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Sanitize issue
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| require 'sanitize' | |
| raw_markup = File.read('markup.html') | |
| class Sanitize | |
| module Config | |
| # Very restrictive config for wikipedia markup sanitizer | |
| WIKIPEDIA = freeze_config( | |
| elements: %w[b em i strong u br ol ul li pre p h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6], | |
| remove_contents: %w[sup table], | |
| # Transformers section | |
| transformers: [ | |
| # Remove wikipedia edit links | |
| lambda { |env| | |
| # Completely remove span.editsection nodes | |
| if env[:node_name] == 'span' && /editsection/ =~ env[:node][:class] | |
| env[:node].unlink | |
| end | |
| }, | |
| # Remove wikipedia thumb divs i.e. div with some graphic and caption | |
| lambda { |env| | |
| if env[:node_name] == 'div' && /thumb/ =~ env[:node][:class] | |
| env[:node].unlink | |
| end | |
| }, | |
| ] | |
| ) | |
| end | |
| end | |
| 200_000.times do |i| | |
| Sanitize.fragment(raw_markup, Sanitize::Config::WIKIPEDIA) | |
| # Sanitize.fragment(raw_markup, Sanitize::Config::RELAXED) | |
| if i % 10 == 0 | |
| GC.start | |
| ending = GC.stat | |
| puts "#{i} Referenced objects count is: #{ending[:total_allocated_object] - ending[:total_freed_object]}" | |
| puts "#{i} Current used memory is #{`ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i / 1024}MB" | |
| puts ObjectSpace.count_objects | |
| puts "\n" | |
| end | |
| end |
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| <p><b>Rome</b> (, , ) is a city and special <i><a href="comune">comune</a></i> (named "Roma Capitale") in <a href="Italy">Italy</a>. Rome is the capital of Italy and <a href="Regions of Italy">region</a> of <a href="Lazio">Lazio</a>. With 2.9 million residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated <i>comune</i> and <a href="Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits">fourth-most populous city</a> in the European Union by population within city limits. The <a href="Metropolitan City of Rome">Metropolitan City of Rome</a> has a population of 4.3 million residents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PR_2-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-PR_2">2</a>]</sup> The city is located in the central-western portion of the <a href="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of <a href="Tiber">Tiber</a> river. <a href="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> is an independent country within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-3">3</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-4">4</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p><a href="History of Rome">Rome's history</a> spans <a href="List of cities by time of continuous habitation">more than two and a half thousand years</a>. Although Roman tradition states the founding of Rome around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited much earlier, being one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-5">5</a>]</sup> The city's early population originated from a mix of <a href="Latins">Latins</a>, <a href="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> and <a href="Sabines">Sabines</a>. Eventually, the city successively became the capital of the <a href="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a>, the <a href="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the <a href="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and is regarded as one of the birthplaces of <a href="Western culture">Western civilization</a>. It is referred to as "Roma Aeterna" (The Eternal City) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-6">6</a>]</sup> and "<a href="Caput Mundi">Caput Mundi</a>" (Capital of the World), two central notions in ancient Roman culture. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>After the <a href="Fall of the Roman Empire">Fall of the Empire</a>, which marked the begin of the <a href="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Rome slowly fell under the political control of the <a href="Pope">Pope</a>, which had settled in the city since the 1st century AD, until in the 8th century it became the capital of the <a href="Papal States">Papal States</a>, which lasted until 1870. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Beginning with the <a href="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, almost all the popes since <a href="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a> (1422–55) pursued coherently along four hundred years an architectonic and urbanistic program aimed to make of the city the world's artistic and cultural center.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-7">7</a>]</sup> Due to that, Rome became first one of the major centers of the <a href="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-8">8</a>]</sup> and then the birthplace of the <a href="Baroque">Baroque</a> style. Famous artists and architects of the Renaissance and Baroque period made Rome the center of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the <a href="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, and in 1946 that of the <a href="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome has the status of a <a href="global city">global city</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lboro.ac.uk_9-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-lboro.ac.uk_9">9</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-10">10</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-atkearney.at_11-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-atkearney.at_11">11</a>]</sup> In 2011, Rome was the 18th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the <a href="European Union">European Union</a>, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caroline Bremner_12-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Caroline Bremner_12">12</a>]</sup> Its historic centre is listed by <a href="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_13-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-whc.unesco.org_13">13</a>]</sup> Monuments and museums such as the <a href="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a> and the <a href="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> are among the world's most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the <a href="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a> and is the seat of United Nations' <a href="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO). | |
