State migration flows, 2012

README.md

Interactive graphic by Christopher Ingraham. More at wonkviz.tumblr.com.

Source: American Community Survey 2012.

Last week this graphic of migration flows by Chris Walker made the rounds. Many commenters noted how beautiful the graphic is, and rightly so.

I always have a bit of a hard time parsing exactly what's going on within these Circos-style visualizations. Walker's graphic allows you to hover over a given state to highlight only those migrations, which helps quite a bit.

I thought there might be a better way to display these data, but I wasn't right. I stuck with a map, drawing circles for each state sized by net migration (comings minus goings) and colored according to whether the state gained or lost residents overall. To get at individual state flows, click a state - paths radiate inwards and outwards from state to state, depending on the net migration flow between the two.

I initially drew two lines for each state-to-state connection - one for comings and one for goings. But this quickly became messy and chaotic. I settled on a single line for net flows, but still something of a hairball effect remains. I'm inordinately fond of the path animations (I followed Mike Bostock's stroke dash interpolation example for these), which are super-helpful in conveying the movements between states. But they don't completely solve the hairball problem.

I also attempted displaying the data in a sort of grid (not shown), similar to what Moritz Stefaner did with his Musli Ingredient Network graphic. But even when sorting the rows and columns by region to add some structure, this approach was not at all an improvement over the original.

I suspect that with additional tweaking the map version could be improved upon and clarified further (toggling between raw values and percentages? Allowing users to toggle between comings, goings and net? Updating the state circles whenever the paths are drawn?). But in the end it was quite difficult to improve upon Chris Walker's original work - kudos to him!

