dcyou/GpsUtils.cs

## GpsUtils.cs
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using static System.Math;

// Some helpers for converting GPS readings from the WGS84 geodetic system to a local North-East-Up cartesian axis.

// The implementation here is according to the paper:
// "Conversion of Geodetic coordinates to the Local Tangent Plane" Version 2.01.
// "The basic reference for this paper is J.Farrell & M.Barth 'The Global Positioning System & Inertial Navigation'"
// Also helpful is Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum
// Also helpful are the guidance notes here: http://www.epsg.org/Guidancenotes.aspx
public class GpsUtils
{

    // WGS-84 geodetic constants
    const double a = 6378137.0;         // WGS-84 Earth semimajor axis (m)

    const double b = 6356752.314245;     // Derived Earth semiminor axis (m)
    const double f = (a - b) / a;           // Ellipsoid Flatness
    const double f_inv = 1.0 / f;       // Inverse flattening

    //const double f_inv = 298.257223563; // WGS-84 Flattening Factor of the Earth
    //const double b = a - a / f_inv;
    //const double f = 1.0 / f_inv;

    const double a_sq = a * a;
    const double b_sq = b * b;
    const double e_sq = f * (2 - f);    // Square of Eccentricity

    // Converts WGS-84 Geodetic point (lat, lon, h) to the
    // Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates (x, y, z).
    public static void GeodeticToEcef(double lat, double lon, double h,
                                        out double x, out double y, out double z)
    {
        // Convert to radians in notation consistent with the paper:
        var lambda = DegreesToRadians(lat);
        var phi = DegreesToRadians(lon);
        var s = Sin(lambda);
        var N = a / Sqrt(1 - e_sq * s * s);

        var sin_lambda = Sin(lambda);
        var cos_lambda = Cos(lambda);
        var cos_phi = Cos(phi);
        var sin_phi = Sin(phi);

        x = (h + N) * cos_lambda * cos_phi;
        y = (h + N) * cos_lambda * sin_phi;
        z = (h + (1 - e_sq) * N) * sin_lambda;
    }

    // Converts the Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates (x, y, z) to
    // (WGS-84) Geodetic point (lat, lon, h).
    public static void EcefToGeodetic(double x, double y, double z,
                                        out double lat, out double lon, out double h)
    {
        var eps = e_sq / (1.0 - e_sq);
        var p = Sqrt(x * x + y * y);
        var q = Atan2((z * a), (p * b));
        var sin_q = Sin(q);
        var cos_q = Cos(q);
        var sin_q_3 = sin_q * sin_q * sin_q;
        var cos_q_3 = cos_q * cos_q * cos_q;
        var phi = Atan2((z + eps * b * sin_q_3), (p - e_sq * a * cos_q_3));
        var lambda = Atan2(y, x);
        var v = a / Sqrt(1.0 - e_sq * Sin(phi) * Sin(phi));
        h = (p / Cos(phi)) - v;

        lat = RadiansToDegrees(phi);
        lon = RadiansToDegrees(lambda);
    }

    // Converts the Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates (x, y, z) to
    // East-North-Up coordinates in a Local Tangent Plane that is centered at the
    // (WGS-84) Geodetic point (lat0, lon0, h0).
    public static void EcefToEnu(double x, double y, double z,
                                    double lat0, double lon0, double h0,
                                    out double xEast, out double yNorth, out double zUp)
    {
        // Convert to radians in notation consistent with the paper:
        var lambda = DegreesToRadians(lat0);
        var phi = DegreesToRadians(lon0);
        var s = Sin(lambda);
        var N = a / Sqrt(1 - e_sq * s * s);

        var sin_lambda = Sin(lambda);
        var cos_lambda = Cos(lambda);
        var cos_phi = Cos(phi);
        var sin_phi = Sin(phi);

        double x0 = (h0 + N) * cos_lambda * cos_phi;
        double y0 = (h0 + N) * cos_lambda * sin_phi;
        double z0 = (h0 + (1 - e_sq) * N) * sin_lambda;

        double xd, yd, zd;
        xd = x - x0;
        yd = y - y0;
        zd = z - z0;