| </p> | |
| <p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Table of Contents</h2></div><ul><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Etymology" rel="nofollow" title="#Etymology">#Etymology</a>">Etymology</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23History" rel="nofollow" title="#History">#History</a>">History</a><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Earliest_history" rel="nofollow" title="#Earliest_history">#Earliest_history</a>">Earliest history</a><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Legend_of_the_founding_of_Rome" rel="nofollow" title="#Legend_of_the_founding_of_Rome">#Legend_of_the_founding_of_Rome</a>">Legend of the founding of Rome</a></li></ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Monarchy_republic_empire" rel="nofollow" title="#Monarchy_republic_empire">#Monarchy_republic_empire</a>">Monarchy, republic, empire</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Middle_Ages" rel="nofollow" title="#Middle_Ages">#Middle_Ages</a>">Middle Ages</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Early_modern" rel="nofollow" title="#Early_modern">#Early_modern</a>">Early modern</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Late_modern_and_contemporary" rel="nofollow" title="#Late_modern_and_contemporary">#Late_modern_and_contemporary</a>">Late modern and contemporary</a></li></ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Government" rel="nofollow" title="#Government">#Government</a>">Government</a><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Local_government" rel="nofollow" title="#Local_government">#Local_government</a>">Local government</a><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Administrative_and_historical_subdivisions" rel="nofollow" title="#Administrative_and_historical_subdivisions">#Administrative_and_historical_subdivisions</a>">Administrative and historical subdivisions</a></li></ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Metropolitan_and_regional_government" rel="nofollow" title="#Metropolitan_and_regional_government">#Metropolitan_and_regional_government</a>">Metropolitan and regional government</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23National_government" rel="nofollow" title="#National_government">#National_government</a>">National government</a></li></ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Geography" rel="nofollow" title="#Geography">#Geography</a>">Geography</a><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Location" rel="nofollow" title="#Location">#Location</a>">Location</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Topography" rel="nofollow" title="#Topography">#Topography</a>">Topography</a></li></ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Climate" rel="nofollow" title="#Climate">#Climate</a>">Climate</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Demographics" rel="nofollow" title="#Demographics">#Demographics</a>">Demographics</a><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Ethnic_groups" rel="nofollow" title="#Ethnic_groups">#Ethnic_groups</a>">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Religion" rel="nofollow" title="#Religion">#Religion</a>">Religion</a><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Vatican_City" rel="nofollow" title="#Vatican_City">#Vatican_City</a>">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Pilgrimage" rel="nofollow" title="#Pilgrimage">#Pilgrimage</a>">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Cityscape" rel="nofollow" title="#Cityscape">#Cityscape</a>">Cityscape</a><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Architecture" rel="nofollow" title="#Architecture">#Architecture</a>">Architecture</a><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Ancient_Rome" rel="nofollow" title="#Ancient_Rome">#Ancient_Rome</a>">Ancient Rome</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Medieval" rel="nofollow" title="#Medieval">#Medieval</a>">Medieval</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Renaissance_and_Baroque" rel="nofollow" title="#Renaissance_and_Baroque">#Renaissance_and_Baroque</a>">Renaissance and Baroque</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Neoclassicism" rel="nofollow" title="#Neoclassicism">#Neoclassicism</a>">Neoclassicism</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Fascist_architecture" rel="nofollow" title="#Fascist_architecture">#Fascist_architecture</a>">Fascist architecture</a></li></ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Parks_and_gardens" rel="nofollow" title="#Parks_and_gardens">#Parks_and_gardens</a>">Parks and gardens</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Fountains_and_aqueducts" rel="nofollow" title="#Fountains_and_aqueducts">#Fountains_and_aqueducts</a>">Fountains and aqueducts</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Statues" rel="nofollow" title="#Statues">#Statues</a>">Statues</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Obelisks_and_columns" rel="nofollow" title="#Obelisks_and_columns">#Obelisks_and_columns</a>">Obelisks and