
            enumeratekeys(descriptor, System.out);
        }
        else
        {
            if ((keys != null) && (keys.length > 0))
                export(descriptor, System.out, Arrays.asList(keys), excludes);
            else
                export(descriptor, excludes);
        }
        
        System.exit(0);
    }
    
    
    private static void writeJSON(PrintStream out, Object value)
    {
        try
        {
            jsonMapper.writeValue(out, value);
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            throw new RuntimeException(e.getMessage(), e);
        }
    }
}

SSTableImport.java

import static org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil.hexToBytes;

import org.apache.cassandra.config.CFMetaData;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.ConfigurationException;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ColumnFamily;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ColumnFamilyType;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.CounterColumn;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.DecoratedKey;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ExpiringColumn;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.filter.QueryPath;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AbstractType;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.BytesType;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.MarshalException;
import org.apache.cassandra.dht.IPartitioner;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.SSTableWriter;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;
import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLineParser;
import org.apache.commons.cli.Option;
import org.apache.commons.cli.Options;
import org.apache.commons.cli.ParseException;
import org.apache.commons.cli.PosixParser;
import org.codehaus.jackson.JsonFactory;
import org.codehaus.jackson.JsonParser;
import org.codehaus.jackson.map.MappingJsonFactory;
import org.codehaus.jackson.type.TypeReference;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.SortedMap;
import java.util.TreeMap;

/**
 * Create SSTables from JSON input
 */
public class SSTableImport
{
    
    private static final String KEYSPACE_OPTION = "K";
    private static final String COLUMN_FAMILY_OPTION = "c";
    private static final String KEY_COUNT_OPTION = "n";
    private static final String IS_SORTED_OPTION = "s";
    
    private static Options options;
    private static CommandLine cmd;
    
    private static Integer keyCountToImport = null;
    private static boolean isSorted = false;
    
    private static JsonFactory factory = new MappingJsonFactory().configure(JsonParser.Feature.INTERN_FIELD_NAMES,
                                                                            false);
    
    static
    {
        options = new Options();
        
        Option optKeyspace = new Option(KEYSPACE_OPTION, true, "Keyspace name.");
        optKeyspace.setRequired(true);
        options.addOption(optKeyspace);
        
        Option optColfamily = new Option(COLUMN_FAMILY_OPTION, true, "Column Family name.");
        optColfamily.setRequired(true);
        options.addOption(optColfamily);
        
        options.addOption(new Option(KEY_COUNT_OPTION, true, "Number of keys to import (Optional)."));
        options.addOption(new Option(IS_SORTED_OPTION, false,
                                     "Assume JSON file as already sorted (e.g. created by sstable2json tool) (Optional)."));
    }
    
    private static class JsonColumn<T>
    {
        
        private ByteBuffer name;
        private ByteBuffer value;
        private long timestamp;
        
        private String kind;
        // Expiring columns
        private int ttl;
        private int localExpirationTime;
        
        // Counter columns
        private long timestampOfLastDelete;
        
        
        public JsonColumn(T json, CFMetaData meta, boolean isSubColumn)
        {
            if (json instanceof List)
            {
                AbstractType<?> comparator = (isSubColumn) ? meta.subcolumnComparator : meta.comparator;
                List fields = (List<?>) json;
                
                assert fields.size() >= 3 : "Column definition should have at least 3";
                
                name = stringAsType((String) fields.get(0), comparator);
                timestamp = (Long) fields.get(2);
                kind = "";
                
                if (fields.size() > 3)
                {
                    if (fields.get(3) instanceof Boolean)
                    {
                        // old format, reading this for backward compatibility sake
                        if (fields.size() == 6)
                        {
                            kind = "e";
                            ttl = (Integer) fields.get(4);
                            localExpirationTime = (Integer) fields.get(5);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            kind = ((Boolean) fields.get(3)) ? "d" : "";
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        kind = (String) fields.get(3);
                        if (isExpiring())
                        {
                            ttl = (Integer) fields.get(4);
                            localExpirationTime = (Integer) fields.get(5);
                        }
                        else if (isCounter())
                        {
                            timestampOfLastDelete = ((Integer) fields.get(4));
                        }
                    }
                }
                
