Multiclass SVMs

multiclass_svm.py

"""
Multiclass SVMs (Crammer-Singer formulation).

A pure Python re-implementation of:

Large-scale Multiclass Support Vector Machine Training via Euclidean Projection onto the Simplex.
Mathieu Blondel, Akinori Fujino, and Naonori Ueda.
ICPR 2014.
http://www.mblondel.org/publications/mblondel-icpr2014.pdf
"""

import numpy as np

from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator, ClassifierMixin
from sklearn.utils import check_random_state
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder


def projection_simplex(v, z=1):
    """
    Projection onto the simplex:
        w^* = argmin_w 0.5 ||w-v||^2 s.t. \sum_i w_i = z, w_i >= 0
    """
    # For other algorithms computing the same projection, see
    # https://gist.github.com/mblondel/6f3b7aaad90606b98f71
    n_features = v.shape[0]
    u = np.sort(v)[::-1]
    cssv = np.cumsum(u) - z
    ind = np.arange(n_features) + 1
    cond = u - cssv / ind > 0
    rho = ind[cond][-1]
    theta = cssv[cond][-1] / float(rho)
    w = np.maximum(v - theta, 0)
    return w


class MulticlassSVM(BaseEstimator, ClassifierMixin):

    def __init__(self, C=1, max_iter=50, tol=0.05,
                 random_state=None, verbose=0):
        self.C = C
        self.max_iter = max_iter
        self.tol = tol,
        self.random_state = random_state
        self.verbose = verbose

    def _partial_gradient(self, X, y, i):
        # Partial gradient for the ith sample.
        g = np.dot(X[i], self.coef_.T) + 1
        g[y[i]] -= 1
        return g

    def _violation(self, g, y, i):
        # Optimality violation for the ith sample.
        smallest = np.inf
        for k in xrange(g.shape[0]):
            if k == y[i] and self.dual_coef_[k, i] >= self.C:
                continue
            elif k != y[i] and self.dual_coef_[k, i] >= 0:
                continue

            smallest = min(smallest, g[k])

        return g.max() - smallest

    def _solve_subproblem(self, g, y, norms, i):
        # Prepare inputs to the projection.
        Ci = np.zeros(g.shape[0])
        Ci[y[i]] = self.C
        beta_hat = norms[i] * (Ci - self.dual_coef_[:, i]) + g / norms[i]
        z = self.C * norms[i]

        # Compute projection onto the simplex.
        beta = projection_simplex(beta_hat, z)

        return Ci - self.dual_coef_[:, i] - beta / norms[i]

    def fit(self, X, y):
        n_samples, n_features = X.shape

        # Normalize labels.
        self._label_encoder = LabelEncoder()
        y = self._label_encoder.fit_transform(y)

        # Initialize primal and dual coefficients.
        n_classes = len(self._label_encoder.classes_)
        self.dual_coef_ = np.zeros((n_classes, n_samples), dtype=np.float64)
        self.coef_ = np.zeros((n_classes, n_features))

        # Pre-compute norms.
        norms = np.sqrt(np.sum(X ** 2, axis=1))

        # Shuffle sample indices.
        rs = check_random_state(self.random_state)
        ind = np.arange(n_samples)
        rs.shuffle(ind)

        violation_init = None
        for it in xrange(self.max_iter):
            violation_sum = 0

            for ii in xrange(n_samples):
                i = ind[ii]
                
                # All-zero samples can be safely ignored.
                if norms[i] == 0:
                    continue

                g = self._partial_gradient(X, y, i)
                v = self._violation(g, y, i)
                violation_sum += v

                if v < 1e-12:
                    continue

                # Solve subproblem for the ith sample.
                delta = self._solve_subproblem(g, y, norms, i)

                # Update primal and dual coefficients.
                self.coef_ += (delta * X[i][:, np.newaxis]).T
                self.dual_coef_[:, i] += delta

            if it == 0:
                violation_init = violation_sum

            vratio = violation_sum / violation_init

            if self.verbose >= 1:
                print "iter", it + 1, "violation", vratio

            if vratio < self.tol:
                if self.verbose >= 1:
                    print "Converged"
                break

        return self

    def predict(self, X):
        decision = np.dot(X, self.coef_.T)
        pred = decision.argmax(axis=1)
        return self._label_encoder.inverse_transform(pred)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    from sklearn.datasets import load_iris

    iris = load_iris()
    X, y = iris.data, iris.target

    clf = MulticlassSVM(C=0.1, tol=0.01, max_iter=100, random_state=0, verbose=1)
    clf.fit(X, y)
    print clf.score(X, y)

what does self.coef_.T do in line 49