coming.csv

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      if (i >= 0) {
        prefix = name.substring(0, i);
        name = name.substring(i + 1);
      }
      return d3_nsPrefix.hasOwnProperty(prefix) ? {
        space: d3_nsPrefix[prefix],
        local: name
      } : name;
    }
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.attr = function(name, value) {
    if (arguments.length < 2) {
      if (typeof name === "string") {
        var node = this.node();
        name = d3.ns.qualify(name);
        return name.local ? node.getAttributeNS(name.space, name.local) : node.getAttribute(name);
      }
      for (value in name) this.each(d3_selection_attr(value, name[value]));
      return this;
    }
    return this.each(d3_selection_attr(name, value));
  };
  function d3_selection_attr(name, value) {
    name = d3.ns.qualify(name);
    function attrNull() {
      this.removeAttribute(name);
    }
    function attrNullNS() {
      this.removeAttributeNS(name.space, name.local);
    }
    function attrConstant() {
      this.setAttribute(name, value);
    }
    function attrConstantNS() {
      this.setAttributeNS(name.space, name.local, value);
    }
    function attrFunction() {
      var x = value.apply(this, arguments);
      if (x == null) this.removeAttribute(name); else this.setAttribute(name, x);
    }
    function attrFunctionNS() {
      var x = value.apply(this, arguments);
      if (x == null) this.removeAttributeNS(name.space, name.local); else this.setAttributeNS(name.space, name.local, x);
    }
    return value == null ? name.local ? attrNullNS : attrNull : typeof value === "function" ? name.local ? attrFunctionNS : attrFunction : name.local ? attrConstantNS : attrConstant;
  }
  function d3_collapse(s) {
    return s.trim().replace(/\s+/g, " ");
  }
  d3.requote = function(s) {
    return s.replace(d3_requote_re, "\\$&");
  };
  var d3_requote_re = /[\\\^\$\*\+\?\|\[\]\(\)\.\{\}]/g;
  d3_selectionPrototype.classed = function(name, value) {
    if (arguments.length < 2) {
      if (typeof name === "string") {
        var node = this.node(), n = (name = name.trim().split(/^|\s+/g)).length, i = -1;
        if (value = node.classList) {
          while (++i < n) if (!value.contains(name[i])) return false;
        } else {
          value = node.getAttribute("class");
          while (++i < n) if (!d3_selection_classedRe(name[i]).test(value)) return false;
        }
        return true;
      }
      for (value in name) this.each(d3_selection_classed(value, name[value]));
      return this;
    }
    return this.each(d3_selection_classed(name, value));
  };
  function d3_selection_classedRe(name) {
    return new RegExp("(?:^|\\s+)" + d3.requote(name) + "(?:\\s+|$)", "g");
  }
  function d3_selection_classed(name, value) {
    name = name.trim().split(/\s+/).map(d3_selection_classedName);
    var n = name.length;
    function classedConstant() {
      var i = -1;
      while (++i < n) name[i](this, value);
    }
    function classedFunction() {
      var i = -1, x = value.apply(this, arguments);
      while (++i < n) name[i](this, x);
    }
    return typeof value === "function" ? classedFunction : classedConstant;
  }
  function d3_selection_classedName(name) {
    var re = d3_selection_classedRe(name);
    return function(node, value) {
      if (c = node.classList) return value ? c.add(name) : c.remove(name);
      var c = node.getAttribute("class") || "";
      if (value) {
        re.lastIndex = 0;
        if (!re.test(c)) node.setAttribute("class", d3_collapse(c + " " + name));
      } else {
        node.setAttribute("class", d3_collapse(c.replace(re, " ")));
      }
    };
  }
  d3_selectionPrototype.style = function(name, value, priority) {
    var n = arguments.length;
    if (n < 3) {
      if (typeof name !== "string") {
        if (n < 2) value = "";
        for (priority in name) this.each(d3_selection_style(priority, name[priority], value));
        return this;
      }
      if (n < 2) return d3_window.getComputedStyle(this.node(), null).getPropertyValue(name);
      priority = "";
    }
    return this.each(d3_selection_style(name, value, priority));
  };
  function d3_selection_style(name, value, priority) {
    function styleNull() {
      this.style.removeProperty(name);
    }
    function styleConstant() {
      this.style.setProperty(name, value, priority);
    }
    function styleFunction() {
      var x = value.apply(this, arguments);
      if (x == null) this.style.removeProperty(name); else this.style.setProperty(name, x, priority);
    }
    return value == null ? styleNull : typeof value === "function" ? styleFunction : styleConstant;
  }
  d3_selectionPrototype.property = function(name, value) {
    if (arguments.length < 2) {
      if (typeof name === "string") return this.node()[name];
      for (value in name) this.each(d3_selection_property(value, name[value]));
      return this;
    }
    return this.each(d3_selection_property(name, value));
  };
  function d3_selection_property(name, value) {
    function propertyNull() {
      delete this[name];
    }
    function propertyConstant() {
      this[name] = value;
    }
    function propertyFunction() {
      var x = value.apply(this, arguments);
      if (x == null) delete this[name]; else this[name] = x;
    }
    return value == null ? propertyNull : typeof value === "function" ? propertyFunction : propertyConstant;
  }
  d3_selectionPrototype.text = function(value) {
    return arguments.length ? this.each(typeof value === "function" ? function() {
      var v = value.apply(this, arguments);
      this.textContent = v == null ? "" : v;
    } : value == null ? function() {
      this.textContent = "";
    } : function() {
      this.textContent = value;
    }) : this.node().textContent;
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.html = function(value) {
    return arguments.length ? this.each(typeof value === "function" ? function() {
      var v = value.apply(this, arguments);
      this.innerHTML = v == null ? "" : v;
    } : value == null ? function() {
      this.innerHTML = "";
    } : function() {
      this.innerHTML = value;
    }) : this.node().innerHTML;
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.append = function(name) {
    name = d3.ns.qualify(name);
    function append() {
      return this.appendChild(d3_document.createElementNS(this.namespaceURI, name));
    }
    function appendNS() {
      return this.appendChild(d3_document.createElementNS(name.space, name.local));
    }
    return this.select(name.local ? appendNS : append);
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.insert = function(name, before) {
    name = d3.ns.qualify(name);
    if (typeof before !== "function") before = d3_selection_selector(before);
    function insert(d, i) {
      return this.insertBefore(d3_document.createElementNS(this.namespaceURI, name), before.call(this, d, i));
    }
    function insertNS(d, i) {
      return this.insertBefore(d3_document.createElementNS(name.space, name.local), before.call(this, d, i));
    }
    return this.select(name.local ? insertNS : insert);
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.remove = function() {
    return this.each(function() {
      var parent = this.parentNode;
      if (parent) parent.removeChild(this);
    });
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.data = function(value, key) {
    var i = -1, n = this.length, group, node;
    if (!arguments.length) {
      value = new Array(n = (group = this[0]).length);
      while (++i < n) {
        if (node = group[i]) {
          value[i] = node.__data__;
        }
      }
      return value;
    }
    function bind(group, groupData) {
      var i, n = group.length, m = groupData.length, n0 = Math.min(n, m), updateNodes = new Array(m), enterNodes = new Array(m), exitNodes = new Array(n), node, nodeData;
      if (key) {
        var nodeByKeyValue = new d3_Map(), dataByKeyValue = new d3_Map(), keyValues = [], keyValue;
        for (i = -1; ++i < n; ) {
          keyValue = key.call(node = group[i], node.__data__, i);
          if (nodeByKeyValue.has(keyValue)) {
            exitNodes[i] = node;
          } else {
            nodeByKeyValue.set(keyValue, node);
          }
          keyValues.push(keyValue);
        }
        for (i = -1; ++i < m; ) {
          keyValue = key.call(groupData, nodeData = groupData[i], i);
          if (node = nodeByKeyValue.get(keyValue)) {
            updateNodes[i] = node;
            node.__data__ = nodeData;
          } else if (!dataByKeyValue.has(keyValue)) {
            enterNodes[i] = d3_selection_dataNode(nodeData);
          }
          dataByKeyValue.set(keyValue, nodeData);
          nodeByKeyValue.remove(keyValue);
        }
        for (i = -1; ++i < n; ) {
          if (nodeByKeyValue.has(keyValues[i])) {
            exitNodes[i] = group[i];
          }
        }
      } else {
        for (i = -1; ++i < n0; ) {
          node = group[i];
          nodeData = groupData[i];
          if (node) {
            node.__data__ = nodeData;
            updateNodes[i] = node;
          } else {
            enterNodes[i] = d3_selection_dataNode(nodeData);
          }
        }
        for (;i < m; ++i) {
          enterNodes[i] = d3_selection_dataNode(groupData[i]);
        }
        for (;i < n; ++i) {
          exitNodes[i] = group[i];
        }
      }
      enterNodes.update = updateNodes;
      enterNodes.parentNode = updateNodes.parentNode = exitNodes.parentNode = group.parentNode;
      enter.push(enterNodes);
      update.push(updateNodes);
      exit.push(exitNodes);
    }
    var enter = d3_selection_enter([]), update = d3_selection([]), exit = d3_selection([]);
    if (typeof value === "function") {
      while (++i < n) {
        bind(group = this[i], value.call(group, group.parentNode.__data__, i));
      }
    } else {
      while (++i < n) {
        bind(group = this[i], value);
      }
    }
    update.enter = function() {
      return enter;
    };
    update.exit = function() {
      return exit;
    };
    return update;
  };
  function d3_selection_dataNode(data) {
    return {
      __data__: data
    };
  }
  d3_selectionPrototype.datum = function(value) {
    return arguments.length ? this.property("__data__", value) : this.property("__data__");
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.filter = function(filter) {
    var subgroups = [], subgroup, group, node;
    if (typeof filter !== "function") filter = d3_selection_filter(filter);
    for (var j = 0, m = this.length; j < m; j++) {
      subgroups.push(subgroup = []);
      subgroup.parentNode = (group = this[j]).parentNode;
      for (var i = 0, n = group.length; i < n; i++) {
        if ((node = group[i]) && filter.call(node, node.__data__, i)) {
          subgroup.push(node);
        }
      }
    }
    return d3_selection(subgroups);
  };
  function d3_selection_filter(selector) {
    return function() {
      return d3_selectMatches(this, selector);
    };
  }
  d3_selectionPrototype.order = function() {
    for (var j = -1, m = this.length; ++j < m; ) {
      for (var group = this[j], i = group.length - 1, next = group[i], node; --i >= 0; ) {
        if (node = group[i]) {
          if (next && next !== node.nextSibling) next.parentNode.insertBefore(node, next);
          next = node;
        }
      }
    }
    return this;
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.sort = function(comparator) {
    comparator = d3_selection_sortComparator.apply(this, arguments);
    for (var j = -1, m = this.length; ++j < m; ) this[j].sort(comparator);
    return this.order();
  };
  function d3_selection_sortComparator(comparator) {
    if (!arguments.length) comparator = d3.ascending;
    return function(a, b) {
      return !a - !b || comparator(a.__data__, b.__data__);
    };
  }
  function d3_noop() {}
  d3_selectionPrototype.on = function(type, listener, capture) {
    var n = arguments.length;
    if (n < 3) {
      if (typeof type !== "string") {
        if (n < 2) listener = false;
        for (capture in type) this.each(d3_selection_on(capture, type[capture], listener));
        return this;
      }
      if (n < 2) return (n = this.node()["__on" + type]) && n._;
      capture = false;
    }
    return this.each(d3_selection_on(type, listener, capture));
  };
  function d3_selection_on(type, listener, capture) {
    var name = "__on" + type, i = type.indexOf("."), wrap = d3_selection_onListener;
    if (i > 0) type = type.substring(0, i);
    var filter = d3_selection_onFilters.get(type);
    if (filter) type = filter, wrap = d3_selection_onFilter;
    function onRemove() {
      var l = this[name];
      if (l) {
        this.removeEventListener(type, l, l.$);
        delete this[name];
      }
    }
    function onAdd() {
      var l = wrap(listener, d3_array(arguments));
      onRemove.call(this);
      this.addEventListener(type, this[name] = l, l.$ = capture);
      l._ = listener;
    }
    function removeAll() {
      var re = new RegExp("^__on([^.]+)" + d3.requote(type) + "$"), match;
      for (var name in this) {
        if (match = name.match(re)) {
          var l = this[name];
          this.removeEventListener(match[1], l, l.$);
          delete this[name];
        }
      }
    }
    return i ? listener ? onAdd : onRemove : listener ? d3_noop : removeAll;
  }
  var d3_selection_onFilters = d3.map({
    mouseenter: "mouseover",
    mouseleave: "mouseout"
  });
  d3_selection_onFilters.forEach(function(k) {
    if ("on" + k in d3_document) d3_selection_onFilters.remove(k);
  });
  function d3_selection_onListener(listener, argumentz) {
    return function(e) {
      var o = d3.event;
      d3.event = e;
      argumentz[0] = this.__data__;
      try {
        listener.apply(this, argumentz);
      } finally {
        d3.event = o;
      }
    };
  }
  function d3_selection_onFilter(listener, argumentz) {
    var l = d3_selection_onListener(listener, argumentz);
    return function(e) {
      var target = this, related = e.relatedTarget;
      if (!related || related !== target && !(related.compareDocumentPosition(target) & 8)) {
        l.call(target, e);
      }
    };
  }
  d3_selectionPrototype.each = function(callback) {
    return d3_selection_each(this, function(node, i, j) {
      callback.call(node, node.__data__, i, j);
    });
  };