        // This is the matrix multiplication
        xEast = -sin_phi * xd + cos_phi * yd;
        yNorth = -cos_phi * sin_lambda * xd - sin_lambda * sin_phi * yd + cos_lambda * zd;
        zUp = cos_lambda * cos_phi * xd + cos_lambda * sin_phi * yd + sin_lambda * zd;
    }

    // Inverse of EcefToEnu. Converts East-North-Up coordinates (xEast, yNorth, zUp) in a
    // Local Tangent Plane that is centered at the (WGS-84) Geodetic point (lat0, lon0, h0)
    // to the Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates (x, y, z).
    public static void EnuToEcef(double xEast, double yNorth, double zUp,
                                    double lat0, double lon0, double h0,
                                    out double x, out double y, out double z)
    {
        // Convert to radians in notation consistent with the paper:
        var lambda = DegreesToRadians(lat0);
        var phi = DegreesToRadians(lon0);
        var s = Sin(lambda);
        var N = a / Sqrt(1 - e_sq * s * s);

        var sin_lambda = Sin(lambda);
        var cos_lambda = Cos(lambda);
        var cos_phi = Cos(phi);
        var sin_phi = Sin(phi);

        double x0 = (h0 + N) * cos_lambda * cos_phi;
        double y0 = (h0 + N) * cos_lambda * sin_phi;
        double z0 = (h0 + (1 - e_sq) * N) * sin_lambda;

        double xd = -sin_phi * xEast - cos_phi * sin_lambda * yNorth + cos_lambda * cos_phi * zUp;
        double yd = cos_phi * xEast - sin_lambda * sin_phi * yNorth + cos_lambda * sin_phi * zUp;
        double zd = cos_lambda * yNorth + sin_lambda * zUp;

        x = xd + x0;
        y = yd + y0;
        z = zd + z0;
    }

    // Converts the geodetic WGS-84 coordinated (lat, lon, h) to
    // East-North-Up coordinates in a Local Tangent Plane that is centered at the
    // (WGS-84) Geodetic point (lat0, lon0, h0).
    public static void GeodeticToEnu(double lat, double lon, double h,
                                        double lat0, double lon0, double h0,
                                        out double xEast, out double yNorth, out double zUp)
    {
        double x, y, z;
        GeodeticToEcef(lat, lon, h, out x, out y, out z);
        EcefToEnu(x, y, z, lat0, lon0, h0, out xEast, out yNorth, out zUp);
    }

    // South African Coordinate Reference System (Hartebeesthoek94) to Geodetic
    // From "CDNGI Coordinate Conversion Utility v1 Sep 2009.xls"
    public static void SacrsToGeodetic(int loMeridian, double yWesting, double xSouthing,
        out double lat, out double lon)
    {
        var loMeridianRadians = DegreesToRadians(loMeridian);
        const double ec_sq = (a_sq - b_sq) / a_sq;   // e^2   in "CDNGI Coordinate Conversion Utility v1 Sep 2009.xls"
        const double ep_sq = (a_sq - b_sq) / b_sq;   // e'^2
        const double n = (a - b) / (a + b);
        const double n_2 = n * n;
        const double n_3 = n_2 * n;
        const double n_4 = n_2 * n_2;
        const double n_5 = n_2 * n_3;
        const double p2 = 3.0 / 2.0 * n - 27.0 / 32.0 * n_3 + 269.0 / 512.0 * n_5;
        const double p4 = 21.0 / 16.0 * n_2 - 55.0 / 32.0 * n_4;
        const double p6 = 151.0 / 96.0 * n_3 - 417.0 / 128.0 * n_5;
        const double p8 = 1097.0 / 512.0 * n_4;
        const double p10 = 8011.0 / 2560.0 * n_5;
        const double a0 = 1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (1.0 + 1.0 / 4.0 * n_2 + 1.0 / 64.0 * n_4);
        var footBar = xSouthing / (a * a0);
        var foot = footBar + p2 * Sin(2.0 * footBar) + p4 * Sin(4.0 * footBar) + p6 * Sin(6.0 * footBar) + p8 * Sin(8.0 * footBar) + p10 * Sin(10.0 * footBar);
        var Nf = a / Sqrt(1.0 - ec_sq * Pow(Sin(foot), 2));

