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# | |
# Unit defintions | |
# 18 May 2001 M-J. Dominus (mjd-perl-units+@plover.com). | |
# This file is in the PUBLIC DOMAIN. | |
# All rights abandoned. | |
# | |
# If you discover definitions of units that do not appear in this | |
# file, you are invited to mail them to mjd-perl-units+@plover.com, so | |
# that I can include them in a future version. Please include the | |
# date of this file, 18 May 2001, with all such submissions. | |
# If a unit is defined as `***', that means | |
# it has no definition because it is a fundamental unit. | |
# Fundamental units: | |
# Seven instrinsic SI units: | |
gram *** | |
meter *** | |
second *** | |
ampere *** | |
candela *** | |
Kelvin *** | |
mole *** | |
# Two supplementary units | |
radian *** | |
steradian *** | |
# Some miscellany | |
dollar *** | |
bit *** | |
sheet *** # Of paper | |
turn *** # Of coiled wire | |
# DIMENSIONLESS | |
pi 3.1415926535897932386 | |
two 2 | |
half 1|2 | |
e 2.718281828459045 # Why did I put this in? Oh, I don't know. | |
Neper 1 # Unit of logarithmic ratio | |
Np Neper | |
# Would it be better to make this a fundamental unit? | |
bel .868588963 Np # 2/ln(10) actually | |
B bel | |
dB decibel | |
# LENGTH | |
m meter | |
km kilometer | |
cm centimeter | |
mm millimeter | |
micron micrometer | |
inch 2.54 cm # This is the official definition and is exact | |
in inch | |
inches inch # plural | |
foot 12 inch | |
ft foot | |
feet foot | |
yard 3 feet | |
yd yard | |
mile 5280 feet | |
mi mile | |
nautical 1.151 # For `nautical mile' | |
parsec 1.91615e13 mi | |
# light year will be implied by `year' and `light' below | |
fathom 6 ft | |
cable 120 fathoms | |
league 3 mi | |
bolt 25 yd # Of cloth; bolt length varies from bolt to bolt | |
# 25 yd is typical | |
cubit 18 in | |
ell 45 in # More or less standard, although other ells | |
# have also been used. | |
hand 4 in | |
palm 3 in | |
span 9 in | |
pace 2.5ft | |
astronomicalunit 92.9 megamiles # Is this exact? | |
au astronomicalunit | |
rope 20 ft | |
skein 360 feet | |
# Sysadmin | |
rackunit 1.75 inch | |
U rackunit | |
# Surveyor's | |
furlong 1|8 mi | |
chain 1|10 furlong | |
rod 1|4 chain | |
link 1|100 chain | |
# Typographic | |
point .013837 in | |
pt point | |
bigpoint 1|72 in | |
pica 12 pt | |
didot 1238|1157 pt | |
dd didot | |
cicero 12dd # TeX likes to abbreviate this to cc, but cc is cubic centimeter | |
scaledpoint 1|65536 pt # Internal to TeX | |
sp scaledpoint | |
# AREA | |
are (10 m)2 # Implies `hectare' | |
acre chain furlong # Now you know why an acre is the size it is | |
rood 1|4 acre | |
township 36 mi2 # Who uses these? | |
barn (1.0E-12 centimeter)2 # Particle physics | |
board 144 in3/ft # Implies `board feet' | |
# VOLUME | |
cc cm3 | |
liter (decimeter)3 | |
ml milliliter | |
stere m3 | |
floz 29.573 ml # `floz' means `fluid ounce', which is different | |
# from `ounce', which is a measurement of mass. | |
# See `pound' below for more details. | |
fldram 1|8 floz | |
minim 1|60 fldram | |
cup 8 floz | |
cu cup | |
gill 1|2 cup | |
pint two cups | |
quart two pints | |
pottle two quarts # Yup! | |
gallon two pottles | |
qt quart | |
gal gallon | |
tablespoon 1|2 floz | |
tbsp tablespoon | |
teaspoon 1|3 tbsp | |
tsp teaspoon | |
cordfoot 16 ft2 # NOT the same as `cord foot'. | |
cordfeet cordfoot | |
cord 8 cordfeet | |
# Barrels are complicated. `Barrel' here means `U.S. liquid barrel'. | |
barrel 31.5 gal | |
bbl barrel | |
hogshead two barrels | |
butt two hogsheads | |
tun two butts | |