  function d3_selection_each(groups, callback) {
    for (var j = 0, m = groups.length; j < m; j++) {
      for (var group = groups[j], i = 0, n = group.length, node; i < n; i++) {
        if (node = group[i]) callback(node, i, j);
      }
    }
    return groups;
  }
  d3_selectionPrototype.call = function(callback) {
    var args = d3_array(arguments);
    callback.apply(args[0] = this, args);
    return this;
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.empty = function() {
    return !this.node();
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.node = function() {
    for (var j = 0, m = this.length; j < m; j++) {
      for (var group = this[j], i = 0, n = group.length; i < n; i++) {
        var node = group[i];
        if (node) return node;
      }
    }
    return null;
  };
  function d3_selection_enter(selection) {
    d3_arraySubclass(selection, d3_selection_enterPrototype);
    return selection;
  }
  var d3_selection_enterPrototype = [];
  d3.selection.enter = d3_selection_enter;
  d3.selection.enter.prototype = d3_selection_enterPrototype;
  d3_selection_enterPrototype.append = d3_selectionPrototype.append;
  d3_selection_enterPrototype.insert = d3_selectionPrototype.insert;
  d3_selection_enterPrototype.empty = d3_selectionPrototype.empty;
  d3_selection_enterPrototype.node = d3_selectionPrototype.node;
  d3_selection_enterPrototype.select = function(selector) {
    var subgroups = [], subgroup, subnode, upgroup, group, node;
    for (var j = -1, m = this.length; ++j < m; ) {
      upgroup = (group = this[j]).update;
      subgroups.push(subgroup = []);
      subgroup.parentNode = group.parentNode;
      for (var i = -1, n = group.length; ++i < n; ) {
        if (node = group[i]) {
          subgroup.push(upgroup[i] = subnode = selector.call(group.parentNode, node.__data__, i));
          subnode.__data__ = node.__data__;
        } else {
          subgroup.push(null);
        }
      }
    }
    return d3_selection(subgroups);
  };
  d3_selectionPrototype.transition = function() {
    var id = d3_transitionInheritId || ++d3_transitionId, subgroups = [], subgroup, node, transition = Object.create(d3_transitionInherit);
    transition.time = Date.now();
    for (var j = -1, m = this.length; ++j < m; ) {
      subgroups.push(subgroup = []);
      for (var group = this[j], i = -1, n = group.length; ++i < n; ) {
        if (node = group[i]) d3_transitionNode(node, i, id, transition);
        subgroup.push(node);
      }
    }
    return d3_transition(subgroups, id);
  };
  d3.select = function(node) {
    var group = [ typeof node === "string" ? d3_select(node, d3_document) : node ];
    group.parentNode = d3_selectRoot;
    return d3_selection([ group ]);
  };
  d3.selectAll = function(nodes) {
    var group = d3_array(typeof nodes === "string" ? d3_selectAll(nodes, d3_document) : nodes);
    group.parentNode = d3_selectRoot;
    return d3_selection([ group ]);
  };
  var d3_selectionRoot = d3.select(d3_selectRoot);
  d3.behavior.zoom = function() {
    var translate = [ 0, 0 ], translate0, scale = 1, scale0, scaleExtent = d3_behavior_zoomInfinity, event = d3_eventDispatch(zoom, "zoom"), x0, x1, y0, y1, touchtime;
    function zoom() {
      this.on("mousedown.zoom", mousedown).on("mousemove.zoom", mousemove).on(d3_behavior_zoomWheel + ".zoom", mousewheel).on("dblclick.zoom", dblclick).on("touchstart.zoom", touchstart).on("touchmove.zoom", touchmove).on("touchend.zoom", touchstart);
    }
    zoom.translate = function(x) {
      if (!arguments.length) return translate;
      translate = x.map(Number);
      rescale();
      return zoom;
    };
    zoom.scale = function(x) {
      if (!arguments.length) return scale;
      scale = +x;
      rescale();
      return zoom;
    };
    zoom.scaleExtent = function(x) {
      if (!arguments.length) return scaleExtent;
      scaleExtent = x == null ? d3_behavior_zoomInfinity : x.map(Number);
      return zoom;
    };
    zoom.x = function(z) {
      if (!arguments.length) return x1;
      x1 = z;
      x0 = z.copy();
      translate = [ 0, 0 ];
      scale = 1;
      return zoom;
    };
    zoom.y = function(z) {
      if (!arguments.length) return y1;
      y1 = z;
      y0 = z.copy();
      translate = [ 0, 0 ];
      scale = 1;
      return zoom;
    };
    function location(p) {
      return [ (p[0] - translate[0]) / scale, (p[1] - translate[1]) / scale ];
    }
    function point(l) {
      return [ l[0] * scale + translate[0], l[1] * scale + translate[1] ];
    }
    function scaleTo(s) {
      scale = Math.max(scaleExtent[0], Math.min(scaleExtent[1], s));
    }
    function translateTo(p, l) {
      l = point(l);
      translate[0] += p[0] - l[0];
      translate[1] += p[1] - l[1];
    }
    function rescale() {
      if (x1) x1.domain(x0.range().map(function(x) {
        return (x - translate[0]) / scale;
      }).map(x0.invert));
      if (y1) y1.domain(y0.range().map(function(y) {
        return (y - translate[1]) / scale;
      }).map(y0.invert));
    }
    function dispatch(event) {
      rescale();
      d3.event.preventDefault();
      event({
        type: "zoom",
        scale: scale,
        translate: translate
      });
    }
    function mousedown() {
      var target = this, event_ = event.of(target, arguments), eventTarget = d3.event.target, moved = 0, w = d3.select(d3_window).on("mousemove.zoom", mousemove).on("mouseup.zoom", mouseup), l = location(d3.mouse(target));
      d3_window.focus();
      d3_eventCancel();
      function mousemove() {
        moved = 1;
        translateTo(d3.mouse(target), l);
        dispatch(event_);
      }
      function mouseup() {
        if (moved) d3_eventCancel();
        w.on("mousemove.zoom", null).on("mouseup.zoom", null);
        if (moved && d3.event.target === eventTarget) d3_eventSuppress(w, "click.zoom");
      }
    }
    function mousewheel() {
      if (!translate0) translate0 = location(d3.mouse(this));
      scaleTo(Math.pow(2, d3_behavior_zoomDelta() * .002) * scale);
      translateTo(d3.mouse(this), translate0);
      dispatch(event.of(this, arguments));
    }
    function mousemove() {
      translate0 = null;
    }
    function dblclick() {
      var p = d3.mouse(this), l = location(p), k = Math.log(scale) / Math.LN2;
      scaleTo(Math.pow(2, d3.event.shiftKey ? Math.ceil(k) - 1 : Math.floor(k) + 1));
      translateTo(p, l);
      dispatch(event.of(this, arguments));
    }
    function touchstart() {
      var touches = d3.touches(this), now = Date.now();
      scale0 = scale;
      translate0 = {};
      touches.forEach(function(t) {
        translate0[t.identifier] = location(t);
      });
      d3_eventCancel();
      if (touches.length === 1) {
        if (now - touchtime < 500) {
          var p = touches[0], l = location(touches[0]);
          scaleTo(scale * 2);
          translateTo(p, l);
          dispatch(event.of(this, arguments));
        }
        touchtime = now;
      }
    }
    function touchmove() {
      var touches = d3.touches(this), p0 = touches[0], l0 = translate0[p0.identifier];
      if (p1 = touches[1]) {
        var p1, l1 = translate0[p1.identifier];
        p0 = [ (p0[0] + p1[0]) / 2, (p0[1] + p1[1]) / 2 ];
        l0 = [ (l0[0] + l1[0]) / 2, (l0[1] + l1[1]) / 2 ];
        scaleTo(d3.event.scale * scale0);
      }
      translateTo(p0, l0);
      touchtime = null;
      dispatch(event.of(this, arguments));
    }
    return d3.rebind(zoom, event, "on");
  };
  var d3_behavior_zoomInfinity = [ 0, Infinity ];
  var d3_behavior_zoomDelta, d3_behavior_zoomWheel = "onwheel" in d3_document ? (d3_behavior_zoomDelta = function() {
    return -d3.event.deltaY * (d3.event.deltaMode ? 120 : 1);
  }, "wheel") : "onmousewheel" in d3_document ? (d3_behavior_zoomDelta = function() {
    return d3.event.wheelDelta;
  }, "mousewheel") : (d3_behavior_zoomDelta = function() {
    return -d3.event.detail;
  }, "MozMousePixelScroll");
  function d3_Color() {}
  d3_Color.prototype.toString = function() {
    return this.rgb() + "";
  };
  d3.hsl = function(h, s, l) {
    return arguments.length === 1 ? h instanceof d3_Hsl ? d3_hsl(h.h, h.s, h.l) : d3_rgb_parse("" + h, d3_rgb_hsl, d3_hsl) : d3_hsl(+h, +s, +l);
  };
  function d3_hsl(h, s, l) {
    return new d3_Hsl(h, s, l);
  }
  function d3_Hsl(h, s, l) {
    this.h = h;
    this.s = s;
    this.l = l;
  }
  var d3_hslPrototype = d3_Hsl.prototype = new d3_Color();
  d3_hslPrototype.brighter = function(k) {
    k = Math.pow(.7, arguments.length ? k : 1);
    return d3_hsl(this.h, this.s, this.l / k);
  };
  d3_hslPrototype.darker = function(k) {
    k = Math.pow(.7, arguments.length ? k : 1);
    return d3_hsl(this.h, this.s, k * this.l);
  };
  d3_hslPrototype.rgb = function() {
    return d3_hsl_rgb(this.h, this.s, this.l);
  };
  function d3_hsl_rgb(h, s, l) {
    var m1, m2;
    h = isNaN(h) ? 0 : (h %= 360) < 0 ? h + 360 : h;
    s = isNaN(s) ? 0 : s < 0 ? 0 : s > 1 ? 1 : s;
    l = l < 0 ? 0 : l > 1 ? 1 : l;
    m2 = l <= .5 ? l * (1 + s) : l + s - l * s;
    m1 = 2 * l - m2;
    function v(h) {
      if (h > 360) h -= 360; else if (h < 0) h += 360;
      if (h < 60) return m1 + (m2 - m1) * h / 60;
      if (h < 180) return m2;
      if (h < 240) return m1 + (m2 - m1) * (240 - h) / 60;
      return m1;
    }
    function vv(h) {
      return Math.round(v(h) * 255);
    }
    return d3_rgb(vv(h + 120), vv(h), vv(h - 120));
  }
  var π = Math.PI, ε = 1e-6, d3_radians = π / 180, d3_degrees = 180 / π;
  function d3_sgn(x) {
    return x > 0 ? 1 : x < 0 ? -1 : 0;
  }
  function d3_acos(x) {
    return Math.acos(Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, x)));
  }
  function d3_asin(x) {
    return x > 1 ? π / 2 : x < -1 ? -π / 2 : Math.asin(x);
  }
  function d3_sinh(x) {
    return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2;
  }
  function d3_cosh(x) {
    return (Math.exp(x) + Math.exp(-x)) / 2;
  }
  function d3_haversin(x) {
    return (x = Math.sin(x / 2)) * x;
  }
  d3.hcl = function(h, c, l) {
    return arguments.length === 1 ? h instanceof d3_Hcl ? d3_hcl(h.h, h.c, h.l) : h instanceof d3_Lab ? d3_lab_hcl(h.l, h.a, h.b) : d3_lab_hcl((h = d3_rgb_lab((h = d3.rgb(h)).r, h.g, h.b)).l, h.a, h.b) : d3_hcl(+h, +c, +l);
  };
  function d3_hcl(h, c, l) {
    return new d3_Hcl(h, c, l);
  }
  function d3_Hcl(h, c, l) {
    this.h = h;
    this.c = c;
    this.l = l;
  }
  var d3_hclPrototype = d3_Hcl.prototype = new d3_Color();
  d3_hclPrototype.brighter = function(k) {
    return d3_hcl(this.h, this.c, Math.min(100, this.l + d3_lab_K * (arguments.length ? k : 1)));
  };
  d3_hclPrototype.darker = function(k) {
    return d3_hcl(this.h, this.c, Math.max(0, this.l - d3_lab_K * (arguments.length ? k : 1)));
  };
  d3_hclPrototype.rgb = function() {
    return d3_hcl_lab(this.h, this.c, this.l).rgb();
  };
  function d3_hcl_lab(h, c, l) {
    if (isNaN(h)) h = 0;
    if (isNaN(c)) c = 0;
    return d3_lab(l, Math.cos(h *= d3_radians) * c, Math.sin(h) * c);
  }
  d3.lab = function(l, a, b) {
    return arguments.length === 1 ? l instanceof d3_Lab ? d3_lab(l.l, l.a, l.b) : l instanceof d3_Hcl ? d3_hcl_lab(l.l, l.c, l.h) : d3_rgb_lab((l = d3.rgb(l)).r, l.g, l.b) : d3_lab(+l, +a, +b);
  };
  function d3_lab(l, a, b) {
    return new d3_Lab(l, a, b);
  }
  function d3_Lab(l, a, b) {
    this.l = l;
    this.a = a;
    this.b = b;
  }
  var d3_lab_K = 18;
  var d3_lab_X = .95047, d3_lab_Y = 1, d3_lab_Z = 1.08883;
  var d3_labPrototype = d3_Lab.prototype = new d3_Color();
  d3_labPrototype.brighter = function(k) {
    return d3_lab(Math.min(100, this.l + d3_lab_K * (arguments.length ? k : 1)), this.a, this.b);
  };
  d3_labPrototype.darker = function(k) {
    return d3_lab(Math.max(0, this.l - d3_lab_K * (arguments.length ? k : 1)), this.a, this.b);
  };
  d3_labPrototype.rgb = function() {
    return d3_lab_rgb(this.l, this.a, this.b);
  };
  function d3_lab_rgb(l, a, b) {
    var y = (l + 16) / 116, x = y + a / 500, z = y - b / 200;
    x = d3_lab_xyz(x) * d3_lab_X;
    y = d3_lab_xyz(y) * d3_lab_Y;
    z = d3_lab_xyz(z) * d3_lab_Z;
    return d3_rgb(d3_xyz_rgb(3.2404542 * x - 1.5371385 * y - .4985314 * z), d3_xyz_rgb(-.969266 * x + 1.8760108 * y + .041556 * z), d3_xyz_rgb(.0556434 * x - .2040259 * y + 1.0572252 * z));
  }
  function d3_lab_hcl(l, a, b) {
    return l > 0 ? d3_hcl(Math.atan2(b, a) * d3_degrees, Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b), l) : d3_hcl(NaN, NaN, l);
  }
  function d3_lab_xyz(x) {
    return x > .206893034 ? x * x * x : (x - 4 / 29) / 7.787037;
  }
  function d3_xyz_lab(x) {
    return x > .008856 ? Math.pow(x, 1 / 3) : 7.787037 * x + 4 / 29;
  }
  function d3_xyz_rgb(r) {
    return Math.round(255 * (r <= .00304 ? 12.92 * r : 1.055 * Math.pow(r, 1 / 2.4) - .055));
  }
  d3.rgb = function(r, g, b) {
    return arguments.length === 1 ? r instanceof d3_Rgb ? d3_rgb(r.r, r.g, r.b) : d3_rgb_parse("" + r, d3_rgb, d3_hsl_rgb) : d3_rgb(~~r, ~~g, ~~b);
  };
  function d3_rgb(r, g, b) {
    return new d3_Rgb(r, g, b);
  }
  function d3_Rgb(r, g, b) {
    this.r = r;
    this.g = g;
    this.b = b;
  }
  var d3_rgbPrototype = d3_Rgb.prototype = new d3_Color();
  d3_rgbPrototype.brighter = function(k) {
    k = Math.pow(.7, arguments.length ? k : 1);
    var r = this.r, g = this.g, b = this.b, i = 30;
    if (!r && !g && !b) return d3_rgb(i, i, i);
    if (r && r < i) r = i;
    if (g && g < i) g = i;
    if (b && b < i) b = i;
    return d3_rgb(Math.min(255, Math.floor(r / k)), Math.min(255, Math.floor(g / k)), Math.min(255, Math.floor(b / k)));
  };
  d3_rgbPrototype.darker = function(k) {
    k = Math.pow(.7, arguments.length ? k : 1);
    return d3_rgb(Math.floor(k * this.r), Math.floor(k * this.g), Math.floor(k * this.b));
  };
  d3_rgbPrototype.hsl = function() {
    return d3_rgb_hsl(this.r, this.g, this.b);
  };
  d3_rgbPrototype.toString = function() {
    return "#" + d3_rgb_hex(this.r) + d3_rgb_hex(this.g) + d3_rgb_hex(this.b);
  };
  function d3_rgb_hex(v) {
    return v < 16 ? "0" + Math.max(0, v).toString(16) : Math.min(255, v).toString(16);
  }
  function d3_rgb_parse(format, rgb, hsl) {
    var r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, m1, m2, name;
    m1 = /([a-z]+)\((.*)\)/i.exec(format);
    if (m1) {
      m2 = m1[2].split(",");
      switch (m1[1]) {
       case "hsl":
        {
          return hsl(parseFloat(m2[0]), parseFloat(m2[1]) / 100, parseFloat(m2[2]) / 100);
        }