        var b1 = 1.0 / (Nf * Cos(foot));
        var b2 = Tan(foot) / (2.0 * Nf * Nf * Cos(foot));
        var b3 = (1.0 + 2.0 * Pow(Tan(foot), 2) + ep_sq * Pow(Cos(foot), 2)) / (6.0 * Pow(Nf, 3) * Cos(foot));
        var b4 = (Tan(foot) * (5.0 + 6.0 * Pow(Tan(foot), 2) + ep_sq * Pow(Cos(foot), 2))) / (24.0 * Pow(Nf, 4) * Cos(foot));
        var b5 = (5.0 + 28.0 * Pow(Tan(foot), 2) + 24.0 * Pow(Tan(foot), 4)) / (120.0 * Pow(Nf, 5) * Cos(foot));
        var d1 = Cos(foot) * (1.0 + ep_sq * Pow(Cos(foot), 2));
        var d2 = -1.0 / 2.0 * Pow(Cos(foot), 2) * Tan(foot) * (1.0 + 4.0 * ep_sq * Pow(Cos(foot), 2));

        var latRadians = -(foot - b2 * d1 * Pow(yWesting, 2) + (b4 * d1 + b2 * b2 * d2) * Pow(yWesting, 4));
        var lonRadians = loMeridianRadians - (b1 * yWesting - b3 * Pow(yWesting, 3) + b5 * Pow(yWesting, 5));
        lat = RadiansToDegrees(latRadians);
        lon = RadiansToDegrees(lonRadians);

#if DEBUGx
        GeodeticToSacrs(lat, lon, out int loMeridianCheck, out var yWestingCheck, out var xSouthingCheck);
        Debug.Assert(Abs(yWesting - yWestingCheck) < 1e-6);
        Debug.Assert(Abs(xSouthing - xSouthingCheck) < 1e-6);
        Debug.Assert(loMeridian == loMeridianCheck);
#endif
    }

    // South African Coordinate Reference System (Hartebeesthoek94) to Geodetic
    // From "CDNGI Coordinate Conversion Utility v1 Sep 2009.xls"
    public static void GeodeticToSacrs(double lat, double lon,
        out int loMeridian, out double yWesting, out double xSouthing)
    {
        // longitude of origin
        loMeridian = lon == 0 ? 1 : (int)Truncate(lon / 2.0) * 2 + Sign(lon);    // Take integer part of lon, rounded up to nearest odd number (or down if negative), so =ODD(TRUNC(lon))
        double loMeridianRadians = DegreesToRadians(loMeridian);
        const double ec_sq = (a_sq - b_sq) / a_sq;   // e^2   in "CDNGI Coordinate Conversion Utility v1 Sep 2009.xls"
        const double ep_sq = (a_sq - b_sq) / b_sq;   // e'^2
        const double n = (a - b) / (a + b);
        const double n_2 = n * n;
        const double n_3 = n_2 * n;
        const double n_4 = n_2 * n_2;
        const double n_5 = n_2 * n_3;
        const double A0 = 1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (1.0 + 1.0 / 4.0 * n_2 + 1.0 / 64.0 * n_4);
        const double A2 = -1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (3.0 / 2.0 * n - 3.0 / 16.0 * n_3 - 3.0 / 128.0 * n_5);
        const double A4 = 1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (15.0 / 16.0 * n_2 - 15.0 / 64.0 * n_4);
        const double A6 = -1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (35.0 / 48.0 * n_3 - 175.0 / 768.0 * n_5);
        const double A8 = 1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (315.0 / 512.0 * n_4);
        const double A10 = 1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (693.0 / 1280.0 * n_5);

        double latRadians = DegreesToRadians(-lat);
        double lonRadians = DegreesToRadians(lon);
        double G = a * (A0 * latRadians + A2 * Sin(2 * latRadians) + A4 * Sin(4 * latRadians) + A6 * Sin(6 * latRadians) + A8 * Sin(8 * latRadians) + A10 * Sin(10 * latRadians));
        double N = a / Sqrt(1.0 - ec_sq * Sin(latRadians) * Sin(latRadians));

