System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt with PowerShell to create JWT using RS256

## example01-create-jwt.ps1
<#
example01-create-jwt.ps1: Create JWT with RS256 signature.
http://blog.d-apps.com/2013/08/powershell-and-json-web-token-handler.html

Tested using:
    Windows 10.0.18362.628
    PowerShell 7.0.0
    Windows PowerShell 5.1.18362.628
    NuGet 5.4.0.6315
    System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 5.6.0
#>

# Download latest NuGet tool.
Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe' -OutFile "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\nuget.exe"

# Download System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 5.6.0 dependency.
& "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\nuget.exe" Install System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt -Version 5.6.0 -OutputDirectory "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\.nuget"

# Import Jwt-CreateToken function.
Invoke-Expression -Command (Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://gist.githubusercontent.com/dindoliboon/a4deeaafa9b126026e3139386c245f8e/raw/Jwt-CreateToken.ps1' -UseBasicParsing).Content

# Create self-signed certificate PFX.
$generateCertBlock = {
    # Error: check to make sure the SignatureAlgorithm is supported
    # Workaround: https://stackoverflow.com/a/52063928
    $cert = New-SelfSignedCertificate -DnsName '20200318-2236@developer.contoso.com' -CertStoreLocation 'Cert:\CurrentUser\My' -Provider 'Microsoft Enhanced RSA and AES Cryptographic Provider'

    $certPass = ConvertTo-SecureString -String 'notasecret' -AsPlainText -Force
    Export-PfxCertificate -FilePath "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\test2.pfx" -Cert $cert -Password $certPass | Out-Null

    Write-Output -InputObject $cert
}

if ($PSVersionTable.PSEdition -eq 'Desktop') {
    $cert = Invoke-Command -ScriptBlock $generateCertBlock

    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\newtonsoft.json\10.0.1\lib\net45\Newtonsoft.Json.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt\5.6.0\lib\net45\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.dll"
} else {
    # Error: Export-PfxCertificate: Cannot export non-exportable private key.
    # Workaround: https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell/issues/12081#issuecomment-596777834
    Import-Module -Name PKI -UseWindowsPowerShell
    $winps = Get-PSSession -Name WinPSCompatSession

    $cert = Invoke-Command -Session $winps -ScriptBlock $generateCertBlock

    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\newtonsoft.json\10.0.1\lib\netstandard1.3\Newtonsoft.Json.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.dll"
}

# Use certificate stored in CurrentUser\My store.
$claims = New-Object -TypeName System.Collections.Generic.List[System.Security.Claims.Claim]
$claims.Add((New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Claims.Claim('scope', 'https://www.contoso.com/api/users')))

$encToken = Jwt-CreateToken -Issuer '20200318-2236@developer.contoso.com' -Audience 'https://accounts.contoso.com/oauth2/token' -Claims $claims -Certificate $cert.Thumbprint

$decToken = (New-Object -TypeName System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.JwtSecurityTokenHandler).ReadToken($encToken)
$decToken | Format-List
$decToken.Claims | Format-List

# Use certificate stored in PFX.
$pwd = ConvertTo-SecureString -String 'notasecret' -AsPlainText -Force
$encToken = Jwt-CreateToken -Issuer '20200318-2236@developer.contoso.com' -Audience 'https://accounts.contoso.com/oauth2/token' -Certificate "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\test2.pfx" -SigningCertificatePassword $pwd

$decToken = (New-Object -TypeName System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.JwtSecurityTokenHandler).ReadToken($encToken)
$decToken | Format-List
$decToken.Claims | Format-List

## example02-google-admin-sdk-jwt.ps1
<#
example02-google-admin-sdk-jwt.ps1: Accessing Google Admin SDK Directory API using JWT with RS256 signature.

