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// -----Loops----- //

/* For loops are great tools for iterating over individual elements within an array
to work with them. A for loop has three sections within its proceeding parentheses: an 
initialization, conditional statement, and a final expression. The initialization phase
usually declares a variable. The conditional statement phase tells the loop when to stop,
and the final expression performs an action at the end, usually incrementing or 
decrementing a counter: */

"use strict";

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// -----Control Flow----- //

/* If statements are used in Javascript to make decisions--whether to execute a following
code or not. An if statement first evaluates the boolean within parentheses and then executes
the code within curly braces if the boolean was true: */

"use strict";

if (typeof "Is this a string?" === "string") {
  console.log("Yup, it was a string");

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// -----Operators----- //

/* In Javascript, operators can perform a number of tasks. Unary operators take only one value: */

"use strict";

console.log(typeof 10); // "typeof" is a unary operator
console.log(!true); // "!" flips the following value, logging false

/* Binary operators can be placed between two values and return a new value: */

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// -----Undefined, Null, NaN, Infinity, -Infinity----- //

/* Undefined and null are both special values that signify the absence of meaningful
data. Undefined is considered its own data type, but null is considered an object by Javascript, 
which can be misleading. Null, more specifically, should represent the nonexistence of 
something. */

"use strict";

console.log(typeof undefined);

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// -----Functions----- //

"use strict";

name(); // ignore me for now *wink-wink*

/* Functions are first-class objects, "subprograms" and reusable code that can be "called" or 
"invoked" at later times to produce a value or side-effect. To declare a simple function, first 
begin with the keyword "function" followed by the name, parentheses, and curly braces. The 
function body within the curly braces contains the sequence of statements to be executed when it 

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// -----Objects----- //

/* An object, like an array, is a container for data, but an object stores key/value pairs
with curly braces. Almost every is considered an object except primitive values, including 
strings, numbers, booleans, null, and undefined. Objects can be created in three ways: */

"use strict";

var obj1 = {}; // the literal method, creating an empty object assigned to the variable
console.log(obj1);

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// -----Arrays----- //

/* Arrays are list-like objects with a large number of mutational and accessible
methods. They can be assigned to variables and are enclosed with squar brackets: */

"use strict";

var exArray = ["I'm element 0", "I'm element 1", "Care to guess?"];

/* As the example demonstrates, arrays are zero-based indexed, and elements can

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// -----Data Types: BOOLEAN----- //

/* A boolean is a data type that has one of two mutually
exclusive values: true or false. A boolean acts like an "on-off"
switch, where "true = on" and "false = off." They are used in
conjunction with comparion operators to evaluate expressions.
When comparing letters and non-alphnumeric characters, the
character will resolve to its Unicode number, which will be
used to make the comparison. When comparing strings, Javascript
compares individual characters from left to right. */

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// -----Data Types: STRING----- //

/* Strings are character or textual data strung together enclosed 
by either single or double quotes. */

var stri = "I'm a sequence of character data!";
console.log(stri);

/* Almost anything can be put within a string with the exception
of a number of special characters, such as the newline "\n" and

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// -----Data Types: NUMBER---- //

/* Numbers are simply numeric values used for arithmetic. 
Whole integers and fractional numbers using decimal points
are permitted. With numbers of exceptional size, scientific
notation using "e" (exponent) is allowed: */

// 2.998e8 = 2.998 × 10 to the 8th power = 299,800,000

// -----Using Numbers for Arithmetic----- //