        double latCos = Cos(latRadians);
        double latCos_2 = latCos * latCos;
        double latCos_3 = latCos_2 * latCos;
        double latCos_4 = latCos_2 * latCos_2;
        double latCos_5 = latCos_4 * latCos;
        double latTan = Tan(latRadians);
        double latTan_2 = latTan * latTan;
        double latTan_4 = latTan_2 * latTan_2;
        double a1 = N * latCos;
        double a2 = -1.0 / 2.0 * N * latCos_2 * latTan;
        double a3 = -1.0 / 6.0 * N * latCos_3 * (1.0 - latTan_2 + ep_sq * latCos_2);
        double a4 = 1.0 / 24.0 * N * latCos_4 * latTan * (5 - latTan_2 + 9.0 * ep_sq * latCos_2);
        double a5 = 1.0 / 120.0 * N * latCos_5 * (5.0 - 18.0 * latTan_2 + latTan_4);
        double l = lonRadians - loMeridianRadians;
        double l_2 = l * l;
        double l_3 = l * l_2;
        double l_4 = l_2 * l_2;
        double l_5 = l_2 * l_3;
        xSouthing = G - a2 * l_2 + a4 * l_4;
        yWesting = -(a1 * l - a3 * l_3 + a5 * l_5);
    }

    public static void GeodeticToGaussConformal(double lat, out double lon,
                                                out double yWesting, out double xSouthing, out int l0Meridian)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    // Just check that we get the same values as the paper for the main calculations.
    public static void Test()
    {
        var latLA = 34.00000048;
        var lonLA = -117.3335693;
        var hLA = 251.702;

        double x0, y0, z0;
        GeodeticToEcef(latLA, lonLA, hLA, out x0, out y0, out z0);

        Debug.Assert(AreClose(-2430601.8, x0));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(-4702442.7, y0));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(3546587.4, z0));

        // Checks to read out the matrix entries, to compare to the paper
        double x, y, z;
        double xEast, yNorth, zUp;

        // First column
        x = x0 + 1;
        y = y0;
        z = z0;
        EcefToEnu(x, y, z, latLA, lonLA, hLA, out xEast, out yNorth, out zUp);
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.88834836, xEast));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.25676467, yNorth));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(-0.38066927, zUp));

        x = x0;
        y = y0 + 1;
        z = z0;
        EcefToEnu(x, y, z, latLA, lonLA, hLA, out xEast, out yNorth, out zUp);
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(-0.45917011, xEast));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.49675810, yNorth));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(-0.73647416, zUp));

        x = x0;
        y = y0;
        z = z0 + 1;
        EcefToEnu(x, y, z, latLA, lonLA, hLA, out xEast, out yNorth, out zUp);
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.00000000, xEast));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.82903757, yNorth));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.55919291, zUp));

    }

    public static void Test2()
    {
        var latLA = 34.00000048;
        var lonLA = -117.3335693;
        var hLA = 251.702;

        double x0, y0, z0;
        GeodeticToEcef(latLA, lonLA, hLA, out x0, out y0, out z0);

        Debug.Assert(AreClose(-2430601.8, x0));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(-4702442.7, y0));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(3546587.4, z0));

        EcefToEnu(x0, y0, z0, latLA, lonLA, hLA, out double xEast, out double yNorth, out double zUp);

        Debug.Assert(AreClose(0,xEast));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(0, yNorth));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(0, zUp));

        EnuToEcef(xEast, yNorth, zUp, latLA, lonLA, hLA, out double xTest, out double yTest, out double zTest);
        EcefToGeodetic(xTest, yTest, zTest, out double latTest, out double lonTest, out double hTest);

        Debug.Assert(AreClose(latLA, latTest));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(lonLA, lonTest));
        Debug.Assert(AreClose(hTest, hLA));

    }

    static bool AreClose(double x0, double x1)
    {
        var d = x1 - x0;
        return (d * d) < 0.1;
    }


    static double DegreesToRadians(double degrees)
    {
        return PI / 180.0 * degrees;
    }

    static double RadiansToDegrees(double radians)
    {
        return 180.0 / PI * radians;
    }
}
	using System;
	using System.Diagnostics;
	using static System.Math;

	// Some helpers for converting GPS readings from the WGS84 geodetic system to a local North-East-Up cartesian axis.

