Result - represents outcome. Avoid propagating exceptions.

Result.py

class Result:
    """Represents the outcome/result of an operation. Use instead of propogating exceptions
    accross layers. Use exceptions for only exceptional cases.
    
    Attributes
    ----------
    success : bool
        A flag that is set to True if the operation was successful, False if
        the operation failed.
    value : object
        The result of the operation if successful, value is None if operation
        failed or if the operation has no return value.
    error : object
        Error detailing why the operation failed, value is None if
        operation was successful.
        
    Usage
    -----
    def handler() -> Result
      if response.status_code == 200:
        return Result.Success(value="dummy value")
      else:
        return Result.Error(error="dummy error")
        
    
    def caller():
      result = handler()
      if result:
        print(f"Success: {result.value}")
      else:
        print(f"Error: {result.error}")
    """

    def __init__(self, success, value, error):
        self.success = success
        self.error = error
        self.value = value

    def __bool__(self):
        return self.success

    @classmethod
    def Error(cls, error=None):
        return cls(False, value=None, error=error)

    @classmethod
    def Success(cls, value=None):
        return cls(True, value=value, error=None)