       case "rgb":
        {
          return rgb(d3_rgb_parseNumber(m2[0]), d3_rgb_parseNumber(m2[1]), d3_rgb_parseNumber(m2[2]));
        }
      }
    }
    if (name = d3_rgb_names.get(format)) return rgb(name.r, name.g, name.b);
    if (format != null && format.charAt(0) === "#") {
      if (format.length === 4) {
        r = format.charAt(1);
        r += r;
        g = format.charAt(2);
        g += g;
        b = format.charAt(3);
        b += b;
      } else if (format.length === 7) {
        r = format.substring(1, 3);
        g = format.substring(3, 5);
        b = format.substring(5, 7);
      }
      r = parseInt(r, 16);
      g = parseInt(g, 16);
      b = parseInt(b, 16);
    }
    return rgb(r, g, b);
  }
  function d3_rgb_hsl(r, g, b) {
    var min = Math.min(r /= 255, g /= 255, b /= 255), max = Math.max(r, g, b), d = max - min, h, s, l = (max + min) / 2;
    if (d) {
      s = l < .5 ? d / (max + min) : d / (2 - max - min);
      if (r == max) h = (g - b) / d + (g < b ? 6 : 0); else if (g == max) h = (b - r) / d + 2; else h = (r - g) / d + 4;
      h *= 60;
    } else {
      h = NaN;
      s = l > 0 && l < 1 ? 0 : h;
    }
    return d3_hsl(h, s, l);
  }
  function d3_rgb_lab(r, g, b) {
    r = d3_rgb_xyz(r);
    g = d3_rgb_xyz(g);
    b = d3_rgb_xyz(b);
    var x = d3_xyz_lab((.4124564 * r + .3575761 * g + .1804375 * b) / d3_lab_X), y = d3_xyz_lab((.2126729 * r + .7151522 * g + .072175 * b) / d3_lab_Y), z = d3_xyz_lab((.0193339 * r + .119192 * g + .9503041 * b) / d3_lab_Z);
    return d3_lab(116 * y - 16, 500 * (x - y), 200 * (y - z));
  }
  function d3_rgb_xyz(r) {
    return (r /= 255) <= .04045 ? r / 12.92 : Math.pow((r + .055) / 1.055, 2.4);
  }
  function d3_rgb_parseNumber(c) {
    var f = parseFloat(c);
    return c.charAt(c.length - 1) === "%" ? Math.round(f * 2.55) : f;
  }
  var d3_rgb_names = d3.map({
    aliceblue: "#f0f8ff",
    antiquewhite: "#faebd7",
    aqua: "#00ffff",
    aquamarine: "#7fffd4",
    azure: "#f0ffff",
    beige: "#f5f5dc",
    bisque: "#ffe4c4",
    black: "#000000",
    blanchedalmond: "#ffebcd",
    blue: "#0000ff",
    blueviolet: "#8a2be2",
    brown: "#a52a2a",
    burlywood: "#deb887",
    cadetblue: "#5f9ea0",
    chartreuse: "#7fff00",
    chocolate: "#d2691e",
    coral: "#ff7f50",
    cornflowerblue: "#6495ed",
    cornsilk: "#fff8dc",
    crimson: "#dc143c",
    cyan: "#00ffff",
    darkblue: "#00008b",
    darkcyan: "#008b8b",
    darkgoldenrod: "#b8860b",
    darkgray: "#a9a9a9",
    darkgreen: "#006400",
    darkgrey: "#a9a9a9",
    darkkhaki: "#bdb76b",
    darkmagenta: "#8b008b",
    darkolivegreen: "#556b2f",
    darkorange: "#ff8c00",
    darkorchid: "#9932cc",
    darkred: "#8b0000",
    darksalmon: "#e9967a",
    darkseagreen: "#8fbc8f",
    darkslateblue: "#483d8b",
    darkslategray: "#2f4f4f",
    darkslategrey: "#2f4f4f",
    darkturquoise: "#00ced1",
    darkviolet: "#9400d3",
    deeppink: "#ff1493",
    deepskyblue: "#00bfff",
    dimgray: "#696969",
    dimgrey: "#696969",
    dodgerblue: "#1e90ff",
    firebrick: "#b22222",
    floralwhite: "#fffaf0",
    forestgreen: "#228b22",
    fuchsia: "#ff00ff",
    gainsboro: "#dcdcdc",
    ghostwhite: "#f8f8ff",
    gold: "#ffd700",
    goldenrod: "#daa520",
    gray: "#808080",
    green: "#008000",
    greenyellow: "#adff2f",
    grey: "#808080",
    honeydew: "#f0fff0",
    hotpink: "#ff69b4",
    indianred: "#cd5c5c",
    indigo: "#4b0082",
    ivory: "#fffff0",
    khaki: "#f0e68c",
    lavender: "#e6e6fa",
    lavenderblush: "#fff0f5",
    lawngreen: "#7cfc00",
    lemonchiffon: "#fffacd",
    lightblue: "#add8e6",
    lightcoral: "#f08080",
    lightcyan: "#e0ffff",
    lightgoldenrodyellow: "#fafad2",
    lightgray: "#d3d3d3",
    lightgreen: "#90ee90",
    lightgrey: "#d3d3d3",
    lightpink: "#ffb6c1",
    lightsalmon: "#ffa07a",
    lightseagreen: "#20b2aa",
    lightskyblue: "#87cefa",
    lightslategray: "#778899",
    lightslategrey: "#778899",
    lightsteelblue: "#b0c4de",
    lightyellow: "#ffffe0",
    lime: "#00ff00",
    limegreen: "#32cd32",
    linen: "#faf0e6",
    magenta: "#ff00ff",
    maroon: "#800000",
    mediumaquamarine: "#66cdaa",
    mediumblue: "#0000cd",
    mediumorchid: "#ba55d3",
    mediumpurple: "#9370db",
    mediumseagreen: "#3cb371",
    mediumslateblue: "#7b68ee",
    mediumspringgreen: "#00fa9a",
    mediumturquoise: "#48d1cc",
    mediumvioletred: "#c71585",
    midnightblue: "#191970",
    mintcream: "#f5fffa",
    mistyrose: "#ffe4e1",
    moccasin: "#ffe4b5",
    navajowhite: "#ffdead",
    navy: "#000080",
    oldlace: "#fdf5e6",
    olive: "#808000",
    olivedrab: "#6b8e23",
    orange: "#ffa500",
    orangered: "#ff4500",
    orchid: "#da70d6",
    palegoldenrod: "#eee8aa",
    palegreen: "#98fb98",
    paleturquoise: "#afeeee",
    palevioletred: "#db7093",
    papayawhip: "#ffefd5",
    peachpuff: "#ffdab9",
    peru: "#cd853f",
    pink: "#ffc0cb",
    plum: "#dda0dd",
    powderblue: "#b0e0e6",
    purple: "#800080",
    red: "#ff0000",
    rosybrown: "#bc8f8f",
    royalblue: "#4169e1",
    saddlebrown: "#8b4513",
    salmon: "#fa8072",
    sandybrown: "#f4a460",
    seagreen: "#2e8b57",
    seashell: "#fff5ee",
    sienna: "#a0522d",
    silver: "#c0c0c0",
    skyblue: "#87ceeb",
    slateblue: "#6a5acd",
    slategray: "#708090",
    slategrey: "#708090",
    snow: "#fffafa",
    springgreen: "#00ff7f",
    steelblue: "#4682b4",
    tan: "#d2b48c",
    teal: "#008080",
    thistle: "#d8bfd8",
    tomato: "#ff6347",
    turquoise: "#40e0d0",
    violet: "#ee82ee",
    wheat: "#f5deb3",
    white: "#ffffff",
    whitesmoke: "#f5f5f5",
    yellow: "#ffff00",
    yellowgreen: "#9acd32"
  });
  d3_rgb_names.forEach(function(key, value) {
    d3_rgb_names.set(key, d3_rgb_parse(value, d3_rgb, d3_hsl_rgb));
  });
  function d3_functor(v) {
    return typeof v === "function" ? v : function() {
      return v;
    };
  }
  d3.functor = d3_functor;
  function d3_identity(d) {
    return d;
  }
  d3.xhr = function(url, mimeType, callback) {
    var xhr = {}, dispatch = d3.dispatch("progress", "load", "error"), headers = {}, response = d3_identity, request = new (d3_window.XDomainRequest && /^(http(s)?:)?\/\//.test(url) ? XDomainRequest : XMLHttpRequest)();
    "onload" in request ? request.onload = request.onerror = respond : request.onreadystatechange = function() {
      request.readyState > 3 && respond();
    };
    function respond() {
      var s = request.status;
      !s && request.responseText || s >= 200 && s < 300 || s === 304 ? dispatch.load.call(xhr, response.call(xhr, request)) : dispatch.error.call(xhr, request);
    }
    request.onprogress = function(event) {
      var o = d3.event;
      d3.event = event;
      try {
        dispatch.progress.call(xhr, request);
      } finally {
        d3.event = o;
      }
    };
    xhr.header = function(name, value) {
      name = (name + "").toLowerCase();
      if (arguments.length < 2) return headers[name];
      if (value == null) delete headers[name]; else headers[name] = value + "";
      return xhr;
    };
    xhr.mimeType = function(value) {
      if (!arguments.length) return mimeType;
      mimeType = value == null ? null : value + "";
      return xhr;
    };
    xhr.response = function(value) {
      response = value;
      return xhr;
    };
    [ "get", "post" ].forEach(function(method) {
      xhr[method] = function() {
        return xhr.send.apply(xhr, [ method ].concat(d3_array(arguments)));
      };
    });
    xhr.send = function(method, data, callback) {
      if (arguments.length === 2 && typeof data === "function") callback = data, data = null;
      request.open(method, url, true);
      if (mimeType != null && !("accept" in headers)) headers["accept"] = mimeType + ",*/*";
      if (request.setRequestHeader) for (var name in headers) request.setRequestHeader(name, headers[name]);
      if (mimeType != null && request.overrideMimeType) request.overrideMimeType(mimeType);
      if (callback != null) xhr.on("error", callback).on("load", function(request) {
        callback(null, request);
      });
      request.send(data == null ? null : data);
      return xhr;
    };
    xhr.abort = function() {
      request.abort();
      return xhr;
    };
    d3.rebind(xhr, dispatch, "on");
    if (arguments.length === 2 && typeof mimeType === "function") callback = mimeType, 
    mimeType = null;
    return callback == null ? xhr : xhr.get(d3_xhr_fixCallback(callback));
  };
  function d3_xhr_fixCallback(callback) {
    return callback.length === 1 ? function(error, request) {
      callback(error == null ? request : null);
    } : callback;
  }
  function d3_dsv(delimiter, mimeType) {
    var reFormat = new RegExp('["' + delimiter + "\n]"), delimiterCode = delimiter.charCodeAt(0);
    function dsv(url, row, callback) {
      if (arguments.length < 3) callback = row, row = null;
      var xhr = d3.xhr(url, mimeType, callback);
      xhr.row = function(_) {
        return arguments.length ? xhr.response((row = _) == null ? response : typedResponse(_)) : row;
      };
      return xhr.row(row);
    }
    function response(request) {
      return dsv.parse(request.responseText);
    }
    function typedResponse(f) {
      return function(request) {
        return dsv.parse(request.responseText, f);
      };
    }
    dsv.parse = function(text, f) {
      var o;
      return dsv.parseRows(text, function(row, i) {
        if (o) return o(row, i - 1);
        var a = new Function("d", "return {" + row.map(function(name, i) {
          return JSON.stringify(name) + ": d[" + i + "]";
        }).join(",") + "}");
        o = f ? function(row, i) {
          return f(a(row), i);
        } : a;
      });
    };
    dsv.parseRows = function(text, f) {
      var EOL = {}, EOF = {}, rows = [], N = text.length, I = 0, n = 0, t, eol;
      function token() {
        if (I >= N) return EOF;
        if (eol) return eol = false, EOL;
        var j = I;
        if (text.charCodeAt(j) === 34) {
          var i = j;
          while (i++ < N) {
            if (text.charCodeAt(i) === 34) {
              if (text.charCodeAt(i + 1) !== 34) break;
              ++i;
            }
          }
          I = i + 2;
          var c = text.charCodeAt(i + 1);
          if (c === 13) {
            eol = true;
            if (text.charCodeAt(i + 2) === 10) ++I;
          } else if (c === 10) {
            eol = true;
          }
          return text.substring(j + 1, i).replace(/""/g, '"');
        }
        while (I < N) {
          var c = text.charCodeAt(I++), k = 1;
          if (c === 10) eol = true; else if (c === 13) {
            eol = true;
            if (text.charCodeAt(I) === 10) ++I, ++k;
          } else if (c !== delimiterCode) continue;
          return text.substring(j, I - k);
        }
        return text.substring(j);
      }
      while ((t = token()) !== EOF) {
        var a = [];
        while (t !== EOL && t !== EOF) {
          a.push(t);
          t = token();
        }
        if (f && !(a = f(a, n++))) continue;
        rows.push(a);
      }
      return rows;
    };
    dsv.format = function(rows) {
      if (Array.isArray(rows[0])) return dsv.formatRows(rows);
      var fieldSet = new d3_Set(), fields = [];
      rows.forEach(function(row) {
        for (var field in row) {
          if (!fieldSet.has(field)) {
            fields.push(fieldSet.add(field));
          }
        }
      });
      return [ fields.map(formatValue).join(delimiter) ].concat(rows.map(function(row) {
        return fields.map(function(field) {
          return formatValue(row[field]);
        }).join(delimiter);
      })).join("\n");
    };
    dsv.formatRows = function(rows) {
      return rows.map(formatRow).join("\n");
    };
    function formatRow(row) {
      return row.map(formatValue).join(delimiter);
    }
    function formatValue(text) {
      return reFormat.test(text) ? '"' + text.replace(/\"/g, '""') + '"' : text;
    }
    return dsv;
  }
  d3.csv = d3_dsv(",", "text/csv");
  d3.tsv = d3_dsv("	", "text/tab-separated-values");
  var d3_timer_id = 0, d3_timer_byId = {}, d3_timer_queue = null, d3_timer_interval, d3_timer_timeout;
  d3.timer = function(callback, delay, then) {
    if (arguments.length < 3) {
      if (arguments.length < 2) delay = 0; else if (!isFinite(delay)) return;
      then = Date.now();
    }
    var timer = d3_timer_byId[callback.id];
    if (timer && timer.callback === callback) {
      timer.then = then;
      timer.delay = delay;
    } else d3_timer_byId[callback.id = ++d3_timer_id] = d3_timer_queue = {
      callback: callback,
      then: then,
      delay: delay,
      next: d3_timer_queue
    };
    if (!d3_timer_interval) {
      d3_timer_timeout = clearTimeout(d3_timer_timeout);
      d3_timer_interval = 1;
      d3_timer_frame(d3_timer_step);
    }
  };
  function d3_timer_step() {
    var elapsed, now = Date.now(), t1 = d3_timer_queue;
    while (t1) {
      elapsed = now - t1.then;
      if (elapsed >= t1.delay) t1.flush = t1.callback(elapsed);
      t1 = t1.next;
    }
    var delay = d3_timer_flush() - now;
    if (delay > 24) {
      if (isFinite(delay)) {
        clearTimeout(d3_timer_timeout);
        d3_timer_timeout = setTimeout(d3_timer_step, delay);
      }
      d3_timer_interval = 0;
    } else {
      d3_timer_interval = 1;
      d3_timer_frame(d3_timer_step);
    }
  }
  d3.timer.flush = function() {
    var elapsed, now = Date.now(), t1 = d3_timer_queue;
    while (t1) {
      elapsed = now - t1.then;
      if (!t1.delay) t1.flush = t1.callback(elapsed);
      t1 = t1.next;
    }
    d3_timer_flush();
  };
  function d3_timer_flush() {
    var t0 = null, t1 = d3_timer_queue, then = Infinity;
    while (t1) {
      if (t1.flush) {
        delete d3_timer_byId[t1.callback.id];
        t1 = t0 ? t0.next = t1.next : d3_timer_queue = t1.next;
      } else {
        then = Math.min(then, t1.then + t1.delay);
        t1 = (t0 = t1).next;
      }
    }
    return then;
  }
  var d3_timer_frame = d3_window.requestAnimationFrame || d3_window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || d3_window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || d3_window.oRequestAnimationFrame || d3_window.msRequestAnimationFrame || function(callback) {
    setTimeout(callback, 17);
  };
  var d3_format_decimalPoint = ".", d3_format_thousandsSeparator = ",", d3_format_grouping = [ 3, 3 ];
  var d3_formatPrefixes = [ "y", "z", "a", "f", "p", "n", "µ", "m", "", "k", "M", "G", "T", "P", "E", "Z", "Y" ].map(d3_formatPrefix);
  d3.formatPrefix = function(value, precision) {
    var i = 0;
    if (value) {
      if (value < 0) value *= -1;
      if (precision) value = d3.round(value, d3_format_precision(value, precision));
      i = 1 + Math.floor(1e-12 + Math.log(value) / Math.LN10);
      i = Math.max(-24, Math.min(24, Math.floor((i <= 0 ? i + 1 : i - 1) / 3) * 3));
    }
    return d3_formatPrefixes[8 + i / 3];
  };
  function d3_formatPrefix(d, i) {
    var k = Math.pow(10, Math.abs(8 - i) * 3);
    return {
      scale: i > 8 ? function(d) {
        return d / k;
      } : function(d) {
        return d * k;
      },
      symbol: d
    };
  }
  d3.round = function(x, n) {
    return n ? Math.round(x * (n = Math.pow(10, n))) / n : Math.round(x);
  };
  d3.format = function(specifier) {
    var match = d3_format_re.exec(specifier), fill = match[1] || " ", align = match[2] || ">", sign = match[3] || "", basePrefix = match[4] || "", zfill = match[5], width = +match[6], comma = match[7], precision = match[8], type = match[9], scale = 1, suffix = "", integer = false;
    if (precision) precision = +precision.substring(1);
    if (zfill || fill === "0" && align === "=") {
      zfill = fill = "0";
      align = "=";
      if (comma) width -= Math.floor((width - 1) / 4);
    }
    switch (type) {
     case "n":
      comma = true;
      type = "g";
      break;