	// The implementation here is according to the paper:
	// "Conversion of Geodetic coordinates to the Local Tangent Plane" Version 2.01.
	// "The basic reference for this paper is J.Farrell & M.Barth 'The Global Positioning System & Inertial Navigation'"
	// Also helpful is Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum
	// Also helpful are the guidance notes here: http://www.epsg.org/Guidancenotes.aspx
	public class GpsUtils
	{

	// WGS-84 geodetic constants
	const double a = 6378137.0; // WGS-84 Earth semimajor axis (m)

	const double b = 6356752.314245; // Derived Earth semiminor axis (m)
	const double f = (a - b) / a; // Ellipsoid Flatness
	const double f_inv = 1.0 / f; // Inverse flattening

	//const double f_inv = 298.257223563; // WGS-84 Flattening Factor of the Earth
	//const double b = a - a / f_inv;
	//const double f = 1.0 / f_inv;

	const double a_sq = a * a;
	const double b_sq = b * b;
	const double e_sq = f * (2 - f); // Square of Eccentricity

	// Converts WGS-84 Geodetic point (lat, lon, h) to the
	// Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates (x, y, z).
	public static void GeodeticToEcef(double lat, double lon, double h,
	out double x, out double y, out double z)
	{
	// Convert to radians in notation consistent with the paper:
	var lambda = DegreesToRadians(lat);
	var phi = DegreesToRadians(lon);
	var s = Sin(lambda);
	var N = a / Sqrt(1 - e_sq * s * s);

	var sin_lambda = Sin(lambda);
	var cos_lambda = Cos(lambda);
	var cos_phi = Cos(phi);
	var sin_phi = Sin(phi);

	x = (h + N) * cos_lambda * cos_phi;
	y = (h + N) * cos_lambda * sin_phi;
	z = (h + (1 - e_sq) * N) * sin_lambda;
	}

	// Converts the Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates (x, y, z) to
	// (WGS-84) Geodetic point (lat, lon, h).
	public static void EcefToGeodetic(double x, double y, double z,
	out double lat, out double lon, out double h)
	{
	var eps = e_sq / (1.0 - e_sq);
	var p = Sqrt(x * x + y * y);
	var q = Atan2((z * a), (p * b));
	var sin_q = Sin(q);
	var cos_q = Cos(q);
	var sin_q_3 = sin_q * sin_q * sin_q;
	var cos_q_3 = cos_q * cos_q * cos_q;
	var phi = Atan2((z + eps * b * sin_q_3), (p - e_sq * a * cos_q_3));
	var lambda = Atan2(y, x);
	var v = a / Sqrt(1.0 - e_sq * Sin(phi) * Sin(phi));
	h = (p / Cos(phi)) - v;

	lat = RadiansToDegrees(phi);
	lon = RadiansToDegrees(lambda);
	}

	// Converts the Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates (x, y, z) to
	// East-North-Up coordinates in a Local Tangent Plane that is centered at the
	// (WGS-84) Geodetic point (lat0, lon0, h0).
	public static void EcefToEnu(double x, double y, double z,
	double lat0, double lon0, double h0,
	out double xEast, out double yNorth, out double zUp)
	{
	// Convert to radians in notation consistent with the paper:
	var lambda = DegreesToRadians(lat0);
	var phi = DegreesToRadians(lon0);
	var s = Sin(lambda);
	var N = a / Sqrt(1 - e_sq * s * s);

	var sin_lambda = Sin(lambda);
	var cos_lambda = Cos(lambda);
	var cos_phi = Cos(phi);
	var sin_phi = Sin(phi);

	double x0 = (h0 + N) * cos_lambda * cos_phi;
	double y0 = (h0 + N) * cos_lambda * sin_phi;
	double z0 = (h0 + (1 - e_sq) * N) * sin_lambda;

	double xd, yd, zd;
	xd = x - x0;
	yd = y - y0;
	zd = z - z0;