You will need to create a service account on Google Cloud Platform.
See https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2/service-account#creatinganaccount

Tested using:
    Windows 10.0.18362.628
    PowerShell 7.0.0
    Windows PowerShell 5.1.18362.628
    NuGet 5.4.0.6315
    System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 5.6.0
#>

# Download latest NuGet tool.
Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe' -OutFile "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\nuget.exe"

# Download System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 5.6.0 dependency.
& "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\nuget.exe" Install System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt -Version 5.6.0 -OutputDirectory "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\.nuget"

# Import Jwt-CreateToken function.
Invoke-Expression -Command (Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://gist.githubusercontent.com/dindoliboon/a4deeaafa9b126026e3139386c245f8e/raw/Jwt-CreateToken.ps1' -UseBasicParsing).Content

# Import dependencies.
if ($PSVersionTable.PSEdition -eq 'Desktop') {
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\newtonsoft.json\10.0.1\lib\net45\Newtonsoft.Json.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt\5.6.0\lib\net45\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.dll"
} else {
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\newtonsoft.json\10.0.1\lib\netstandard1.3\Newtonsoft.Json.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging.dll"
    Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.dll"
}

# Get access token.
#
# Using OAuth 2.0 for Server to Server Applications
# https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2/service-account

$claims = New-Object -TypeName System.Collections.Generic.List[System.Security.Claims.Claim]
$claims.Add((New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Claims.Claim('scope', 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/admin.directory.user.readonly')))
$claims.Add((New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Claims.Claim('sub', '20200319-1453-admin@contoso.com')))

$pwd = ConvertTo-SecureString -String 'notasecret' -AsPlainText -Force
$encToken = Jwt-CreateToken -Issuer '20200319-1453-admin@contoso.iam.gserviceaccount.com' -Audience 'https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token' -Claims $claims -Certificate 'C:\Users\Kiosk\Downloads\test-ps-jwt-45605-9466f04606d4.p12' -SigningCertificatePassword $pwd

$payload = @{
    grant_type = 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer'
    assertion  = $encToken
}

$googleOAuthResult = Invoke-RestMethod -Method Post -Uri 'https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token' -ContentType 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -Body $payload

# Use our access token and retrieve a user.
#
# G Suite Admin SDK Directory API, Users: get
# https://developers.google.com/admin-sdk/directory/v1/reference/users/get

$payload = @{
    Authorization = 'Bearer ' + $googleOAuthResult.access_token
}
$apiResult = Invoke-RestMethod -Method Get -Uri 'https://www.googleapis.com/admin/directory/v1/users/20200319-1453-user@contoso.com' -Headers $payload
$apiResult | Format-List

## Jwt-CreateToken.ps1
<#
System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt with PowerShell to create JWT using RS256.
http://blog.d-apps.com/2013/08/powershell-and-json-web-token-handler.html

Tested using:
    Windows 10.0.18362.628
    PowerShell 7.0.0
    Windows PowerShell 5.1.18362.628
    NuGet 5.4.0.6315
    System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 5.6.0
#>
function Jwt-CreateToken {
    Param(
        [String] $Issuer,
        [String] $Audience,
        [string] $Certificate,
        [string] $CertificatePassword,
        [System.Collections.Generic.List[System.Security.Claims.Claim]] $Claims = $null,
        [SecureString] $SigningCertificatePassword,
        [DateTime] $NotBefore,
        [DateTime] $Expires
    )

    if ($null -eq $NotBefore) {
        $NotBefore = Get-Date
    }

    if ($null -eq $Expires) {
        $Expires = $NotBefore.AddHours(1)
    }

    $internalClaims = New-Object -TypeName System.Collections.Generic.List[System.Security.Claims.Claim]

    # Merge user provided payload claims with internal payload claims.
    if ($null -ne $Claims) {
        $internalClaims.AddRange($Claims)
    }

