Introduction to computer science sitemap

intro-comp-sci-sitemap.md

Introduction to computer science sitemap

[1] Introduction

• Turing model (Note: Mathematical model of computation)
• Data Processor (Note: Like a function)
• Programmable Data Processor
• The universal turing machine
• The Von Neumann Model
  • concept: program state stored in memory, program stored as binary patterns
  • 4 subsystems: Memory, Arithmatic logic unit, control unit, I/O
  • Sequential Execution of Instructions
  • Computer Components
    • Hardware, Software and Data
  • Programs (Note: Program made of a set of instructions.)
• Computer History
  • Mechanical Machines (before 1930)
  • Electronic Computers (1930–1950)
  • Computer Generations (1950 – Present) + 5 generations
• Social and Ethical Issues
• What is Computer Science?

[2] Data Representation !important

• Data Types (5 types of data)
• Data Inside the Computer
• Encode/Decode of Different Data Types
  • Note: computer don't know what type of bit patterns is, It's the responsibility of I/O devices or programs
• Number Systems
  • Positional Number Systems (Note: binary, octal, decimal, hexa)
  • Non-positional Number Systems (Note: Roman number)
• Storing Numbers
  • Storing Integers (Integer Representation)
    • Unsigned
    • Signed
      • Sign and Magnitude
      • One's Complement
      • Two's Complement
  • Storing Reals
    • Floating Point Representation (Note: Sign, Shifter, Fixed-point number)
    • Normalization (Note: 1.yyyyyy which y is 0 or 1)
    • Excess System
    • IEEE Standard (Note: Single Precision, Double Precision)
      • Howto convert float to bit patterns
      1. The sign is positive or negative
      2. Decimal to binary transformation
      3. Normalization
      4. Exponent = power + bias
      5. The number is stored in the computer
  • Storing Text
    • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
    • Extended ASCII
    • EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
    • Unicode Standard
  • Storing Audio
    • Sampling and Quantization
    • Encoding
    • Sound Encoding Standards (Note: MP3 (short for MPEG Layer 3))
  • Storing Images
    • Images are stored using 2 different techniques
      • Raster graphics (or bitmap graphics)
      • Vector graphics
    • Resolution
    • Color Depth
    • True-Color
    • Indexed Color
    • Image Encoding Standards
      • JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
      • GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
      • PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
    • Raster Graphics vs. Vector Graphics
  • Storing Video

[3] Operations on Bits !important

• Four Bit Level Operations
  • NOT
  • AND
  • OR
  • XOR
• Shift Operations (Note: move the bits in a pattern)
  • Logical Shift Operations
    • Logical Shift
    • Logical Circular Shift
  • Arithmetic Shift Operations
• Arithmetic Operations
  • Adding
  • Subtracting
  • Multiplying
  • Dividing
• Addition of Reals
  • Howto adding 2 real numbers
  1. De-normalize
  2. Aligning decimal points
  3. Add up
  4. Normalize

[4] Computer Architecture

• Computer Hardware Subsystems
  • Central Processing Unit (CPU)
    • arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
    • control unit
    • registers
      • Note: Data registers, Instruction register, Program counter
  • Main Memory
    • Address Space
    • Memory Units
    • Memory Types
      • Random access memory (RAM)
        • Static RAM (SRAM)
        • Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
      • Read-only memory (ROM)
        • Programmable read-only memory (PROM).
        • Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM).
        • Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM).
    • Memory Hierarchy
    • Cache Memory
  • Input Output Subsystem
    • Non-storage devices (Note: Keyboard, monitor, printer)
    • Storage devices
      • Magnetic Disk
      • Magnetic Tape
      • Solid State Drives (SSD)
      • Creation and Use of CD ROMs
      • Making CD-R and CD-RW
    • Subsystems Interconnection
      • Connecting CPU and memory (Note: connecting by bus)
        • Note: Data Bus, Address bus, Control bus
      • Connecting I/O Devices
        • I/O Controllers – SCSI Controller
        • I/O Controllers – Firewire Controller
        • I/O Controllers – USB Controller
        • I/O Controller – SATA and Thunderbolt
        • I/O Addressing
• Program Execution
  • Note: Machine cycle (Fetch, Decode, Execute)
• I/O Operation
  • Programmed I/O
  • Interrupt driven I/O
  • Direct memory access (DMA)
• Different Computer Architectures
  • CISC (pronounced sisk) stands for complex instruction set computer.
  • RISC (pronounced risk) stands for reduced instruction set computer.
• Pipelining Execution
• Parallel Execution
  • SISD Organization
  • SIMD Organization
  • MISD Organization
  • MIMD Organization
• Performance Evaluation
  • Depending on the context (Short response time, High throughput, High availability, High bandwidth)
  • SPEC (Standard Performance Evaluation Cooperative)
• Performance Metrics
  • Clock rate
  • MIPS (Millions Instructions per Second)
  • FLOPS (Floating Point Operations per second) – Mega-, Giga-, TeraFLOPS
  • Response time or Turnaround time
  • Throughput
  • Utilization
  • Speedup
  • Scalability
• Evaluation Techniques
  • Analytical Modeling
  • Simulation
  • Measurement

too much topic. nice!