Git Reference

git-reference

Git Reference (from Code School's _Git Real_)


# Git Reference (from Code School's _Git Real_)

## Setup

Set up your identity for commits.

	$ git config --global user.name "Name"
	$ git config --global user.email "mail@example.com"

Colorize terminal output.

	$ git config --global color.ui true

Start a local repository (from within the project's path).

	$ git init

## History and Status

Get history

	$ git log

See what's changed since the last commit.

	$ git status

## Basics

Add a file to the staging area:

	$ git add file

Add multiple files to the staging area.

	$ git add <file> <file> ...

Add all new and modified files to the staging area.

	$ git add --all

Add all files in a directory.

	$ git add path/

Add all .extension files within the project.

	$ git add "*.extension"

Add all .extension files within current directory:

	$ git add *.extension

Commit staged files.

	$ git commit -m "Message"


## Staging & Remotes

Show unstaged differences since the last commit.

	$ git diff

View staged differences.

	$ git diff --staged

Unstage a file:

	$ git reset HEAD <file>

Revert to last commit:

	$ git checkout -- <file>

Add tracked files to stage and then commit them.

	$ git commit -a -m "Message"

Undo a commit (puts changes into staging):

	$ git reset --soft HEAD^  # HEAD^ = before HEAD

Amend commit:

	$ git commit --amend -m "Revise message if necessary."

Undo a commit (discarding last commit and all changes).

	$ git reset --hard HEAD^

Undo last two commits.

	$ git reset --hard HEAD^^

Add a remote repo:

	$ git remote add <name of remote repository> <address>
	$ git remote add origin https://github.com/Account/project.git

Show remote repositories:

	$ git remote -v

Push repository:

	$ git push -u <name of remote repository> <local branch to push>
	$ git push -u origin master

Pull changes from remote repository:

	$ git pull

Remove remote repository:

	git remote rm <name of remote repository>

Push to remote repositories (-u tells git to remember the name and branch):

	$ git push -u <name> <branch>


## LEVEL 3 - Cloning and Branching

Clone a repository

	$ git clone <repository address> <local directory name>

Cloning does the following:

1. downloads repository
2. adds the 'origin' remote, pointing it to the clone URL
3. checks out initial branch, e.g., master, and sets the HEAD

Create a branch:

	$ git branch <branch name>

Reveal current branch:

	$ git branch

Switch branch (HEAD moves to active branch):

	$ git checkout <branch name>

Merge branches:

	$ git merge <branch to merge into current branch>

Delete a branch:

	$ git branch -d <branch name>

Create and switch to a branch:

	$ git checkout -b <branch name>



## LEVEL 4 - Collaboration Basics

The `git pull` command:

* fetches (syncs) local repository with remote repository but pulls it into the origin/master branch.  The `git fetch` command does the same.

* merges origin/master with master, same as running `git merge origin/master`

* does a merge commit, prompting for a message

After the merge commit, run `git push` to bring the remotes origin/master into sync with the local one.
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Mark a previously conflicted file as fixed:

	$ git add <file>



## LEVEL 5 - Remote Branches & Tags

Create a remote branch:

	$ git checkout -b <branch>
	$ git push origin <branch>

List remote branches:

	$ git branch -r

Work on a remote branch:

	$ git checkout <branch>

Show remote and local branches and their status:

	$ git remote show <repository name>

Delete a remote branch:

	git push <repository name> :<branch>

Delete a local branch:

	git branch -d <branch>

Force delete a local branch:

	git branch -D <branch>

Clean up stale branches, i.e., branches that may have been deleted to which there are outstanding tracking local branches:

	git remote prune <repository name>

Link a local non-master branch to a remote master branch:

	git push <repository name> <branch>:master

List last tag:

	git tag

Revert to tag:

	git checkout <tag name>

Add a tag:

	git tag -a <tag name> -m "Tag Description"

Push tags:

	git push --tags



## LEVEL 6 - Rebase Belong to Us

Rebase (`git rebase`) does the following:

* moves all changes, which differ from what's in origin/master, to a temporary area
* runs all origin/master commits, one at a time, on the master branch
* runs all commits, one at a time, in the temporary area on master

Rebase a local branch:

	$ git checkout <branch>
	$ git rebase master
	$ git checkout master
	$ git merge <branch>

Rebase:

	$ git fetch
	$ git rebase

## LEVEL 7 - History & Configuration

Colorize:

	$ git config --global color.ui true

Display commit on a single line:

	$ git log --pretty=oneline

Customize format:

	$git log --pretty=format:"%h %ad- %s [%an]"

Format options

| Placeholder | Replacement |
|-------------|-------------|
| `%ad`       | author date |
| `%an`       | author name |
| `%h`        | SHA hash    |
| `%s`        | subject     |
| `%d`        | ref names   |

See what each commit changed (patch):

	$ git log --oneline -p

See how many insertion/deletions for each file in each commit

	$ git log --oneline stat
	$ git log --oneline graph

Specify ranges:

	$ git log --until=1.minute.ago
	$ git log --since=1.day.ago
	$ git log --since=1.hour.ago
	$ git log --since=1.month.ago --until=2.weeks.ago
	$ git log --since-2000-01-01 --until=2012-12-21


What has changed since last commit:

	$ git diff
	$ git diff HEAD

What has changed since _n_ commits ago:

	$ git diff HEAD^
	$ git diff HEAD^^
	$ git diff HEAD~3
	$ git diff HEAD^..HEAD

Diff by SHA:

	$ git diff <SHA>..<SHA>

Diff by branches:

	$ gif diff <branch> <branch>

Diff by time:

	$ git diff --since=1.week.ago --until=1.minute.ago

See all changes and who made them:

	$ git blame <file> --date short

Exclude files in `.git/info/exclude`, such as system by-products generated by local applications.

Exclude files from all copies using `.gitignore`.

Remove a file:

	$ git rm <file>
	$ git commit -m "Message"

Stop tracking a file:

	$ git rm --cached <file>
	
Configure:

	$ git config --global user.name "First Last"
	$ git config --global user.email "name@example.com"
	$ git config --global core.editor <editor>
	$ git config --global merge.tool <diff tool>
	$ git config --list
	$ git config user.email

Aliases:

	git config --global alias.mylog "log --pretty=format: '%h %s [%an]' --graph"
	git config --global alias.lol "log --graph --decorate --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit --all"