- Peter Norvig has some Jupyter notebooks on elementary probability theory - https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/url/norvig.com/ipython/Probability.ipynb
- Russell & Norvig's AI textbook has associated code in a variety of languages here, including on probabilistic inference and some of the examples discussed in the text.
- probmods.org is a web textbook (with in-browser executable code) on probabilistic models of cognition. (For those with prior functional programming experience, note that the first edition of the textbook uses a subset of Scheme rather than JavaScript as the probabilistic programming language.)
If you're interested in the history of ideas and the role of probabilistic reasoning in the early to middle history of AI, computational models of cognition, and the importance of having a systematic approach to reasoning about beliefs under uncertainty:
- Russell & Norvig's