	// This is the matrix multiplication
	xEast = -sin_phi * xd + cos_phi * yd;
	yNorth = -cos_phi * sin_lambda * xd - sin_lambda * sin_phi * yd + cos_lambda * zd;
	zUp = cos_lambda * cos_phi * xd + cos_lambda * sin_phi * yd + sin_lambda * zd;
	}

	// Inverse of EcefToEnu. Converts East-North-Up coordinates (xEast, yNorth, zUp) in a
	// Local Tangent Plane that is centered at the (WGS-84) Geodetic point (lat0, lon0, h0)
	// to the Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates (x, y, z).
	public static void EnuToEcef(double xEast, double yNorth, double zUp,
	double lat0, double lon0, double h0,
	out double x, out double y, out double z)
	{
	// Convert to radians in notation consistent with the paper:
	var lambda = DegreesToRadians(lat0);
	var phi = DegreesToRadians(lon0);
	var s = Sin(lambda);
	var N = a / Sqrt(1 - e_sq * s * s);

	var sin_lambda = Sin(lambda);
	var cos_lambda = Cos(lambda);
	var cos_phi = Cos(phi);
	var sin_phi = Sin(phi);

	double x0 = (h0 + N) * cos_lambda * cos_phi;
	double y0 = (h0 + N) * cos_lambda * sin_phi;
	double z0 = (h0 + (1 - e_sq) * N) * sin_lambda;

	double xd = -sin_phi * xEast - cos_phi * sin_lambda * yNorth + cos_lambda * cos_phi * zUp;
	double yd = cos_phi * xEast - sin_lambda * sin_phi * yNorth + cos_lambda * sin_phi * zUp;
	double zd = cos_lambda * yNorth + sin_lambda * zUp;

	x = xd + x0;
	y = yd + y0;
	z = zd + z0;
	}

	// Converts the geodetic WGS-84 coordinated (lat, lon, h) to
	// East-North-Up coordinates in a Local Tangent Plane that is centered at the
	// (WGS-84) Geodetic point (lat0, lon0, h0).
	public static void GeodeticToEnu(double lat, double lon, double h,
	double lat0, double lon0, double h0,
	out double xEast, out double yNorth, out double zUp)
	{
	double x, y, z;
	GeodeticToEcef(lat, lon, h, out x, out y, out z);
	EcefToEnu(x, y, z, lat0, lon0, h0, out xEast, out yNorth, out zUp);
	}

	// South African Coordinate Reference System (Hartebeesthoek94) to Geodetic
	// From "CDNGI Coordinate Conversion Utility v1 Sep 2009.xls"
	public static void SacrsToGeodetic(int loMeridian, double yWesting, double xSouthing,
	out double lat, out double lon)
	{
	var loMeridianRadians = DegreesToRadians(loMeridian);
	const double ec_sq = (a_sq - b_sq) / a_sq; // e^2 in "CDNGI Coordinate Conversion Utility v1 Sep 2009.xls"
	const double ep_sq = (a_sq - b_sq) / b_sq; // e'^2
	const double n = (a - b) / (a + b);
	const double n_2 = n * n;
	const double n_3 = n_2 * n;
	const double n_4 = n_2 * n_2;
	const double n_5 = n_2 * n_3;
	const double p2 = 3.0 / 2.0 * n - 27.0 / 32.0 * n_3 + 269.0 / 512.0 * n_5;
	const double p4 = 21.0 / 16.0 * n_2 - 55.0 / 32.0 * n_4;
	const double p6 = 151.0 / 96.0 * n_3 - 417.0 / 128.0 * n_5;
	const double p8 = 1097.0 / 512.0 * n_4;
	const double p10 = 8011.0 / 2560.0 * n_5;
	const double a0 = 1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (1.0 + 1.0 / 4.0 * n_2 + 1.0 / 64.0 * n_4);
	var footBar = xSouthing / (a * a0);
	var foot = footBar + p2 * Sin(2.0 * footBar) + p4 * Sin(4.0 * footBar) + p6 * Sin(6.0 * footBar) + p8 * Sin(8.0 * footBar) + p10 * Sin(10.0 * footBar);
	var Nf = a / Sqrt(1.0 - ec_sq * Pow(Sin(foot), 2));