    # Add IssuedAt claim.
    $internalClaims.Add((New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Claims.Claim('iat', ([System.DateTimeOffset]$NotBefore).ToUnixTimeSeconds())))

    if ((Test-Path -Path $Certificate)) {
        # Use P12 or PFX certificate if it exists.
        if ($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('SigningCertificatePassword')) {
            $signingCertificateCredential = New-Object -TypeName System.Management.Automation.PSCredential -ArgumentList 'notinuse', $SigningCertificatePassword
            $plaintextSigningCertificatePassword = $signingCertificateCredential.GetNetworkCredential().Password
        } else {
            $plaintextSigningCertificatePassword = $CertificatePassword
        }

        $signingX509Certificate = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2($Certificate, $plaintextSigningCertificatePassword, 'Export')
    } else {
        # Find certificate by thumbprint ID.
        $signingX509Certificate = Get-ChildItem -Path "cert:\$Certificate" -Recurse | Where-Object { $_.HasPrivateKey -eq $true } | Select-Object -First 1
    }

    $signingCredentials = New-Object -TypeName Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.X509SigningCredentials($signingX509Certificate)

    $token = New-Object -TypeName System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.JwtSecurityToken($Issuer, $Audience, $internalClaims, $NotBefore, $Expires, $signingCredentials)
    return (New-Object -TypeName System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.JwtSecurityTokenHandler).WriteToken($token)
}

## Jwt-CreateToken.standalone.ps1
<#
PowerShell to create JWT using RS256.
http://blog.d-apps.com/2013/08/powershell-and-json-web-token-handler.html

Workaround when using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 1.0 with certificates smaller than 2048 bits.
Exception calling "WriteToken" with "1" argument(s): "Jwt10530: The 'System.IdentityModel.Tokens.X509AsymmetricSecurityKey' for signing cannot be smaller than '2048' bits. Parameter name: key.KeySize Actual value was 1024."

In 2013, Google's API console would generate P12 keys that was 1024-bits. In 2020, the key size is now 2048-bits.

Instead of using the proof of concept code below, check out libraries listed at https://jwt.io

Tested using:
    Windows 10.0.18362.628
    PowerShell 7.0.0
    Windows PowerShell 5.1.18362.628
#>
function Jwt-CreateToken {
    Param(
        [String] $Issuer,
        [String] $Audience,
        [string] $Certificate,
        [string] $CertificatePassword,
        [System.Collections.Generic.List[System.Security.Claims.Claim]] $Claims = $null,
        [SecureString] $SigningCertificatePassword,
        [DateTime] $NotBefore,
        [DateTime] $Expires
    )

    function ConvertTo-Base64Url {
        Param(
            $InputObject
        )

        $inputObjectBytes = [System.Convert]::ToBase64String($InputObject)
        return $inputObjectBytes.Split('=')[0].Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_')
    }

    if ($null -eq $NotBefore) {
        $NotBefore = Get-Date
    }

    if ($null -eq $Expires) {
        $Expires = $NotBefore.AddHours(1)
    }

    $internalHeader = @{
        alg = 'RS256'
        typ = 'JWT'
    }

    $internalClaims = @{
        iss   = $Issuer
        aud   = $Audience
        exp   = ([System.DateTimeOffset]$Expires).ToUnixTimeSeconds()
        iat   = ([System.DateTimeOffset]$NotBefore).ToUnixTimeSeconds()
        nbf   = ([System.DateTimeOffset]$NotBefore).ToUnixTimeSeconds()
    }

    # Merge user provided payload claims with internal payload claims.
    if ($null -ne $Claims) {
        $claims | ForEach-Object -Process {
            $internalClaims.Add($_.Type, $_.Value)
        }
    }

    $b64Header = ConvertTo-Base64Url -InputObject ([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes(($internalHeader | ConvertTo-Json -Compress)))
    $b64Claims = ConvertTo-Base64Url -InputObject ([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes(($internalClaims | ConvertTo-Json -Compress)))