columns</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Bridges" rel="nofollow" title="#Bridges">#Bridges</a>">Bridges</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Catacombs" rel="nofollow" title="#Catacombs">#Catacombs</a>">Catacombs</a></li></ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Economy" rel="nofollow" title="#Economy">#Economy</a>">Economy</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Education" rel="nofollow" title="#Education">#Education</a>">Education</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Culture" rel="nofollow" title="#Culture">#Culture</a>">Culture</a><ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Entertainment_and_performing_arts" rel="nofollow" title="#Entertainment_and_performing_arts">#Entertainment_and_performing_arts</a>">Entertainment and performing arts</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Tourism" rel="nofollow" title="#Tourism">#Tourism</a>">Tourism</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Cuisine" rel="nofollow" title="#Cuisine">#Cuisine</a>">Cuisine</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Cinema" rel="nofollow" title="#Cinema">#Cinema</a>">Cinema</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Language" rel="nofollow" title="#Language">#Language</a>">Language</a></li></ul><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Sports" rel="nofollow" title="#Sports">#Sports</a>">Sports</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Transport" rel="nofollow" title="#Transport">#Transport</a>">Transport</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23International_entities_organisations_and_involvement" rel="nofollow" title="#International_entities_organisations_and_involvement">#International_entities_organisations_and_involvement</a>">International entities, organisations and involvement</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Twin_towns_sister_cities_and_partner_cities" rel="nofollow" title="#Twin_towns_sister_cities_and_partner_cities">#Twin_towns_sister_cities_and_partner_cities</a>">Twin towns, sister cities and partner cities</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23See_also" rel="nofollow" title="#See_also">#See_also</a>">See also</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23References" rel="nofollow" title="#References">#References</a>">References</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Bibliography" rel="nofollow" title="#Bibliography">#Bibliography</a>">Bibliography</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Documentaries" rel="nofollow" title="#Documentaries">#Documentaries</a>">Documentaries</a></li><li><a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23External_links" rel="nofollow" title="#External_links">#External_links</a>">External links</a></li></ul></ul></td></tr></table> | |
| </p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Etymology" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Etymology"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2> | |
| <p>About the origin of the name <i>Roma</i> several hypotheses have been advanced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-14">14</a>]</sup> The most important are the following: | |
| <ul><li>From <i>Rumon</i> or <i>Rumen</i>, archaic name of the <a href="Tiber">Tiber</a>, which in turn has the same root as the Greek verb ῥέω (rhèo) and the Latin verb <i>ruo</i>, which both mean "flow";<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-15">15</a>]</sup></li><li>From the <a href="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> word <i>ruma</i>, whose root is *rum- "teat", with possible reference either to the <a href="Founding of Rome#The legend">totem wolf that adopted and suckled</a> the cognately named twins <a href="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, or to the shape of the <a href="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a> and <a href="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hills</a>;</li><li>From the Greek word ῤώμη (rhōmē), which means <i>strength</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-16">16</a>]</sup></li></ul> | |
| </p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=History" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="History"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Earliest_history" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Earliest_history"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Earliest_history">Earliest history</span></h3> | |
| <p>There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago, but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-17">17</a>]</sup> Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence. Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from <a href="pastoralism">pastoral</a> settlements on the <a href="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a> built above the area of the future <a href="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>. While some archaeologists argue that Rome was indeed founded in the middle of the 8th century BC (the date of the tradition), the date is subject to controversy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-foundation_18-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-foundation_18">18</a>]</sup> However, the power of the well known tale of Rome's legendary foundation tends to deflect attention from its actual, and much more ancient, origins. | |
| </p> | |
| <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Legend_of_the_founding_of_Rome" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Legend_of_the_founding_of_Rome"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Legend_of_the_founding_of_Rome">Legend of the founding of Rome</span></h4> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:She-wolf suckles Romulus and Remus.jpg" class="image" title="Capitoline Wolf suckles the infant twins Romulus and Remus."><img src="She-wolf suckles Romulus and Remus.jpg" alt="Capitoline Wolf suckles the infant twins Romulus and Remus." title="Capitoline Wolf suckles the infant twins Romulus and Remus." style="float:right" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Capitoline Wolf">Capitoline Wolf</a> suckles the infant twins <a href="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>.</div></div></div> | |