firkin 9 gal # American firkin, not British firkin | |
perch 24.75 ft3 # Masonry | |
puncheon 84 gal | |
# Following units contributed 20011217 Thomas R Wyant III | |
fifth 1|5 gallon | |
magnum 2.5 fifth | |
jeroboam 4 fifth | |
rehoboam 7.5 fifth | |
methuselah 10 fifth | |
shalmanazar 14 fifth | |
balthazar 20 fifth | |
nebuchadnezzar 25 fifth | |
# Delightful British liquid volumes; they all begin with `brit'. | |
britfloz 28.41225 ml | |
britminim 1|480 britfloz | |
britdrachm 1|8 britfloz | |
drachm britdrachm # U.S. drachm is spelled `dram'. | |
britgill 5 britfloz # five, NOT four. | |
britnoggin britgill | |
noggin britnoggin # Yeah, as though anyone else would have a `noggin.' | |
britpint 4 britgill | |
britpt britpint | |
britquart 2 britpint | |
britqt britquart | |
britgallon 4 britquart | |
britgal britgallon | |
britpeck 2 britgal | |
britfirkin 9 britgal | |
britkilderkin two britfirkins | |
kilderkin britkilderkin # kilderkin is British only | |
britbucket 4 britgal # That's `britbucket,' not `bit bucket'. | |
bucket britbucket # Buckets are brit only. | |
britlast 2909.414 liters | |
last britlast | |
# Dry volume | |
dry 1.164904862579 # For `dry pint,' `dry quart,' etc. | |
peck 8 dry quarts | |
bushel 4 pecks | |
bu bushel | |
seam 8bu | |
bag 3bu | |
imperial 1.201 # For `imperial pint,' etc. | |
# MASS (also WEIGHT) | |
# | |
# To avoid confusing the end user, we will pretend that `pound' is | |
# a unit of mass, interconvertible with `grams'. If you want | |
# pounds of force, see `lbf,' below. In this section, `pound' | |
# really means `mass of an object that weighs one-pound at the surface | |
# of the Earth.' That is, in this program, `slug' has its usual | |
# meaning, and `pound' is synonymous aith `slug'. | |
g gram | |
kg kilogram | |
metricton kilokilogram | |
tonne metricton | |
mg milligram | |
grain 64.79891 mg | |
ounce 437.5 grains | |
oz ounce | |
pound 16 oz | |
lb pound | |
slug lb | |
hundredweight 112 lb # This is the `long' hundredweight, analagous to | |
# the long ton. There is also a `short' hundredwight, | |
# but it's just a hectlb, so I put this one in instead. | |
cwt hundredweight | |
quarter 5 cwts | |
longton 20 cwt | |
ton longton | |
short 100|112 # Convert long tons, cwts, and quarters to short. | |
shortton short ton | |
stone 14 lb | |
cental 100 lb | |
wey 252 lb | |
# Obscure apothecaries' measures | |
scruple 20 grains | |
dram 3 scruples | |
apothounce 480 grains | |
apothoz apothounce | |
apothpound 12 apothoz | |
apothlb apothpound | |
# Troy measures (for gold and precious stones) | |
pennyweight 24 grains | |
troyoz 480 grains # We can't define `troy' as a constant, | |
# because there are 16 oz in a lb, but only | |
# 12 troyoz in a troylb, so at least one of | |
# `troy oz' or `troy lb' would be wrong. | |
troylb 12 troyoz | |
carat 3.08647 grain # Metric version. Is this useful? | |
atomicmassunit 1.6605402e-27 kg # NIST 19990301 (+/- 0.10e-33 kg) | |
amu atomicmassunit | |
quintal 100kg # Metric quintal. Wasn't there another quintal? | |
elvis 255lb # At the time of his death, the King weighed 255 lb. | |
# TIME | |
sec second | |
s second | |
minute 60 sec | |
min minute | |
hour 60 min | |
hr hour | |
day 24 hrs | |
dy day # This will denote mean solar days | |
siderealday 0.99726957 dys | |
week 7 days | |
wk week | |
month 30 days | |
lunarmonth 29.530588 days # Mean solar days | |
meanmonth 730 hours | |
mo month | |
tropicalyear 365.24219 dys # Mean solar days | |
siderealyear 365.25636 dys # Mean solar days | |
leapyear 366 dys # Mean solar days | |