	var b1 = 1.0 / (Nf * Cos(foot));
	var b2 = Tan(foot) / (2.0 * Nf * Nf * Cos(foot));
	var b3 = (1.0 + 2.0 * Pow(Tan(foot), 2) + ep_sq * Pow(Cos(foot), 2)) / (6.0 * Pow(Nf, 3) * Cos(foot));
	var b4 = (Tan(foot) * (5.0 + 6.0 * Pow(Tan(foot), 2) + ep_sq * Pow(Cos(foot), 2))) / (24.0 * Pow(Nf, 4) * Cos(foot));
	var b5 = (5.0 + 28.0 * Pow(Tan(foot), 2) + 24.0 * Pow(Tan(foot), 4)) / (120.0 * Pow(Nf, 5) * Cos(foot));
	var d1 = Cos(foot) * (1.0 + ep_sq * Pow(Cos(foot), 2));
	var d2 = -1.0 / 2.0 * Pow(Cos(foot), 2) * Tan(foot) * (1.0 + 4.0 * ep_sq * Pow(Cos(foot), 2));

	var latRadians = -(foot - b2 * d1 * Pow(yWesting, 2) + (b4 * d1 + b2 * b2 * d2) * Pow(yWesting, 4));
	var lonRadians = loMeridianRadians - (b1 * yWesting - b3 * Pow(yWesting, 3) + b5 * Pow(yWesting, 5));
	lat = RadiansToDegrees(latRadians);
	lon = RadiansToDegrees(lonRadians);

	#if DEBUGx
	GeodeticToSacrs(lat, lon, out int loMeridianCheck, out var yWestingCheck, out var xSouthingCheck);
	Debug.Assert(Abs(yWesting - yWestingCheck) < 1e-6);
	Debug.Assert(Abs(xSouthing - xSouthingCheck) < 1e-6);
	Debug.Assert(loMeridian == loMeridianCheck);
	#endif
	}

	// South African Coordinate Reference System (Hartebeesthoek94) to Geodetic
	// From "CDNGI Coordinate Conversion Utility v1 Sep 2009.xls"
	public static void GeodeticToSacrs(double lat, double lon,
	out int loMeridian, out double yWesting, out double xSouthing)
	{
	// longitude of origin
	loMeridian = lon == 0 ? 1 : (int)Truncate(lon / 2.0) * 2 + Sign(lon); // Take integer part of lon, rounded up to nearest odd number (or down if negative), so =ODD(TRUNC(lon))
	double loMeridianRadians = DegreesToRadians(loMeridian);
	const double ec_sq = (a_sq - b_sq) / a_sq; // e^2 in "CDNGI Coordinate Conversion Utility v1 Sep 2009.xls"
	const double ep_sq = (a_sq - b_sq) / b_sq; // e'^2
	const double n = (a - b) / (a + b);
	const double n_2 = n * n;
	const double n_3 = n_2 * n;
	const double n_4 = n_2 * n_2;
	const double n_5 = n_2 * n_3;
	const double A0 = 1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (1.0 + 1.0 / 4.0 * n_2 + 1.0 / 64.0 * n_4);
	const double A2 = -1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (3.0 / 2.0 * n - 3.0 / 16.0 * n_3 - 3.0 / 128.0 * n_5);
	const double A4 = 1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (15.0 / 16.0 * n_2 - 15.0 / 64.0 * n_4);
	const double A6 = -1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (35.0 / 48.0 * n_3 - 175.0 / 768.0 * n_5);
	const double A8 = 1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (315.0 / 512.0 * n_4);
	const double A10 = 1.0 / (n + 1.0) * (693.0 / 1280.0 * n_5);

	double latRadians = DegreesToRadians(-lat);
	double lonRadians = DegreesToRadians(lon);
	double G = a * (A0 * latRadians + A2 * Sin(2 * latRadians) + A4 * Sin(4 * latRadians) + A6 * Sin(6 * latRadians) + A8 * Sin(8 * latRadians) + A10 * Sin(10 * latRadians));
	double N = a / Sqrt(1.0 - ec_sq * Sin(latRadians) * Sin(latRadians));