     case "%":
      scale = 100;
      suffix = "%";
      type = "f";
      break;

     case "p":
      scale = 100;
      suffix = "%";
      type = "r";
      break;

     case "b":
     case "o":
     case "x":
     case "X":
      if (basePrefix) basePrefix = "0" + type.toLowerCase();

     case "c":
     case "d":
      integer = true;
      precision = 0;
      break;

     case "s":
      scale = -1;
      type = "r";
      break;
    }
    if (basePrefix === "#") basePrefix = "";
    if (type == "r" && !precision) type = "g";
    if (precision != null) {
      if (type == "g") precision = Math.max(1, Math.min(21, precision)); else if (type == "e" || type == "f") precision = Math.max(0, Math.min(20, precision));
    }
    type = d3_format_types.get(type) || d3_format_typeDefault;
    var zcomma = zfill && comma;
    return function(value) {
      if (integer && value % 1) return "";
      var negative = value < 0 || value === 0 && 1 / value < 0 ? (value = -value, "-") : sign;
      if (scale < 0) {
        var prefix = d3.formatPrefix(value, precision);
        value = prefix.scale(value);
        suffix = prefix.symbol;
      } else {
        value *= scale;
      }
      value = type(value, precision);
      if (!zfill && comma) value = d3_format_group(value);
      var length = basePrefix.length + value.length + (zcomma ? 0 : negative.length), padding = length < width ? new Array(length = width - length + 1).join(fill) : "";
      if (zcomma) value = d3_format_group(padding + value);
      if (d3_format_decimalPoint) value.replace(".", d3_format_decimalPoint);
      negative += basePrefix;
      return (align === "<" ? negative + value + padding : align === ">" ? padding + negative + value : align === "^" ? padding.substring(0, length >>= 1) + negative + value + padding.substring(length) : negative + (zcomma ? value : padding + value)) + suffix;
    };
  };
  var d3_format_re = /(?:([^{])?([<>=^]))?([+\- ])?(#)?(0)?(\d+)?(,)?(\.-?\d+)?([a-z%])?/i;
  var d3_format_types = d3.map({
    b: function(x) {
      return x.toString(2);
    },
    c: function(x) {
      return String.fromCharCode(x);
    },
    o: function(x) {
      return x.toString(8);
    },
    x: function(x) {
      return x.toString(16);
    },
    X: function(x) {
      return x.toString(16).toUpperCase();
    },
    g: function(x, p) {
      return x.toPrecision(p);
    },
    e: function(x, p) {
      return x.toExponential(p);
    },
    f: function(x, p) {
      return x.toFixed(p);
    },
    r: function(x, p) {
      return (x = d3.round(x, d3_format_precision(x, p))).toFixed(Math.max(0, Math.min(20, d3_format_precision(x * (1 + 1e-15), p))));
    }
  });
  function d3_format_precision(x, p) {
    return p - (x ? Math.ceil(Math.log(x) / Math.LN10) : 1);
  }
  function d3_format_typeDefault(x) {
    return x + "";
  }
  var d3_format_group = d3_identity;
  if (d3_format_grouping) {
    var d3_format_groupingLength = d3_format_grouping.length;
    d3_format_group = function(value) {
      var i = value.lastIndexOf("."), f = i >= 0 ? "." + value.substring(i + 1) : (i = value.length, 
      ""), t = [], j = 0, g = d3_format_grouping[0];
      while (i > 0 && g > 0) {
        t.push(value.substring(i -= g, i + g));
        g = d3_format_grouping[j = (j + 1) % d3_format_groupingLength];
      }
      return t.reverse().join(d3_format_thousandsSeparator || "") + f;
    };
  }
  d3.geo = {};
  d3.geo.stream = function(object, listener) {
    if (object && d3_geo_streamObjectType.hasOwnProperty(object.type)) {
      d3_geo_streamObjectType[object.type](object, listener);
    } else {
      d3_geo_streamGeometry(object, listener);
    }
  };
  function d3_geo_streamGeometry(geometry, listener) {
    if (geometry && d3_geo_streamGeometryType.hasOwnProperty(geometry.type)) {
      d3_geo_streamGeometryType[geometry.type](geometry, listener);
    }
  }
  var d3_geo_streamObjectType = {
    Feature: function(feature, listener) {
      d3_geo_streamGeometry(feature.geometry, listener);
    },
    FeatureCollection: function(object, listener) {
      var features = object.features, i = -1, n = features.length;
      while (++i < n) d3_geo_streamGeometry(features[i].geometry, listener);
    }
  };
  var d3_geo_streamGeometryType = {
    Sphere: function(object, listener) {
      listener.sphere();
    },
    Point: function(object, listener) {
      var coordinate = object.coordinates;
      listener.point(coordinate[0], coordinate[1]);
    },
    MultiPoint: function(object, listener) {
      var coordinates = object.coordinates, i = -1, n = coordinates.length, coordinate;
      while (++i < n) coordinate = coordinates[i], listener.point(coordinate[0], coordinate[1]);
    },
    LineString: function(object, listener) {
      d3_geo_streamLine(object.coordinates, listener, 0);
    },
    MultiLineString: function(object, listener) {
      var coordinates = object.coordinates, i = -1, n = coordinates.length;
      while (++i < n) d3_geo_streamLine(coordinates[i], listener, 0);
    },
    Polygon: function(object, listener) {
      d3_geo_streamPolygon(object.coordinates, listener);
    },
    MultiPolygon: function(object, listener) {
      var coordinates = object.coordinates, i = -1, n = coordinates.length;
      while (++i < n) d3_geo_streamPolygon(coordinates[i], listener);
    },
    GeometryCollection: function(object, listener) {
      var geometries = object.geometries, i = -1, n = geometries.length;
      while (++i < n) d3_geo_streamGeometry(geometries[i], listener);
    }
  };
  function d3_geo_streamLine(coordinates, listener, closed) {
    var i = -1, n = coordinates.length - closed, coordinate;
    listener.lineStart();
    while (++i < n) coordinate = coordinates[i], listener.point(coordinate[0], coordinate[1]);
    listener.lineEnd();
  }
  function d3_geo_streamPolygon(coordinates, listener) {
    var i = -1, n = coordinates.length;
    listener.polygonStart();
    while (++i < n) d3_geo_streamLine(coordinates[i], listener, 1);
    listener.polygonEnd();
  }
  d3.geo.area = function(object) {
    d3_geo_areaSum = 0;
    d3.geo.stream(object, d3_geo_area);
    return d3_geo_areaSum;
  };
  var d3_geo_areaSum, d3_geo_areaRingSum;
  var d3_geo_area = {
    sphere: function() {
      d3_geo_areaSum += 4 * π;
    },
    point: d3_noop,
    lineStart: d3_noop,
    lineEnd: d3_noop,
    polygonStart: function() {
      d3_geo_areaRingSum = 0;
      d3_geo_area.lineStart = d3_geo_areaRingStart;
    },
    polygonEnd: function() {
      var area = 2 * d3_geo_areaRingSum;
      d3_geo_areaSum += area < 0 ? 4 * π + area : area;
      d3_geo_area.lineStart = d3_geo_area.lineEnd = d3_geo_area.point = d3_noop;
    }
  };
  function d3_geo_areaRingStart() {
    var λ00, φ00, λ0, cosφ0, sinφ0;
    d3_geo_area.point = function(λ, φ) {
      d3_geo_area.point = nextPoint;
      λ0 = (λ00 = λ) * d3_radians, cosφ0 = Math.cos(φ = (φ00 = φ) * d3_radians / 2 + π / 4), 
      sinφ0 = Math.sin(φ);
    };
    function nextPoint(λ, φ) {
      λ *= d3_radians;
      φ = φ * d3_radians / 2 + π / 4;
      var dλ = λ - λ0, cosφ = Math.cos(φ), sinφ = Math.sin(φ), k = sinφ0 * sinφ, u = cosφ0 * cosφ + k * Math.cos(dλ), v = k * Math.sin(dλ);
      d3_geo_areaRingSum += Math.atan2(v, u);
      λ0 = λ, cosφ0 = cosφ, sinφ0 = sinφ;
    }
    d3_geo_area.lineEnd = function() {
      nextPoint(λ00, φ00);
    };
  }
  function d3_geo_cartesian(spherical) {
    var λ = spherical[0], φ = spherical[1], cosφ = Math.cos(φ);
    return [ cosφ * Math.cos(λ), cosφ * Math.sin(λ), Math.sin(φ) ];
  }
  function d3_geo_cartesianDot(a, b) {
    return a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2];
  }
  function d3_geo_cartesianCross(a, b) {
    return [ a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1], a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2], a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0] ];
  }
  function d3_geo_cartesianAdd(a, b) {
    a[0] += b[0];
    a[1] += b[1];
    a[2] += b[2];
  }
  function d3_geo_cartesianScale(vector, k) {
    return [ vector[0] * k, vector[1] * k, vector[2] * k ];
  }
  function d3_geo_cartesianNormalize(d) {
    var l = Math.sqrt(d[0] * d[0] + d[1] * d[1] + d[2] * d[2]);
    d[0] /= l;
    d[1] /= l;
    d[2] /= l;
  }
  function d3_geo_spherical(cartesian) {
    return [ Math.atan2(cartesian[1], cartesian[0]), Math.asin(Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, cartesian[2]))) ];
  }
  function d3_geo_sphericalEqual(a, b) {
    return Math.abs(a[0] - b[0]) < ε && Math.abs(a[1] - b[1]) < ε;
  }
  d3.geo.bounds = function() {
    var λ0, φ0, λ1, φ1, λ_, λ__, φ__, p0, dλSum, ranges, range;
    var bound = {
      point: point,
      lineStart: lineStart,
      lineEnd: lineEnd,
      polygonStart: function() {
        bound.point = ringPoint;
        bound.lineStart = ringStart;
        bound.lineEnd = ringEnd;
        dλSum = 0;
        d3_geo_area.polygonStart();
      },
      polygonEnd: function() {
        d3_geo_area.polygonEnd();
        bound.point = point;
        bound.lineStart = lineStart;
        bound.lineEnd = lineEnd;
        if (d3_geo_areaRingSum < 0) λ0 = -(λ1 = 180), φ0 = -(φ1 = 90); else if (dλSum > ε) φ1 = 90; else if (dλSum < -ε) φ0 = -90;
        range[0] = λ0, range[1] = λ1;
      }
    };
    function point(λ, φ) {
      ranges.push(range = [ λ0 = λ, λ1 = λ ]);
      if (φ < φ0) φ0 = φ;
      if (φ > φ1) φ1 = φ;
    }
    function linePoint(λ, φ) {
      var p = d3_geo_cartesian([ λ * d3_radians, φ * d3_radians ]);