                value = isDeleted() ? ByteBufferUtil.hexToBytes((String) fields.get(1))
                                   : stringAsType((String) fields.get(1), meta.getValueValidator(name.duplicate()));
            }
        }
        
        
        public boolean isDeleted()
        {
            return kind.equals("d");
        }
        
        
        public boolean isExpiring()
        {
            return kind.equals("e");
        }
        
        
        public boolean isCounter()
        {
            return kind.equals("c");
        }
        
        
        public ByteBuffer getName()
        {
            return name.duplicate();
        }
        
        
        public ByteBuffer getValue()
        {
            return value.duplicate();
        }
    }
    
    
    private static void addToStandardCF(List<?> row, ColumnFamily cfamily)
    {
        addColumnsToCF(row, null, cfamily);
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Add columns to a column family.
     * 
     * @param row
     *            the columns associated with a row
     * @param superName
     *            name of the super column if any
     * @param cfamily
     *            the column family to add columns to
     */
    private static void addColumnsToCF(List<?> row, ByteBuffer superName, ColumnFamily cfamily)
    {
        CFMetaData cfm = cfamily.metadata();
        assert cfm != null;
        
        for (Object c : row)
        {
            JsonColumn col = new JsonColumn<List>((List) c, cfm, (superName != null));
            QueryPath path = new QueryPath(cfm.cfName, superName, col.getName());
            
            if (col.isExpiring())
            {
                cfamily.addColumn(null, new ExpiringColumn(col.getName(), col.getValue(), col.timestamp, col.ttl,
                                                           col.localExpirationTime));
            }
            else if (col.isCounter())
            {
                cfamily.addColumn(null, new CounterColumn(col.getName(), col.getValue(), col.timestamp,
                                                          col.timestampOfLastDelete));
            }
            else if (col.isDeleted())
            {
                cfamily.addTombstone(path, col.getValue(), col.timestamp);
            }
            else
            {
                cfamily.addColumn(path, col.getValue(), col.timestamp);
            }
        }
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Add super columns to a column family.
     * 
     * @param row
     *            the super columns associated with a row
     * @param cfamily
     *            the column family to add columns to
     */
    private static void addToSuperCF(Map<?, ?> row, ColumnFamily cfamily)
    {
        CFMetaData metaData = cfamily.metadata();
        assert metaData != null;
        
        AbstractType<?> comparator = metaData.comparator;
        
        // Super columns
        for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : row.entrySet())
        {
            Map<?, ?> data = (Map<?, ?>) entry.getValue();
            
            addColumnsToCF((List<?>) data.get("subColumns"), stringAsType((String) entry.getKey(), comparator), cfamily);
            
            // *WARNING* markForDeleteAt has been DEPRECATED at Cassandra side
            //BigInteger deletedAt = (BigInteger) data.get("deletedAt");
            //SuperColumn superColumn = (SuperColumn) cfamily.getColumn(superName);
            //superColumn.markForDeleteAt((int) (System.currentTimeMillis()/1000), deletedAt);
        }
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Convert a JSON formatted file to an SSTable.
     * 
     * @param jsonFile
     *            the file containing JSON formatted data
     * @param keyspace
     *            keyspace the data belongs to
     * @param cf
     *            column family the data belongs to
     * @param ssTablePath
     *            file to write the SSTable to
     * @throws IOException
     *             for errors reading/writing input/output
     */
    public static void importJson(String jsonFile, String keyspace, String cf, String ssTablePath) throws IOException
    {
        ColumnFamily columnFamily = ColumnFamily.create(keyspace, cf);
        IPartitioner<?> partitioner = DatabaseDescriptor.getPartitioner();
        
        int importedKeys = (isSorted) ? importSorted(jsonFile, columnFamily, ssTablePath, partitioner)
                                     : importUnsorted(getParser(jsonFile), columnFamily, ssTablePath, partitioner);
        
        if (importedKeys != -1)
            System.out.printf("%d keys imported successfully.%n", importedKeys);
    }
    
    
    private static int importUnsorted(JsonParser parser, ColumnFamily columnFamily, String ssTablePath,
                                      IPartitioner<?> partitioner) throws IOException
    {
        int importedKeys = 0;
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        Map<?, ?> data = parser.readValueAs(new TypeReference<Map<?, ?>>() {
        });
        
        keyCountToImport = (keyCountToImport == null) ? data.size() : keyCountToImport;
        SSTableWriter writer = new SSTableWriter(ssTablePath, keyCountToImport);
        