calendaryear 365 dys # Mean solar days | |
gregorianyear 365.2425 dys | |
year tropicalyear # Correct on average for most calculations | |
yr years | |
fortnight two weeks | |
decade 10 years | |
century 100 years | |
millennium 1000 years | |
millennia millennium | |
centuries century | |
beat 1|1000 day # Swatch Internet Time (``Fuck the Sun'') | |
# Velocity | |
knot 1 nautical mi/hour | |
mph 1 mi/hr | |
# SCIENTIFIC | |
# | |
# Electromagnetic items, work, force, energy. | |
# | |
# Velocity | |
c 299792458 m/s # NIST 19990301 EXACT | |
light c # Implies `light year' | |
# Absolute temperature | |
kelvin Kelvin | |
K Kelvin | |
Rankine 5|9 K # This is a very funny unit | |
Ra Rankine | |
# Amount of substance | |
mol mole | |
Avogadro 6.0221367e23 | |
avogadro Avogadro | |
molecule 1 mole per Avogadro # 1 mole is an Avogagro-number of molecules | |
# Current | |
# The Ampere is fundamental here, defined as the constant current | |
# which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite | |
# length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1m apart in | |
# vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2e-7 | |
# newtons per meter of length. | |
Ampere ampere | |
amp ampere | |
abampere 10 amps | |
abamp abampere | |
statampere 3.335635e-11 abamperes | |
statamp statampere | |
# What is this called? Is it capitalized? Is there an abbreviation? | |
gilbert 0.79577472 ampere turns | |
# Electrostatic charge | |
Coulomb ampere sec | |
coulomb Coulomb | |
coul Coulomb | |
C Coulomb | |
electron 1.60217733e-19 C # Charge on the electron; implies electron-volts | |
e electron | |
abcoulomb 10C | |
statcoulomb 3.335635e-11 abcoulomb | |
# Force | |
Newton kg m/s2 | |
newton Newton | |
N newton | |
dyne g cm/s2 | |
grav 9.8 m/s2 # Acceleration due to gravity | |
gee grav | |
# Actually the accleration varies with altitude and latitude, | |
# from 9.78039 m/s2 at the equator to 9.83217 m/s2 at the poles. | |
# This mean value corresponds to a latitude of about 38 degrees. | |
lbf lb grav | |
# Pressure | |
Pascal N/m2 | |
pascal Pascal | |
Pa pascal | |
atmosphere 101325 N/m2 # NIST 20010518 EXACT | |
atm atmosphere | |
bar megadyne/cm2 # Implies `millibars' | |
mercury 1|760 atm/mm # Implies `mm mercury' and `inches mercury' | |
hg mercury | |
torricelli mm hg | |
torr torricelli | |
water .0295 atm/ft # Implies `feet water' | |
barye dyne/cm2 | |
air 6.6083e-5 atm/foot # At 60 deg.F; Implies `feet air' | |
# Work and energy | |
Joule newton-meter | |
joule Joule | |
J joule | |
footpound ft-lbf # foot-pound won't work, because `pound' is a mass | |
calorie 4.186 J | |
cal calorie | |
kcal kilocalorie | |
britishthermalunit 1054.8 J | |
btu britishthermalunit | |
erg dyne-cm | |
# Kilowatt-hour (kWh) will be implied by `Watt'. | |
# Power | |
Watt J/sec | |
watt Watt | |
W Watt | |
horsepower 550 ft-lbf/s | |
# Electric potential | |
Volt W/amp | |
volt Volt | |
V Volt | |
abvolt 1|100 microvolt | |
statvolt 2.997930e10 V | |
# Frequency | |
cycle 1 # For `cycles per second' | |
Hertz cycles per second | |
Hz Hertz | |
hz Hz | |
# Inductance | |
Henry volt s/amp | |
henry Henry | |
H Henry | |
abhenry 1.0e-9 henry | |
Henries Henry # For plural | |
henries Henry | |
stathenry 8.987584e11 henries | |
stathenries stathenry | |
# Etc. | |
Weber volt s | |
weber Weber | |
Wb weber | |
Tesla Wb/m2 | |
tesla Tesla | |
T tesla | |
Oersted 1|4 pi kiloamp/m | |
oersted Oersted | |
Oe oersted | |
Maxwell 1.0e-8 Wb | |
maxwell Maxwell | |
Mx Maxwell | |
Gauss 1.0e-4 T | |
gauss Gauss | |
