custom-transposing.js

'use strict';

const source = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
const expected = [0, 4, 8, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 3, 7];

function transpose(arr, columns) {
    const rows = Math.ceil(arr.length / columns);

    return arr.reduce((result, v, i) => {
        const col = Math.ceil((i + 1) / rows);
        const row = i % rows;

        result[row * columns + col - 1] = v;

        return result;
    }, []).filter(v => typeof v != 'undefined');
}

function equals(a, b) {
    return JSON.stringify(a) == JSON.stringify(b);
}

const result = transpose(source, 3);

console.log(result, equals(result, expected));