      if (p0) {
        var normal = d3_geo_cartesianCross(p0, p), equatorial = [ normal[1], -normal[0], 0 ], inflection = d3_geo_cartesianCross(equatorial, normal);
        d3_geo_cartesianNormalize(inflection);
        inflection = d3_geo_spherical(inflection);
        var dλ = λ - λ_, s = dλ > 0 ? 1 : -1, λi = inflection[0] * d3_degrees * s, antimeridian = Math.abs(dλ) > 180;
        if (antimeridian ^ (s * λ_ < λi && λi < s * λ)) {
          var φi = inflection[1] * d3_degrees;
          if (φi > φ1) φ1 = φi;
        } else if (λi = (λi + 360) % 360 - 180, antimeridian ^ (s * λ_ < λi && λi < s * λ)) {
          var φi = -inflection[1] * d3_degrees;
          if (φi < φ0) φ0 = φi;
        } else {
          if (φ < φ0) φ0 = φ;
          if (φ > φ1) φ1 = φ;
        }
        if (antimeridian) {
          if (λ < λ_) {
            if (angle(λ0, λ) > angle(λ0, λ1)) λ1 = λ;
          } else {
            if (angle(λ, λ1) > angle(λ0, λ1)) λ0 = λ;
          }
        } else {
          if (λ1 >= λ0) {
            if (λ < λ0) λ0 = λ;
            if (λ > λ1) λ1 = λ;
          } else {
            if (λ > λ_) {
              if (angle(λ0, λ) > angle(λ0, λ1)) λ1 = λ;
            } else {
              if (angle(λ, λ1) > angle(λ0, λ1)) λ0 = λ;
            }
          }
        }
      } else {
        point(λ, φ);
      }
      p0 = p, λ_ = λ;
    }
    function lineStart() {
      bound.point = linePoint;
    }
    function lineEnd() {
      range[0] = λ0, range[1] = λ1;
      bound.point = point;
      p0 = null;
    }
    function ringPoint(λ, φ) {
      if (p0) {
        var dλ = λ - λ_;
        dλSum += Math.abs(dλ) > 180 ? dλ + (dλ > 0 ? 360 : -360) : dλ;
      } else λ__ = λ, φ__ = φ;
      d3_geo_area.point(λ, φ);
      linePoint(λ, φ);
    }
    function ringStart() {
      d3_geo_area.lineStart();
    }
    function ringEnd() {
      ringPoint(λ__, φ__);
      d3_geo_area.lineEnd();
      if (Math.abs(dλSum) > ε) λ0 = -(λ1 = 180);
      range[0] = λ0, range[1] = λ1;
      p0 = null;
    }
    function angle(λ0, λ1) {
      return (λ1 -= λ0) < 0 ? λ1 + 360 : λ1;
    }
    function compareRanges(a, b) {
      return a[0] - b[0];
    }
    function withinRange(x, range) {
      return range[0] <= range[1] ? range[0] <= x && x <= range[1] : x < range[0] || range[1] < x;
    }
    return function(feature) {
      φ1 = λ1 = -(λ0 = φ0 = Infinity);
      ranges = [];
      d3.geo.stream(feature, bound);
      ranges.sort(compareRanges);
      for (var i = 1, n = ranges.length, a = ranges[0], b, merged = [ a ]; i < n; ++i) {
        b = ranges[i];
        if (withinRange(b[0], a) || withinRange(b[1], a)) {
          if (angle(a[0], b[1]) > angle(a[0], a[1])) a[1] = b[1];
          if (angle(b[0], a[1]) > angle(a[0], a[1])) a[0] = b[0];
        } else {
          merged.push(a = b);
        }
      }
      var best = -Infinity, dλ;
      for (var n = merged.length - 1, i = 0, a = merged[n], b; i <= n; a = b, ++i) {
        b = merged[i];
        if ((dλ = angle(a[1], b[0])) > best) best = dλ, λ0 = b[0], λ1 = a[1];
      }
      ranges = range = null;
      return [ [ λ0, φ0 ], [ λ1, φ1 ] ];
    };
  }();
  d3.geo.centroid = function(object) {
    d3_geo_centroidDimension = d3_geo_centroidW = d3_geo_centroidX = d3_geo_centroidY = d3_geo_centroidZ = 0;
    d3.geo.stream(object, d3_geo_centroid);
    var m;
    if (d3_geo_centroidW && Math.abs(m = Math.sqrt(d3_geo_centroidX * d3_geo_centroidX + d3_geo_centroidY * d3_geo_centroidY + d3_geo_centroidZ * d3_geo_centroidZ)) > ε) {
      return [ Math.atan2(d3_geo_centroidY, d3_geo_centroidX) * d3_degrees, Math.asin(Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, d3_geo_centroidZ / m))) * d3_degrees ];
    }
  };
  var d3_geo_centroidDimension, d3_geo_centroidW, d3_geo_centroidX, d3_geo_centroidY, d3_geo_centroidZ;
  var d3_geo_centroid = {
    sphere: function() {
      if (d3_geo_centroidDimension < 2) {
        d3_geo_centroidDimension = 2;
        d3_geo_centroidW = d3_geo_centroidX = d3_geo_centroidY = d3_geo_centroidZ = 0;
      }
    },
    point: d3_geo_centroidPoint,
    lineStart: d3_geo_centroidLineStart,
    lineEnd: d3_geo_centroidLineEnd,
    polygonStart: function() {
      if (d3_geo_centroidDimension < 2) {
        d3_geo_centroidDimension = 2;
        d3_geo_centroidW = d3_geo_centroidX = d3_geo_centroidY = d3_geo_centroidZ = 0;
      }
      d3_geo_centroid.lineStart = d3_geo_centroidRingStart;
    },
    polygonEnd: function() {
      d3_geo_centroid.lineStart = d3_geo_centroidLineStart;
    }
  };
  function d3_geo_centroidPoint(λ, φ) {
    if (d3_geo_centroidDimension) return;
    ++d3_geo_centroidW;
    λ *= d3_radians;
    var cosφ = Math.cos(φ *= d3_radians);
    d3_geo_centroidX += (cosφ * Math.cos(λ) - d3_geo_centroidX) / d3_geo_centroidW;
    d3_geo_centroidY += (cosφ * Math.sin(λ) - d3_geo_centroidY) / d3_geo_centroidW;
    d3_geo_centroidZ += (Math.sin(φ) - d3_geo_centroidZ) / d3_geo_centroidW;
  }
  function d3_geo_centroidRingStart() {
    var λ00, φ00;
    d3_geo_centroidDimension = 1;
    d3_geo_centroidLineStart();
    d3_geo_centroidDimension = 2;
    var linePoint = d3_geo_centroid.point;
    d3_geo_centroid.point = function(λ, φ) {
      linePoint(λ00 = λ, φ00 = φ);
    };
    d3_geo_centroid.lineEnd = function() {
      d3_geo_centroid.point(λ00, φ00);
      d3_geo_centroidLineEnd();
      d3_geo_centroid.lineEnd = d3_geo_centroidLineEnd;
    };
  }
  function d3_geo_centroidLineStart() {
    var x0, y0, z0;
    if (d3_geo_centroidDimension > 1) return;
    if (d3_geo_centroidDimension < 1) {
      d3_geo_centroidDimension = 1;
      d3_geo_centroidW = d3_geo_centroidX = d3_geo_centroidY = d3_geo_centroidZ = 0;
    }
    d3_geo_centroid.point = function(λ, φ) {
      λ *= d3_radians;
      var cosφ = Math.cos(φ *= d3_radians);
      x0 = cosφ * Math.cos(λ);
      y0 = cosφ * Math.sin(λ);
      z0 = Math.sin(φ);
      d3_geo_centroid.point = nextPoint;
    };
    function nextPoint(λ, φ) {
      λ *= d3_radians;
      var cosφ = Math.cos(φ *= d3_radians), x = cosφ * Math.cos(λ), y = cosφ * Math.sin(λ), z = Math.sin(φ), w = Math.atan2(Math.sqrt((w = y0 * z - z0 * y) * w + (w = z0 * x - x0 * z) * w + (w = x0 * y - y0 * x) * w), x0 * x + y0 * y + z0 * z);
      d3_geo_centroidW += w;
      d3_geo_centroidX += w * (x0 + (x0 = x));
      d3_geo_centroidY += w * (y0 + (y0 = y));
      d3_geo_centroidZ += w * (z0 + (z0 = z));
    }
  }
  function d3_geo_centroidLineEnd() {
    d3_geo_centroid.point = d3_geo_centroidPoint;
  }
  function d3_true() {
    return true;
  }
  function d3_geo_clipPolygon(segments, compare, inside, interpolate, listener) {
    var subject = [], clip = [];
    segments.forEach(function(segment) {
      if ((n = segment.length - 1) <= 0) return;
      var n, p0 = segment[0], p1 = segment[n];
      if (d3_geo_sphericalEqual(p0, p1)) {
        listener.lineStart();
        for (var i = 0; i < n; ++i) listener.point((p0 = segment[i])[0], p0[1]);
        listener.lineEnd();
        return;
      }
      var a = {
        point: p0,
        points: segment,
        other: null,
        visited: false,
        entry: true,
        subject: true
      }, b = {
        point: p0,
        points: [ p0 ],
        other: a,
        visited: false,
        entry: false,
        subject: false
      };
      a.other = b;
      subject.push(a);
      clip.push(b);
      a = {
        point: p1,
        points: [ p1 ],
        other: null,
        visited: false,
        entry: false,
        subject: true
      };
      b = {
        point: p1,
        points: [ p1 ],
        other: a,
        visited: false,
        entry: true,
        subject: false
      };
      a.other = b;
      subject.push(a);
      clip.push(b);
    });
    clip.sort(compare);
    d3_geo_clipPolygonLinkCircular(subject);
    d3_geo_clipPolygonLinkCircular(clip);
    if (!subject.length) return;
    if (inside) for (var i = 1, e = !inside(clip[0].point), n = clip.length; i < n; ++i) {
      clip[i].entry = e = !e;
    }
    var start = subject[0], current, points, point;
    while (1) {
      current = start;
      while (current.visited) if ((current = current.next) === start) return;
      points = current.points;
      listener.lineStart();
      do {
        current.visited = current.other.visited = true;
        if (current.entry) {
          if (current.subject) {
            for (var i = 0; i < points.length; i++) listener.point((point = points[i])[0], point[1]);
          } else {
            interpolate(current.point, current.next.point, 1, listener);
          }
          current = current.next;
        } else {
          if (current.subject) {
            points = current.prev.points;
            for (var i = points.length; --i >= 0; ) listener.point((point = points[i])[0], point[1]);
          } else {
            interpolate(current.point, current.prev.point, -1, listener);
          }
          current = current.prev;
        }
        current = current.other;
        points = current.points;
      } while (!current.visited);
      listener.lineEnd();
    }
  }
  function d3_geo_clipPolygonLinkCircular(array) {
    if (!(n = array.length)) return;
    var n, i = 0, a = array[0], b;
    while (++i < n) {
      a.next = b = array[i];
      b.prev = a;
      a = b;
    }
    a.next = b = array[0];
    b.prev = a;
  }
  function d3_geo_clip(pointVisible, clipLine, interpolate) {
    return function(listener) {
      var line = clipLine(listener);
      var clip = {
        point: point,