    $baseSignature = $b64Header + '.' + $b64Claims
    $bytesSignature = [System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes($baseSignature)

    if ((Test-Path -Path $Certificate)) {
        # Use P12 or PFX certificate if it exists.
        if ($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('SigningCertificatePassword')) {
            $signingCertificateCredential = New-Object -TypeName System.Management.Automation.PSCredential -ArgumentList 'notinuse', $SigningCertificatePassword
            $plaintextSigningCertificatePassword = $signingCertificateCredential.GetNetworkCredential().Password
        } else {
            $plaintextSigningCertificatePassword = $CertificatePassword
        }

        $signingX509Certificate = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2($Certificate, $plaintextSigningCertificatePassword, 'Export')
    } else {
        # Find certificate by thumbprint ID.
        $signingX509Certificate = Get-ChildItem -Path "cert:\$Certificate" -Recurse | Where-Object { $_.HasPrivateKey -eq $true } | Select-Object -First 1
    }

    $bytesSignedSignature = $signingX509Certificate.PrivateKey.SignData($bytesSignature, [System.Security.Cryptography.HashAlgorithmName]::SHA256, [System.Security.Cryptography.RSASignaturePadding]::Pkcs1)
    $signedB64Signature = ConvertTo-Base64Url -InputObject $bytesSignedSignature

    return $baseSignature + '.' + $signedB64Signature
}
	<#
	example01-create-jwt.ps1: Create JWT with RS256 signature.
	http://blog.d-apps.com/2013/08/powershell-and-json-web-token-handler.html

	Tested using:
	Windows 10.0.18362.628
	PowerShell 7.0.0
	Windows PowerShell 5.1.18362.628
	NuGet 5.4.0.6315
	System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 5.6.0
	#>

	# Download latest NuGet tool.
	Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe' -OutFile "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\nuget.exe"

	# Download System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 5.6.0 dependency.
	& "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\nuget.exe" Install System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt -Version 5.6.0 -OutputDirectory "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\.nuget"

	# Import Jwt-CreateToken function.
	Invoke-Expression -Command (Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://gist.githubusercontent.com/dindoliboon/a4deeaafa9b126026e3139386c245f8e/raw/Jwt-CreateToken.ps1' -UseBasicParsing).Content

	# Create self-signed certificate PFX.
	$generateCertBlock = {
	# Error: check to make sure the SignatureAlgorithm is supported
	# Workaround: https://stackoverflow.com/a/52063928
	$cert = New-SelfSignedCertificate -DnsName '20200318-2236@developer.contoso.com' -CertStoreLocation 'Cert:\CurrentUser\My' -Provider 'Microsoft Enhanced RSA and AES Cryptographic Provider'

	$certPass = ConvertTo-SecureString -String 'notasecret' -AsPlainText -Force
	Export-PfxCertificate -FilePath "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\test2.pfx" -Cert $cert -Password $certPass \| Out-Null

	Write-Output -InputObject $cert
	}

	if ($PSVersionTable.PSEdition -eq 'Desktop') {
	$cert = Invoke-Command -ScriptBlock $generateCertBlock

	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\newtonsoft.json\10.0.1\lib\net45\Newtonsoft.Json.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt\5.6.0\lib\net45\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.dll"
	} else {
	# Error: Export-PfxCertificate: Cannot export non-exportable private key.
	# Workaround: https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell/issues/12081#issuecomment-596777834
	Import-Module -Name PKI -UseWindowsPowerShell
	$winps = Get-PSSession -Name WinPSCompatSession

	$cert = Invoke-Command -Session $winps -ScriptBlock $generateCertBlock

	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\newtonsoft.json\10.0.1\lib\netstandard1.3\Newtonsoft.Json.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.dll"
	}

	# Use certificate stored in CurrentUser\My store.
	$claims = New-Object -TypeName System.Collections.Generic.List[System.Security.Claims.Claim]
	$claims.Add((New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Claims.Claim('scope', 'https://www.contoso.com/api/users')))

	$encToken = Jwt-CreateToken -Issuer '20200318-2236@developer.contoso.com' -Audience 'https://accounts.contoso.com/oauth2/token' -Claims $claims -Certificate $cert.Thumbprint