        System.out.printf("Importing %s keys...%n", keyCountToImport);
        
        // sort by dk representation, but hold onto the hex version
        SortedMap<DecoratedKey, String> decoratedKeys = new TreeMap<DecoratedKey, String>();
        
        for (Object keyObject : data.keySet())
        {
            String key = (String) keyObject;
            decoratedKeys.put(partitioner.decorateKey(hexToBytes(key)), key);
        }
        
        for (Map.Entry<DecoratedKey, String> rowKey : decoratedKeys.entrySet())
        {
            if (columnFamily.getType() == ColumnFamilyType.Super)
            {
                addToSuperCF((Map<?, ?>) data.get(rowKey.getValue()), columnFamily);
            }
            else
            {
                addToStandardCF((List<?>) data.get(rowKey.getValue()), columnFamily);
            }
            
            writer.append(rowKey.getKey(), columnFamily);
            columnFamily.clear();
            
            importedKeys++;
            
            long current = System.currentTimeMillis();
            
            if (current - start >= 5000) // 5 secs.
            {
                System.out.printf("Currently imported %d keys.%n", importedKeys);
                start = current;
            }
            
            if (keyCountToImport == importedKeys)
                break;
        }
        
        writer.closeAndOpenReader();
        
        return importedKeys;
    }
    
    
    public static int importSorted(String jsonFile, ColumnFamily columnFamily, String ssTablePath,
                                   IPartitioner<?> partitioner) throws IOException
    {
        int importedKeys = 0; // already imported keys count
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        
        JsonParser parser = getParser(jsonFile);
        
        if (keyCountToImport == null)
        {
            keyCountToImport = 0;
            System.out.println("Counting keys to import, please wait... (NOTE: to skip this use -n <num_keys>)");
            
            parser.nextToken(); // START_OBJECT
            while (parser.nextToken() != null)
            {
                parser.nextToken();
                parser.skipChildren();
                if (parser.getCurrentName() == null)
                    continue;
                
                keyCountToImport++;
            }
        }
        
        System.out.printf("Importing %s keys...%n", keyCountToImport);
        
        parser = getParser(jsonFile); // renewing parser
        SSTableWriter writer = new SSTableWriter(ssTablePath, keyCountToImport);
        
        int lineNumber = 1;
        DecoratedKey prevStoredKey = null;
        
        while (parser.nextToken() != null)
        {
            String key = parser.getCurrentName();
            
            if (key != null)
            {
                String tokenName = parser.nextToken().name();
                
                if (tokenName.equals("START_ARRAY"))
                {
                    if (columnFamily.getType() == ColumnFamilyType.Super)
                    {
                        throw new RuntimeException("Can't write Standard columns to the Super Column Family.");
                    }
                    
                    List<?> columns = parser.readValueAs(new TypeReference<List<?>>() {
                    });
                    addToStandardCF(columns, columnFamily);
                }
                else if (tokenName.equals("START_OBJECT"))
                {
                    if (columnFamily.getType() == ColumnFamilyType.Standard)
                    {
                        throw new RuntimeException("Can't write Super columns to the Standard Column Family.");
                    }
                    
                    Map<?, ?> columns = parser.readValueAs(new TypeReference<Map<?, ?>>() {
                    });
                    addToSuperCF(columns, columnFamily);
                }
                else
                {
                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Only Array or Hash allowed as row content.");
                }
                