	double latCos = Cos(latRadians);
	double latCos_2 = latCos * latCos;
	double latCos_3 = latCos_2 * latCos;
	double latCos_4 = latCos_2 * latCos_2;
	double latCos_5 = latCos_4 * latCos;
	double latTan = Tan(latRadians);
	double latTan_2 = latTan * latTan;
	double latTan_4 = latTan_2 * latTan_2;
	double a1 = N * latCos;
	double a2 = -1.0 / 2.0 * N * latCos_2 * latTan;
	double a3 = -1.0 / 6.0 * N * latCos_3 * (1.0 - latTan_2 + ep_sq * latCos_2);
	double a4 = 1.0 / 24.0 * N * latCos_4 * latTan * (5 - latTan_2 + 9.0 * ep_sq * latCos_2);
	double a5 = 1.0 / 120.0 * N * latCos_5 * (5.0 - 18.0 * latTan_2 + latTan_4);
	double l = lonRadians - loMeridianRadians;
	double l_2 = l * l;
	double l_3 = l * l_2;
	double l_4 = l_2 * l_2;
	double l_5 = l_2 * l_3;
	xSouthing = G - a2 * l_2 + a4 * l_4;
	yWesting = -(a1 * l - a3 * l_3 + a5 * l_5);
	}

	public static void GeodeticToGaussConformal(double lat, out double lon,
	out double yWesting, out double xSouthing, out int l0Meridian)
	{
	throw new NotImplementedException();
	}

	// Just check that we get the same values as the paper for the main calculations.
	public static void Test()
	{
	var latLA = 34.00000048;
	var lonLA = -117.3335693;
	var hLA = 251.702;

	double x0, y0, z0;
	GeodeticToEcef(latLA, lonLA, hLA, out x0, out y0, out z0);

	Debug.Assert(AreClose(-2430601.8, x0));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(-4702442.7, y0));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(3546587.4, z0));

	// Checks to read out the matrix entries, to compare to the paper
	double x, y, z;
	double xEast, yNorth, zUp;

	// First column
	x = x0 + 1;
	y = y0;
	z = z0;
	EcefToEnu(x, y, z, latLA, lonLA, hLA, out xEast, out yNorth, out zUp);
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.88834836, xEast));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.25676467, yNorth));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(-0.38066927, zUp));

	x = x0;
	y = y0 + 1;
	z = z0;
	EcefToEnu(x, y, z, latLA, lonLA, hLA, out xEast, out yNorth, out zUp);
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(-0.45917011, xEast));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.49675810, yNorth));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(-0.73647416, zUp));

	x = x0;
	y = y0;
	z = z0 + 1;
	EcefToEnu(x, y, z, latLA, lonLA, hLA, out xEast, out yNorth, out zUp);
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.00000000, xEast));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.82903757, yNorth));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(0.55919291, zUp));

	}

	public static void Test2()
	{
	var latLA = 34.00000048;
	var lonLA = -117.3335693;
	var hLA = 251.702;

	double x0, y0, z0;
	GeodeticToEcef(latLA, lonLA, hLA, out x0, out y0, out z0);

	Debug.Assert(AreClose(-2430601.8, x0));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(-4702442.7, y0));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(3546587.4, z0));

	EcefToEnu(x0, y0, z0, latLA, lonLA, hLA, out double xEast, out double yNorth, out double zUp);

	Debug.Assert(AreClose(0,xEast));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(0, yNorth));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(0, zUp));

	EnuToEcef(xEast, yNorth, zUp, latLA, lonLA, hLA, out double xTest, out double yTest, out double zTest);
	EcefToGeodetic(xTest, yTest, zTest, out double latTest, out double lonTest, out double hTest);

	Debug.Assert(AreClose(latLA, latTest));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(lonLA, lonTest));
	Debug.Assert(AreClose(hTest, hLA));

	}

	static bool AreClose(double x0, double x1)
	{
	var d = x1 - x0;
	return (d * d) < 0.1;
	}


	static double DegreesToRadians(double degrees)
	{
	return PI / 180.0 * degrees;
	}

	static double RadiansToDegrees(double radians)
	{
	return 180.0 / PI * radians;
	}
	}