# We won't use G for Gauss because it is more important to | |
# use it for the universal gravitational constant | |
# Capacitance | |
# `farad' is *not* an abbreviation for `Faraday' as far as I can tell. | |
farad amp sec / volt | |
F farad | |
abfarad 1.0e9 farad | |
statfarad 1.112646e-13 farad | |
# Resistance | |
Ohm volt/amp | |
ohm Ohm | |
abohm 1.0e-9 ohm | |
statohm 8.987584e11 Ohms | |
# Conductance | |
mho 1/ohm | |
abmho 1/abohm | |
Siemens mho | |
siemens Siemens | |
# Misc | |
Angstrom 1.0e-10 m | |
angstrom Angstrom | |
G 6.67259e-11 N m2/kg2 # Newton gravitational constant NIST19990301 | |
lightyear light year # Common abbreviation | |
eV e V # Electron volts | |
ev eV | |
kev kiloeV | |
Mev megaeV | |
Gev gigaeV | |
Tev teraeV | |
energy c2 # You can ask for `1 gram energy' and get | |
# the amount of energy equivalent to | |
# 1 gram according to e=mc2. | |
# Check: 1amu energy == 931.16 Mev? | |
Franklin (10/c) C cm/sec | |
Fr Franklin | |
franklin Franklin | |
Biot 10 amp | |
Bi Biot | |
biot Biot | |
# Viscosity - Maybe someone who understands this better can check. | |
poise g/(cm s) # Named after M. Poiseuille | |
rhe 1/poise | |
reyn (lbf s)/in2 | |
# Kinematic viscosity = viscosity per unit density | |
stoke cm2/s | |
# Refrigeration - Maybe someone who understands this better can check. | |
refrigeration 288000 btu/ton | |
ice tons refrigeration / 2009.1 lb | |
# Light | |
# The candela is fundamental here. Prior to 1979, it was defined as | |
# the luminous intensity of a black body at the temperature of | |
# solidification of platinum, whose radiating surface is 1/60 cm2. It | |
# is now the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source | |
# that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540e12 Hz and that | |
# has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1|683 W/sr | |
cd candela | |
sr steradian | |
lumen candela sr | |
lm lumen | |
lux lm/m2 | |
lx lux | |
candlepower 12.566370 lumens | |
candle candela # ``International standard candle'' | |
Hefner 0.90 candles # This was the German standard in early C20. | |
hefner Hefner | |
Lambert lm/cm2 | |
lambert Lambert | |
footcandle lm/ft2 # NOT the same as foot-candle. | |
phot 1.0e4 lx | |
stilb candle/m2 # Same as a pi lambert | |
# Various important physical constants | |
# I got this stuff from physics.nist.gov on 19990301. | |
h 6.6260755e-27 erg-sec # Planck's constant | |
hbar h/(2 pi) | |
plancklength 1.61605e-35 m | |
planckmass 2.17671e-8 kg | |
plancktime 5.39056e-44 sec | |
# Let's reserve `Planck' for a while longer until I can decide if | |
# they'd be useful in `planck time' etc. | |
permeability 4*pi*1.0e-7 H/m # Magnetic permeability of vacuum constant | |
permittivity 8.854187817e-12 F/m # Electric permittivity of vacuum constant | |
protonmass 1.6726231e-27 kg | |
neutronmass 1.6749286e-27 kg | |
electronmass 9.1093897e-31 kg | |
finestructure 7.29735308e-3 # Rl | |
# Electron charge is up above under `electrostatic'. | |
# There's no reason to get too obscure here because if someone wants | |
# they can make up an `obscure physical constants' file that | |
# physiscists could load in if they wanted to. So I've omitted stuff | |
# like the magnetic moment of the muon. | |
# ANGULAR | |
rad radian | |
circle 2 pi radians | |
revolution circle # For revolutions / sec | |
rev revolution | |
rpm revolutions per minute | |
quadrant 1|4 circle | |
degree 1|360 circle | |
arcminute 1|60 degree | |
arcsecond 1|60 arcminute | |
arcmin arcminute | |
arcsec arcsecond | |
sphere 4 pi steradians | |
grade 1|100 quadrant | |
grad grade | |