        lineStart: lineStart,
        lineEnd: lineEnd,
        polygonStart: function() {
          clip.point = pointRing;
          clip.lineStart = ringStart;
          clip.lineEnd = ringEnd;
          invisible = false;
          invisibleArea = visibleArea = 0;
          segments = [];
          listener.polygonStart();
        },
        polygonEnd: function() {
          clip.point = point;
          clip.lineStart = lineStart;
          clip.lineEnd = lineEnd;
          segments = d3.merge(segments);
          if (segments.length) {
            d3_geo_clipPolygon(segments, d3_geo_clipSort, null, interpolate, listener);
          } else if (visibleArea < -ε || invisible && invisibleArea < -ε) {
            listener.lineStart();
            interpolate(null, null, 1, listener);
            listener.lineEnd();
          }
          listener.polygonEnd();
          segments = null;
        },
        sphere: function() {
          listener.polygonStart();
          listener.lineStart();
          interpolate(null, null, 1, listener);
          listener.lineEnd();
          listener.polygonEnd();
        }
      };
      function point(λ, φ) {
        if (pointVisible(λ, φ)) listener.point(λ, φ);
      }
      function pointLine(λ, φ) {
        line.point(λ, φ);
      }
      function lineStart() {
        clip.point = pointLine;
        line.lineStart();
      }
      function lineEnd() {
        clip.point = point;
        line.lineEnd();
      }
      var segments, visibleArea, invisibleArea, invisible;
      var buffer = d3_geo_clipBufferListener(), ringListener = clipLine(buffer), ring;
      function pointRing(λ, φ) {
        ringListener.point(λ, φ);
        ring.push([ λ, φ ]);
      }
      function ringStart() {
        ringListener.lineStart();
        ring = [];
      }
      function ringEnd() {
        pointRing(ring[0][0], ring[0][1]);
        ringListener.lineEnd();
        var clean = ringListener.clean(), ringSegments = buffer.buffer(), segment, n = ringSegments.length;
        if (!n) {
          invisible = true;
          invisibleArea += d3_geo_clipAreaRing(ring, -1);
          ring = null;
          return;
        }
        ring = null;
        if (clean & 1) {
          segment = ringSegments[0];
          visibleArea += d3_geo_clipAreaRing(segment, 1);
          var n = segment.length - 1, i = -1, point;
          listener.lineStart();
          while (++i < n) listener.point((point = segment[i])[0], point[1]);
          listener.lineEnd();
          return;
        }
        if (n > 1 && clean & 2) ringSegments.push(ringSegments.pop().concat(ringSegments.shift()));
        segments.push(ringSegments.filter(d3_geo_clipSegmentLength1));
      }
      return clip;
    };
  }
  function d3_geo_clipSegmentLength1(segment) {
    return segment.length > 1;
  }
  function d3_geo_clipBufferListener() {
    var lines = [], line;
    return {
      lineStart: function() {
        lines.push(line = []);
      },
      point: function(λ, φ) {
        line.push([ λ, φ ]);
      },
      lineEnd: d3_noop,
      buffer: function() {
        var buffer = lines;
        lines = [];
        line = null;
        return buffer;
      },
      rejoin: function() {
        if (lines.length > 1) lines.push(lines.pop().concat(lines.shift()));
      }
    };
  }
  function d3_geo_clipAreaRing(ring, invisible) {
    if (!(n = ring.length)) return 0;
    var n, i = 0, area = 0, p = ring[0], λ = p[0], φ = p[1], cosφ = Math.cos(φ), x0 = Math.atan2(invisible * Math.sin(λ) * cosφ, Math.sin(φ)), y0 = 1 - invisible * Math.cos(λ) * cosφ, x1 = x0, x, y;
    while (++i < n) {
      p = ring[i];
      cosφ = Math.cos(φ = p[1]);
      x = Math.atan2(invisible * Math.sin(λ = p[0]) * cosφ, Math.sin(φ));
      y = 1 - invisible * Math.cos(λ) * cosφ;
      if (Math.abs(y0 - 2) < ε && Math.abs(y - 2) < ε) continue;
      if (Math.abs(y) < ε || Math.abs(y0) < ε) {} else if (Math.abs(Math.abs(x - x0) - π) < ε) {
        if (y + y0 > 2) area += 4 * (x - x0);
      } else if (Math.abs(y0 - 2) < ε) area += 4 * (x - x1); else area += ((3 * π + x - x0) % (2 * π) - π) * (y0 + y);
      x1 = x0, x0 = x, y0 = y;
    }
    return area;
  }
  function d3_geo_clipSort(a, b) {
    return ((a = a.point)[0] < 0 ? a[1] - π / 2 - ε : π / 2 - a[1]) - ((b = b.point)[0] < 0 ? b[1] - π / 2 - ε : π / 2 - b[1]);
  }
  var d3_geo_clipAntimeridian = d3_geo_clip(d3_true, d3_geo_clipAntimeridianLine, d3_geo_clipAntimeridianInterpolate);
  function d3_geo_clipAntimeridianLine(listener) {
    var λ0 = NaN, φ0 = NaN, sλ0 = NaN, clean;
    return {
      lineStart: function() {
        listener.lineStart();
        clean = 1;
      },
      point: function(λ1, φ1) {
        var sλ1 = λ1 > 0 ? π : -π, dλ = Math.abs(λ1 - λ0);
        if (Math.abs(dλ - π) < ε) {
          listener.point(λ0, φ0 = (φ0 + φ1) / 2 > 0 ? π / 2 : -π / 2);
          listener.point(sλ0, φ0);
          listener.lineEnd();
          listener.lineStart();
          listener.point(sλ1, φ0);
          listener.point(λ1, φ0);
          clean = 0;
        } else if (sλ0 !== sλ1 && dλ >= π) {
          if (Math.abs(λ0 - sλ0) < ε) λ0 -= sλ0 * ε;
          if (Math.abs(λ1 - sλ1) < ε) λ1 -= sλ1 * ε;
          φ0 = d3_geo_clipAntimeridianIntersect(λ0, φ0, λ1, φ1);
          listener.point(sλ0, φ0);
          listener.lineEnd();
          listener.lineStart();
          listener.point(sλ1, φ0);
          clean = 0;
        }
        listener.point(λ0 = λ1, φ0 = φ1);
        sλ0 = sλ1;
      },
      lineEnd: function() {
        listener.lineEnd();
        λ0 = φ0 = NaN;
      },
      clean: function() {
        return 2 - clean;
      }
    };
  }
  function d3_geo_clipAntimeridianIntersect(λ0, φ0, λ1, φ1) {
    var cosφ0, cosφ1, sinλ0_λ1 = Math.sin(λ0 - λ1);
    return Math.abs(sinλ0_λ1) > ε ? Math.atan((Math.sin(φ0) * (cosφ1 = Math.cos(φ1)) * Math.sin(λ1) - Math.sin(φ1) * (cosφ0 = Math.cos(φ0)) * Math.sin(λ0)) / (cosφ0 * cosφ1 * sinλ0_λ1)) : (φ0 + φ1) / 2;
  }
  function d3_geo_clipAntimeridianInterpolate(from, to, direction, listener) {
    var φ;
    if (from == null) {
      φ = direction * π / 2;
      listener.point(-π, φ);
      listener.point(0, φ);
      listener.point(π, φ);
      listener.point(π, 0);
      listener.point(π, -φ);
      listener.point(0, -φ);
      listener.point(-π, -φ);
      listener.point(-π, 0);
      listener.point(-π, φ);
    } else if (Math.abs(from[0] - to[0]) > ε) {
      var s = (from[0] < to[0] ? 1 : -1) * π;
      φ = direction * s / 2;
      listener.point(-s, φ);
      listener.point(0, φ);
      listener.point(s, φ);
    } else {
      listener.point(to[0], to[1]);
    }
  }
  function d3_geo_clipCircle(radius) {
    var cr = Math.cos(radius), smallRadius = cr > 0, notHemisphere = Math.abs(cr) > ε, interpolate = d3_geo_circleInterpolate(radius, 6 * d3_radians);
    return d3_geo_clip(visible, clipLine, interpolate);
    function visible(λ, φ) {
      return Math.cos(λ) * Math.cos(φ) > cr;
    }
    function clipLine(listener) {
      var point0, c0, v0, v00, clean;
      return {
        lineStart: function() {
          v00 = v0 = false;
          clean = 1;
        },
        point: function(λ, φ) {
          var point1 = [ λ, φ ], point2, v = visible(λ, φ), c = smallRadius ? v ? 0 : code(λ, φ) : v ? code(λ + (λ < 0 ? π : -π), φ) : 0;
          if (!point0 && (v00 = v0 = v)) listener.lineStart();
          if (v !== v0) {
            point2 = intersect(point0, point1);
            if (d3_geo_sphericalEqual(point0, point2) || d3_geo_sphericalEqual(point1, point2)) {
              point1[0] += ε;
              point1[1] += ε;
              v = visible(point1[0], point1[1]);
            }
          }
          if (v !== v0) {
            clean = 0;
            if (v) {
              listener.lineStart();
              point2 = intersect(point1, point0);
              listener.point(point2[0], point2[1]);
            } else {
              point2 = intersect(point0, point1);
              listener.point(point2[0], point2[1]);
              listener.lineEnd();
            }
            point0 = point2;
          } else if (notHemisphere && point0 && smallRadius ^ v) {
            var t;
            if (!(c & c0) && (t = intersect(point1, point0, true))) {
              clean = 0;
              if (smallRadius) {
                listener.lineStart();
                listener.point(t[0][0], t[0][1]);
                listener.point(t[1][0], t[1][1]);
                listener.lineEnd();
              } else {
                listener.point(t[1][0], t[1][1]);
                listener.lineEnd();
                listener.lineStart();
                listener.point(t[0][0], t[0][1]);
              }
            }
          }
          if (v && (!point0 || !d3_geo_sphericalEqual(point0, point1))) {
            listener.point(point1[0], point1[1]);
          }
          point0 = point1, v0 = v, c0 = c;
        },
        lineEnd: function() {
          if (v0) listener.lineEnd();
          point0 = null;
        },
        clean: function() {
          return clean | (v00 && v0) << 1;
        }
      };
    }
    function intersect(a, b, two) {
      var pa = d3_geo_cartesian(a), pb = d3_geo_cartesian(b);
      var n1 = [ 1, 0, 0 ], n2 = d3_geo_cartesianCross(pa, pb), n2n2 = d3_geo_cartesianDot(n2, n2), n1n2 = n2[0], determinant = n2n2 - n1n2 * n1n2;
      if (!determinant) return !two && a;
      var c1 = cr * n2n2 / determinant, c2 = -cr * n1n2 / determinant, n1xn2 = d3_geo_cartesianCross(n1, n2), A = d3_geo_cartesianScale(n1, c1), B = d3_geo_cartesianScale(n2, c2);