| Traditional stories handed down by the <a href="ancient Romans">ancient Romans</a> themselves explain the earliest <a href="History of Rome">history of their city</a> in terms of <a href="legend">legend</a> and <a href="myth">myth</a>. The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all <a href="Roman mythology">Roman myths</a>, is the story of <a href="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, the twins who were suckled by a <a href="wolf">she-wolf</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-livy1797_19-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-livy1797_19">19</a>]</sup> They decided to build a city, but after an argument, <a href="Romulus">Romulus</a> killed his brother. According to the Roman <a href="annalist">annalists</a>, this happened on 21 April 753 BC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg73_20-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg73_20">20</a>]</sup> This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the <a href="Trojan War">Trojan refugee</a> <a href="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son <a href="Ascanius">Iulus</a>, the namesake of the <a href="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-livy2005_21-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-livy2005_21">21</a>]</sup> | |
| This was accomplished by the Roman poet <a href="Virgil">Virgil</a> in the first century BC. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Monarchy_republic_empire" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Monarchy_republic_empire"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Monarchy_republic_empire">Monarchy, republic, empire</span></h3> | |
| <p>After the legendary foundation by <a href="Romulus">Romulus</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg73_20-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg73_20">20</a>]</sup> Rome was ruled for a period of 244 years by a monarchical system, initially with sovereigns of <a href="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latin</a> and <a href="Sabines">Sabine</a> origin, later by <a href="Etruscans">Etruscan</a> kings. The tradition handed down seven kings: Romulus, <a href="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, <a href="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a>, <a href="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a>, <a href="Tarquinius Priscus">Tarquinius Priscus</a>, <a href="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> and <a href="Tarquin the Proud">Tarquin the Proud</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg73_20-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg73_20">20</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>In 509 BC the Romans expelled from the city the last king and established an oligarchic republic: since then, for Rome began a period characterized by internal struggles between <a href="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a> (aristocrats) and <a href="Plebs">plebeians</a> (small landowners), and by constant warfare against the populations of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, <a href="Volsci">Volsci</a>, <a href="Aequi">Aequi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg77_22-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg77_22">22</a>]</sup> After becoming master of <a href="Latium">Latium</a>, Rome led several wars (against the <a href="Gauls">Gauls</a>, <a href="Osci">Osci</a>-<a href="Samnites">Samnites</a> and the Greek colony of <a href="Taranto">Taranto</a>, allied with <a href="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a>, king of <a href="Epirus">Epirus</a>) whose result was the conquest of the <a href="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, from the central area up to <a href="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg79_23-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg79_23">23</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The third and second century BC saw the establishment of the Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean and the East, through the three <a href="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> (264-146 BC) fought against the city of <a href="Carthage">Carthage</a> and the three <a href="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> (212-168 BC) against <a href="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg8183_24-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg8183_24">24</a>]</sup> Then were established the first <a href="Roman province">Roman provinces</a>: <a href="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>, <a href="Corsica et Sardinia">Sardinia and Corsica</a>, <a href="Hispania">Spain</a>, <a href="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="Achaea (Roman province)">Greece (Achaia)</a>, <a href="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg8185_25-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg8185_25">25</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Roma Plan.jpg" class="image" title="Map depicting late ancient Rome."><img src="Roma Plan.jpg" alt="Map depicting late ancient Rome." title="Map depicting late ancient Rome." style="float:left" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Map depicting late ancient Rome.</div></div></div> | |