                DecoratedKey currentKey = partitioner.decorateKey(hexToBytes(key));
                
                if (prevStoredKey != null && prevStoredKey.compareTo(currentKey) != -1)
                {
                    System.err.printf("Line %d: Key %s is greater than previous, collection is not sorted properly. Aborting import. You might need to delete SSTables manually.%n",
                                      lineNumber, key);
                    return -1;
                }
                
                // saving decorated key
                writer.append(currentKey, columnFamily);
                columnFamily.clear();
                
                prevStoredKey = currentKey;
                importedKeys++;
                lineNumber++;
                
                long current = System.currentTimeMillis();
                
                if (current - start >= 5000) // 5 secs.
                {
                    System.out.printf("Currently imported %d keys.%n", importedKeys);
                    start = current;
                }
                
                if (keyCountToImport == importedKeys)
                    break;
            }
        }
        
        writer.closeAndOpenReader();
        
        return importedKeys;
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Get JsonParser object for file
     * 
     * @param fileName
     *            name of the file
     * @return json parser instance for given file
     * @throws IOException
     *             if any I/O error.
     */
    private static JsonParser getParser(String fileName) throws IOException
    {
        return factory.createJsonParser(new File(fileName));
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Converts JSON to an SSTable file. JSON input can either be a file specified using an optional command line
     * argument, or supplied on standard in.
     * 
     * @param args
     *            command line arguments
     * @throws IOException
     *             on failure to open/read/write files or output streams
     * @throws ParseException
     *             on failure to parse JSON input
     * @throws ConfigurationException
     *             on configuration error.
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ParseException, ConfigurationException
    {
        CommandLineParser parser = new PosixParser();
        
        try
        {
            cmd = parser.parse(options, args);
        }
        catch (org.apache.commons.cli.ParseException e)
        {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
            printProgramUsage();
            System.exit(1);
        }
        
        if (cmd.getArgs().length != 2)
        {
            printProgramUsage();
            System.exit(1);
        }
        
        String json = cmd.getArgs()[0];
        String ssTable = cmd.getArgs()[1];
        String keyspace = cmd.getOptionValue(KEYSPACE_OPTION);
        String cfamily = cmd.getOptionValue(COLUMN_FAMILY_OPTION);
        
        if (cmd.hasOption(KEY_COUNT_OPTION))
        {
            keyCountToImport = Integer.valueOf(cmd.getOptionValue(KEY_COUNT_OPTION));
        }
        
        if (cmd.hasOption(IS_SORTED_OPTION))
        {
            isSorted = true;
        }
        
        DatabaseDescriptor.loadSchemas();
        //if (Schema.instance.getNonSystemTables().size() < 1)
        //{
        //    String msg = "no non-system tables are defined";
        //    System.err.println(msg);
        //    throw new ConfigurationException(msg);
        //}
        
        try
        {
            importJson(json, keyspace, cfamily, ssTable);
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
            System.err.println("ERROR: " + e.getMessage());
            System.exit(-1);
        }
        
        System.exit(0);
    }
    
    
    private static void printProgramUsage()
    {
        System.out.printf("Usage: %s -s -K <keyspace> -c <column_family> -n <num_keys> <json> <sstable>%n%n",
                          SSTableImport.class.getName());
        
        System.out.println("Options:");
        for (Object o : options.getOptions())
        {
            Option opt = (Option) o;
            System.out.println("  -" + opt.getOpt() + " - " + opt.getDescription());
        }
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Used by test framework to set key count
     * 
     * @param keyCount
     *            numbers of keys to import
     */
    public static void setKeyCountToImport(Integer keyCount)
    {
        keyCountToImport = keyCount;
    }
    
    
    /**
     * Convert a string to bytes (ByteBuffer) according to type
     * 
     * @param content
     *            string to convert
     * @param type
     *            type to use for conversion
     * @return byte buffer representation of the given string
     */
    private static ByteBuffer stringAsType(String content, AbstractType<?> type)
    {
        try
        {
            return (type == BytesType.instance) ? hexToBytes(content) : type.fromString(content);
        }
        catch (MarshalException e)
        {
            throw new RuntimeException(e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
}