      d3_geo_cartesianAdd(A, B);
      var u = n1xn2, w = d3_geo_cartesianDot(A, u), uu = d3_geo_cartesianDot(u, u), t2 = w * w - uu * (d3_geo_cartesianDot(A, A) - 1);
      if (t2 < 0) return;
      var t = Math.sqrt(t2), q = d3_geo_cartesianScale(u, (-w - t) / uu);
      d3_geo_cartesianAdd(q, A);
      q = d3_geo_spherical(q);
      if (!two) return q;
      var λ0 = a[0], λ1 = b[0], φ0 = a[1], φ1 = b[1], z;
      if (λ1 < λ0) z = λ0, λ0 = λ1, λ1 = z;
      var δλ = λ1 - λ0, polar = Math.abs(δλ - π) < ε, meridian = polar || δλ < ε;
      if (!polar && φ1 < φ0) z = φ0, φ0 = φ1, φ1 = z;
      if (meridian ? polar ? φ0 + φ1 > 0 ^ q[1] < (Math.abs(q[0] - λ0) < ε ? φ0 : φ1) : φ0 <= q[1] && q[1] <= φ1 : δλ > π ^ (λ0 <= q[0] && q[0] <= λ1)) {
        var q1 = d3_geo_cartesianScale(u, (-w + t) / uu);
        d3_geo_cartesianAdd(q1, A);
        return [ q, d3_geo_spherical(q1) ];
      }
    }
    function code(λ, φ) {
      var r = smallRadius ? radius : π - radius, code = 0;
      if (λ < -r) code |= 1; else if (λ > r) code |= 2;
      if (φ < -r) code |= 4; else if (φ > r) code |= 8;
      return code;
    }
  }
  var d3_geo_clipViewMAX = 1e9;
  function d3_geo_clipView(x0, y0, x1, y1) {
    return function(listener) {
      var listener_ = listener, bufferListener = d3_geo_clipBufferListener(), segments, polygon, ring;
      var clip = {
        point: point,
        lineStart: lineStart,
        lineEnd: lineEnd,
        polygonStart: function() {
          listener = bufferListener;
          segments = [];
          polygon = [];
        },
        polygonEnd: function() {
          listener = listener_;
          if ((segments = d3.merge(segments)).length) {
            listener.polygonStart();
            d3_geo_clipPolygon(segments, compare, inside, interpolate, listener);
            listener.polygonEnd();
          } else if (insidePolygon([ x0, y0 ])) {
            listener.polygonStart(), listener.lineStart();
            interpolate(null, null, 1, listener);
            listener.lineEnd(), listener.polygonEnd();
          }
          segments = polygon = ring = null;
        }
      };
      function inside(point) {
        var a = corner(point, -1), i = insidePolygon([ a === 0 || a === 3 ? x0 : x1, a > 1 ? y1 : y0 ]);
        return i;
      }
      function insidePolygon(p) {
        var wn = 0, n = polygon.length, y = p[1];
        for (var i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
          for (var j = 1, v = polygon[i], m = v.length, a = v[0]; j < m; ++j) {
            b = v[j];
            if (a[1] <= y) {
              if (b[1] > y && isLeft(a, b, p) > 0) ++wn;
            } else {
              if (b[1] <= y && isLeft(a, b, p) < 0) --wn;
            }
            a = b;
          }
        }
        return wn !== 0;
      }
      function isLeft(a, b, c) {
        return (b[0] - a[0]) * (c[1] - a[1]) - (c[0] - a[0]) * (b[1] - a[1]);
      }
      function interpolate(from, to, direction, listener) {
        var a = 0, a1 = 0;
        if (from == null || (a = corner(from, direction)) !== (a1 = corner(to, direction)) || comparePoints(from, to) < 0 ^ direction > 0) {
          do {
            listener.point(a === 0 || a === 3 ? x0 : x1, a > 1 ? y1 : y0);
          } while ((a = (a + direction + 4) % 4) !== a1);
        } else {
          listener.point(to[0], to[1]);
        }
      }
      function visible(x, y) {
        return x0 <= x && x <= x1 && y0 <= y && y <= y1;
      }
      function point(x, y) {
        if (visible(x, y)) listener.point(x, y);
      }
      var x__, y__, v__, x_, y_, v_, first;
      function lineStart() {
        clip.point = linePoint;
        if (polygon) polygon.push(ring = []);
        first = true;
        v_ = false;
        x_ = y_ = NaN;
      }
      function lineEnd() {
        if (segments) {
          linePoint(x__, y__);
          if (v__ && v_) bufferListener.rejoin();
          segments.push(bufferListener.buffer());
        }
        clip.point = point;
        if (v_) listener.lineEnd();
      }
      function linePoint(x, y) {
        x = Math.max(-d3_geo_clipViewMAX, Math.min(d3_geo_clipViewMAX, x));
        y = Math.max(-d3_geo_clipViewMAX, Math.min(d3_geo_clipViewMAX, y));
        var v = visible(x, y);
        if (polygon) ring.push([ x, y ]);
        if (first) {
          x__ = x, y__ = y, v__ = v;
          first = false;
          if (v) {
            listener.lineStart();
            listener.point(x, y);
          }
        } else {
          if (v && v_) listener.point(x, y); else {
            var a = [ x_, y_ ], b = [ x, y ];
            if (clipLine(a, b)) {
              if (!v_) {
                listener.lineStart();
                listener.point(a[0], a[1]);
              }
              listener.point(b[0], b[1]);
              if (!v) listener.lineEnd();
            } else if (v) {
              listener.lineStart();
              listener.point(x, y);
            }
          }
        }
        x_ = x, y_ = y, v_ = v;
      }
      return clip;
    };
    function corner(p, direction) {
      return Math.abs(p[0] - x0) < ε ? direction > 0 ? 0 : 3 : Math.abs(p[0] - x1) < ε ? direction > 0 ? 2 : 1 : Math.abs(p[1] - y0) < ε ? direction > 0 ? 1 : 0 : direction > 0 ? 3 : 2;
    }
    function compare(a, b) {
      return comparePoints(a.point, b.point);
    }
    function comparePoints(a, b) {
      var ca = corner(a, 1), cb = corner(b, 1);
      return ca !== cb ? ca - cb : ca === 0 ? b[1] - a[1] : ca === 1 ? a[0] - b[0] : ca === 2 ? a[1] - b[1] : b[0] - a[0];
    }
    function clipLine(a, b) {
      var dx = b[0] - a[0], dy = b[1] - a[1], t = [ 0, 1 ];
      if (Math.abs(dx) < ε && Math.abs(dy) < ε) return x0 <= a[0] && a[0] <= x1 && y0 <= a[1] && a[1] <= y1;
      if (d3_geo_clipViewT(x0 - a[0], dx, t) && d3_geo_clipViewT(a[0] - x1, -dx, t) && d3_geo_clipViewT(y0 - a[1], dy, t) && d3_geo_clipViewT(a[1] - y1, -dy, t)) {
        if (t[1] < 1) {
          b[0] = a[0] + t[1] * dx;
          b[1] = a[1] + t[1] * dy;
        }
        if (t[0] > 0) {
          a[0] += t[0] * dx;
          a[1] += t[0] * dy;
        }
        return true;
      }
      return false;
    }
  }
  function d3_geo_clipViewT(num, denominator, t) {
    if (Math.abs(denominator) < ε) return num <= 0;
    var u = num / denominator;
    if (denominator > 0) {
      if (u > t[1]) return false;
      if (u > t[0]) t[0] = u;
    } else {
      if (u < t[0]) return false;
      if (u < t[1]) t[1] = u;
    }
    return true;
  }
  function d3_geo_compose(a, b) {
    function compose(x, y) {
      return x = a(x, y), b(x[0], x[1]);
    }
    if (a.invert && b.invert) compose.invert = function(x, y) {
      return x = b.invert(x, y), x && a.invert(x[0], x[1]);
    };
    return compose;
  }
  function d3_geo_resample(project) {
    var δ2 = .5, maxDepth = 16;
    function resample(stream) {
      var λ0, x0, y0, a0, b0, c0;
      var resample = {
        point: point,
        lineStart: lineStart,
        lineEnd: lineEnd,
        polygonStart: function() {
          stream.polygonStart();
          resample.lineStart = polygonLineStart;
        },
        polygonEnd: function() {
          stream.polygonEnd();
          resample.lineStart = lineStart;
        }
      };
      function point(x, y) {
        x = project(x, y);
        stream.point(x[0], x[1]);
      }
      function lineStart() {
        x0 = NaN;
        resample.point = linePoint;
        stream.lineStart();
      }
      function linePoint(λ, φ) {
        var c = d3_geo_cartesian([ λ, φ ]), p = project(λ, φ);
        resampleLineTo(x0, y0, λ0, a0, b0, c0, x0 = p[0], y0 = p[1], λ0 = λ, a0 = c[0], b0 = c[1], c0 = c[2], maxDepth, stream);
        stream.point(x0, y0);
      }
      function lineEnd() {
        resample.point = point;
        stream.lineEnd();
      }
      function polygonLineStart() {
        var λ00, φ00, x00, y00, a00, b00, c00;
        lineStart();
        resample.point = function(λ, φ) {
          linePoint(λ00 = λ, φ00 = φ), x00 = x0, y00 = y0, a00 = a0, b00 = b0, c00 = c0;
          resample.point = linePoint;
        };
        resample.lineEnd = function() {
          resampleLineTo(x0, y0, λ0, a0, b0, c0, x00, y00, λ00, a00, b00, c00, maxDepth, stream);
          resample.lineEnd = lineEnd;
          lineEnd();
        };
      }
      return resample;
    }
    function resampleLineTo(x0, y0, λ0, a0, b0, c0, x1, y1, λ1, a1, b1, c1, depth, stream) {
      var dx = x1 - x0, dy = y1 - y0, d2 = dx * dx + dy * dy;
      if (d2 > 4 * δ2 && depth--) {
        var a = a0 + a1, b = b0 + b1, c = c0 + c1, m = Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b + c * c), φ2 = Math.asin(c /= m), λ2 = Math.abs(Math.abs(c) - 1) < ε ? (λ0 + λ1) / 2 : Math.atan2(b, a), p = project(λ2, φ2), x2 = p[0], y2 = p[1], dx2 = x2 - x0, dy2 = y2 - y0, dz = dy * dx2 - dx * dy2;
        if (dz * dz / d2 > δ2 || Math.abs((dx * dx2 + dy * dy2) / d2 - .5) > .3) {
          resampleLineTo(x0, y0, λ0, a0, b0, c0, x2, y2, λ2, a /= m, b /= m, c, depth, stream);
          stream.point(x2, y2);
          resampleLineTo(x2, y2, λ2, a, b, c, x1, y1, λ1, a1, b1, c1, depth, stream);
        }
      }
    }
    resample.precision = function(_) {
      if (!arguments.length) return Math.sqrt(δ2);
      maxDepth = (δ2 = _ * _) > 0 && 16;
      return resample;
    };
    return resample;
  }
  d3.geo.projection = d3_geo_projection;
  d3.geo.projectionMutator = d3_geo_projectionMutator;
  fun