	$decToken = (New-Object -TypeName System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.JwtSecurityTokenHandler).ReadToken($encToken)
	$decToken \| Format-List
	$decToken.Claims \| Format-List

	# Use certificate stored in PFX.
	$pwd = ConvertTo-SecureString -String 'notasecret' -AsPlainText -Force
	$encToken = Jwt-CreateToken -Issuer '20200318-2236@developer.contoso.com' -Audience 'https://accounts.contoso.com/oauth2/token' -Certificate "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\test2.pfx" -SigningCertificatePassword $pwd

	$decToken = (New-Object -TypeName System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.JwtSecurityTokenHandler).ReadToken($encToken)
	$decToken \| Format-List
	$decToken.Claims \| Format-List
	<#
	example02-google-admin-sdk-jwt.ps1: Accessing Google Admin SDK Directory API using JWT with RS256 signature.

	You will need to create a service account on Google Cloud Platform.
	See https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2/service-account#creatinganaccount

	Tested using:
	Windows 10.0.18362.628
	PowerShell 7.0.0
	Windows PowerShell 5.1.18362.628
	NuGet 5.4.0.6315
	System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 5.6.0
	#>

	# Download latest NuGet tool.
	Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://dist.nuget.org/win-x86-commandline/latest/nuget.exe' -OutFile "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\nuget.exe"

	# Download System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 5.6.0 dependency.
	& "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\nuget.exe" Install System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt -Version 5.6.0 -OutputDirectory "$env:USERPROFILE\Downloads\.nuget"

	# Import Jwt-CreateToken function.
	Invoke-Expression -Command (Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://gist.githubusercontent.com/dindoliboon/a4deeaafa9b126026e3139386c245f8e/raw/Jwt-CreateToken.ps1' -UseBasicParsing).Content

	# Import dependencies.
	if ($PSVersionTable.PSEdition -eq 'Desktop') {
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\newtonsoft.json\10.0.1\lib\net45\Newtonsoft.Json.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt\5.6.0\lib\net45\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\5.6.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.dll"
	} else {
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\newtonsoft.json\10.0.1\lib\netstandard1.3\Newtonsoft.Json.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging.dll"
	Add-Type -Path "$env:USERPROFILE\.nuget\packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens\5.6.0\lib\netstandard2.0\Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens.dll"
	}

	# Get access token.
	#
	# Using OAuth 2.0 for Server to Server Applications
	# https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2/service-account

	$claims = New-Object -TypeName System.Collections.Generic.List[System.Security.Claims.Claim]
	$claims.Add((New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Claims.Claim('scope', 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/admin.directory.user.readonly')))
	$claims.Add((New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Claims.Claim('sub', '20200319-1453-admin@contoso.com')))

	$pwd = ConvertTo-SecureString -String 'notasecret' -AsPlainText -Force
	$encToken = Jwt-CreateToken -Issuer '20200319-1453-admin@contoso.iam.gserviceaccount.com' -Audience 'https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token' -Claims $claims -Certificate 'C:\Users\Kiosk\Downloads\test-ps-jwt-45605-9466f04606d4.p12' -SigningCertificatePassword $pwd

	$payload = @{
	grant_type = 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer'
	assertion = $encToken
	}

	$googleOAuthResult = Invoke-RestMethod -Method Post -Uri 'https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token' -ContentType 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -Body $payload

	# Use our access token and retrieve a user.
	#
	# G Suite Admin SDK Directory API, Users: get
	# https://developers.google.com/admin-sdk/directory/v1/reference/users/get

	$payload = @{
	Authorization = 'Bearer ' + $googleOAuthResult.access_token
	}
	$apiResult = Invoke-RestMethod -Method Get -Uri 'https://www.googleapis.com/admin/directory/v1/users/20200319-1453-user@contoso.com' -Headers $payload
	$apiResult \| Format-List
	<#
	PowerShell to create JWT using RS256.
	http://blog.d-apps.com/2013/08/powershell-and-json-web-token-handler.html

	Workaround when using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt 1.0 with certificates smaller than 2048 bits.
	Exception calling "WriteToken" with "1" argument(s): "Jwt10530: The 'System.IdentityModel.Tokens.X509AsymmetricSecurityKey' for signing cannot be smaller than '2048' bits. Parameter name: key.KeySize Actual value was 1024."