# PAPER | |
quire 50 sheets | |
ream 10 quires | |
# INFORMATION | |
byte 8 bits | |
nybble half byte | |
kbyte 1024 bytes # `kilobyte' means 1000 bytes | |
# Don't use `K'; that's for Kelvins. | |
kb kbyte | |
Kb kbyte | |
KB kbyte | |
mbyte 1024 kbytes # `megabyte' means 1000000 bytes | |
meg mbyte | |
kbit 1024 bits | |
Kbit kbit | |
mbit 1024 kbits | |
Mbit mbit | |
baud bit/sec # Not strictly correct | |
# MONEY | |
# | |
# Conversions accurate only as of 25 November 1996. | |
# | |
$ dollar | |
usdollar $ | |
usd $ | |
us$ $ | |
$us $ | |
US$ $ | |
$US $ | |
cent 1|100 $ | |
Australia.dollar 0.8123$ | |
AUS$ Australia.dollar | |
Austria.schilling 0.09438$ | |
Belgium.franc 0.03223$ | |
Brazil.real 0.9709$ | |
British.pound 1.681$ | |
pound.sterling British.pound | |
sterling British.pound | |
Canada.dollar 0.7468$ | |
Can$ Canada.dollar | |
Cayman.currency 1.22$ | |
Denmark.krone 0.173$ | |
krone Denmark.krone | |
EuropeanCommunityUnit.ECU 1.278$ | |
ECU EuropeanCommunityUnit.ECU | |
ecu ECU | |
Finland.markka 0.2203$ | |
markka Finland.markka | |
France.franc 0.1963$ | |
franc France.franc | |
Germany.mark 0.6647$ | |
DM Germany.mark | |
Deutschmark DM | |
mark DM | |
Greece.drachma 0.004216$ | |
drachma Greece.drachma | |
HongKong.dollar 0.1294$ | |
HK$ HongKong.dollar | |
India.rupee 0.02797$ | |
rupee India.rupee | |
Ireland.punt 1.684$ | |
punt Ireland.punt | |
Israel.shekel 0.3623$ | |
shekel Israel.shekel | |
Italy.lira 0.0006655$ | |
Japan.yen 0.008976$ | |
yen Japan.yen | |
Kenya.shilling 0.02376$ | |
Malaysia.dollar 0.397$ | |
Mexico.peso 0.1269$ | |
peso Mexico.peso | |
Morocco.dirham 0.1248$ | |
dirham Morocco.dirham | |
Netherlands.guilder 0.5924$ | |
guilder Netherlands.guilder | |
NewZealand.dollar 0.7153$ | |
NZ$ NewZealand.dollar | |
Norway.krone 0.1576$ | |
krone Norway.krone | |
Portugal.escudo 0.006577$ | |
escudo Portugal.escudo | |
Senegal.CFAfranc 0.002019$ | |
SouthAfrica.rand 0.2169$ | |
rand SouthAfrica.rand | |
Spain.peseta 0.007896$ | |
peseta Spain.peseta | |
Sweden.krona 0.1513$ | |
krona Sweden.krona | |
Switzerland.franc 0.788$ | |
swissfranc Switzerland.franc | |
Swissfranc Switzerland.franc | |
Turkey.lira 1.3e-05$ | |
# Old-style Brit money. Did I omit anything interesting? | |
sovereign sterling | |
shilling 1|20 sterling | |
penny 1|12 shilling | |
pence penny | |
farthing 1|4 penny | |
hapenny half penny | |
twopence two pence | |
tuppence two pence | |
thruppence 3 pence | |
threepence 3 pence | |
sixpence 6 pence | |
crown 5 shillings # Implies `half crown' | |
guinea 21 shillings | |
florin 2 shillings | |
# 18th century French coinage. References: | |
# http://home.nordnet.fr/~jlmorel/mesures.html and reverse-engineered | |
# from The Three Musketeers | |
# 20011227 Thomas R Wyant III | |
livre franc ### 3 Musketeers has francs! | |
### Now, you too can convert Louis d'Or to U.S. Dollars! | |
sou 1|20 livre | |
crown 3 livres # It's ecu in French, not to be confused with ECU. | |
pistole 10 livres | |
double 2 # 3 Musketeers refers to double pistoles, so ... | |
louis 24 livres | |
### Now if only I had good definitions for reals and doubloons ... | |
# For `register tons' | |
register 100 ft3/ton | |
registerton register ton | |
# What's missing? | |
# bequerel (nucleotide radioactivity): Bq = k/s k=1?? | |
# gray (absorbed dose): Gy = k J/kg k=1?? | |
# sievert (dose equivalent): Sv = k J/kg k=1?? | |
# curie: Ci = 3.3e10 Bq | |
# roentgen: R = 2.58e-4 C/kg | |
# rad: rad = centigray | |
# rem: rem = centisievert |
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