	In 2013, Google's API console would generate P12 keys that was 1024-bits. In 2020, the key size is now 2048-bits.

	Instead of using the proof of concept code below, check out libraries listed at https://jwt.io

	Tested using:
	Windows 10.0.18362.628
	PowerShell 7.0.0
	Windows PowerShell 5.1.18362.628
	#>
	function Jwt-CreateToken {
	Param(
	[String] $Issuer,
	[String] $Audience,
	[string] $Certificate,
	[string] $CertificatePassword,
	[System.Collections.Generic.List[System.Security.Claims.Claim]] $Claims = $null,
	[SecureString] $SigningCertificatePassword,
	[DateTime] $NotBefore,
	[DateTime] $Expires
	)

	function ConvertTo-Base64Url {
	Param(
	$InputObject
	)

	$inputObjectBytes = [System.Convert]::ToBase64String($InputObject)
	return $inputObjectBytes.Split('=')[0].Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_')
	}

	if ($null -eq $NotBefore) {
	$NotBefore = Get-Date
	}

	if ($null -eq $Expires) {
	$Expires = $NotBefore.AddHours(1)
	}

	$internalHeader = @{
	alg = 'RS256'
	typ = 'JWT'
	}

	$internalClaims = @{
	iss = $Issuer
	aud = $Audience
	exp = ([System.DateTimeOffset]$Expires).ToUnixTimeSeconds()
	iat = ([System.DateTimeOffset]$NotBefore).ToUnixTimeSeconds()
	nbf = ([System.DateTimeOffset]$NotBefore).ToUnixTimeSeconds()
	}

	# Merge user provided payload claims with internal payload claims.
	if ($null -ne $Claims) {
	$claims \| ForEach-Object -Process {
	$internalClaims.Add($_.Type, $_.Value)
	}
	}

	$b64Header = ConvertTo-Base64Url -InputObject ([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes(($internalHeader \| ConvertTo-Json -Compress)))
	$b64Claims = ConvertTo-Base64Url -InputObject ([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes(($internalClaims \| ConvertTo-Json -Compress)))

	$baseSignature = $b64Header + '.' + $b64Claims
	$bytesSignature = [System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes($baseSignature)

	if ((Test-Path -Path $Certificate)) {
	# Use P12 or PFX certificate if it exists.
	if ($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('SigningCertificatePassword')) {
	$signingCertificateCredential = New-Object -TypeName System.Management.Automation.PSCredential -ArgumentList 'notinuse', $SigningCertificatePassword
	$plaintextSigningCertificatePassword = $signingCertificateCredential.GetNetworkCredential().Password
	} else {
	$plaintextSigningCertificatePassword = $CertificatePassword
	}

	$signingX509Certificate = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2($Certificate, $plaintextSigningCertificatePassword, 'Export')
	} else {
	# Find certificate by thumbprint ID.
	$signingX509Certificate = Get-ChildItem -Path "cert:\$Certificate" -Recurse \| Where-Object { $_.HasPrivateKey -eq $true } \| Select-Object -First 1
	}

	$bytesSignedSignature = $signingX509Certificate.PrivateKey.SignData($bytesSignature, [System.Security.Cryptography.HashAlgorithmName]::SHA256, [System.Security.Cryptography.RSASignaturePadding]::Pkcs1)
	$signedB64Signature = ConvertTo-Base64Url -InputObject $bytesSignedSignature

	return $baseSignature + '.' + $signedB64Signature
	}