| From the beginning of the 2nd century BC, the power was contended between two groups of aristocrats: the <a href="optimates">optimates</a>, representing the conservative part of the <a href="Roman senate">Senate</a>, and the <a href="populares">populares</a>, which relied on the help of the <a href="plebs">urban populace</a> to gain the power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers and the establishment of large slave estates provoked the migration to the city of a large number of people. The continuous warfare made necessary a professional army, which was more loyal to its chiefs than to the republic. Due to that, in the second half of the second century and during the first century BC saw fights abroad and at home: after the failed attempt of social reform of <a href="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius</a> and <a href="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg89_26-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg89_26">26</a>]</sup> and the war against <a href="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg89_26-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg89_26">26</a>]</sup> there was <a href="Sulla's first civil war">a first civil war</a> between <a href="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> and <a href="Sulla">Sulla</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg89_26-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg89_26">26</a>]</sup> To this followed <a href="Third Servile War">the slave revolt</a> under <a href="Spartacus">Spartacus</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg91_27-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg91_27">27</a>]</sup> and the establishment of a <a href="first Triumvirate">first Triumvirate</a> with <a href="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, <a href="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg91_27-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg91_27">27</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The conquest of <a href="Gaul">Gaul</a> let rise the star of Caesar, who fought <a href="Caesar's Civil War">a second civil war</a> against the Senate and Pompey and, after his victory, established a lifelong dictatorship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg91_27-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg91_27">27</a>]</sup> His assassination led to a <a href="second Triumvirate">second Triumvirate</a> among <a href="Octavian">Octavian</a> (Caesar's nephew and heir), <a href="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Lepidus</a>, and to <a href="Final War of the Roman Republic">another civil war</a> between the Octavian and Antony.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg93_28-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg93_28">28</a>]</sup> The former in 27 BC became <i>princeps civitatis</i> and got the title of Augustus, founding the <a href="principate">principate</a>, a <a href="diarchy">diarchy</a> between the <i>princeps</i> and the senate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg93_28-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg93_28">28</a>]</sup> Established <a href="de facto">de facto</a> the empire, which reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor <a href="Trajan">Trajan</a>, Rome was confirmed as <a href="caput Mundi">caput Mundi</a>, i.e. the capital of the world, an expression which had already been given in the Republican period. During its first two centuries the empire saw as rulers, after Octavian Augustus, the emperors of the <a href="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg97_29-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg97_29">29</a>]</sup> <a href="Flavian dynasty">Flavian</a> (who also built eponymous amphitheater, known as the <a href="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg97_29-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg97_29">29</a>]</sup> and <a href="Antonine dynasty">Antonine</a> dynasties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg99_30-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg99_30">30</a>]</sup> This time was also characterized by the spread of the Christian religion, preached by Jesus Christ in Judea in the first half of the century (under <a href="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>) and popularized by his apostles through the empire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg107_31-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg107_31">31</a>]</sup> The Antonine age is considered the apogee of the Empire, whose territory ranged from the Atlantic Ocean to the <a href="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, from the central-northern part of Britain to Egypt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg99_30-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg99_30">30</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:RomanEmpire 117.svg" class="image" title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent controlled approximately square kilometres[32] of land surface."><img src="RomanEmpire 117.svg" alt="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent controlled approximately square kilometres[32] of land surface." title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent controlled approximately square kilometres[32] of land surface." style="float:right" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">The Roman Empire at its greatest extent controlled approximately square kilometres<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-32">32</a>]</sup> of land surface.</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>In the third century, at the end of the <a href="Antonine dynasty">Antonine dynasty</a>, with the <a href="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> the <i>principatus</i> was substituted by a military government, which was soon followed by a period of military anarchy, while the economy deteriorated, the inflation rose and the historical enemies of Rome, the <a href="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> in the West and the <a href="Sasanid Empire">Persian Empire</a> in the East, bore a continue pressure on the frontiers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg101_33-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg101_33">33</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Emperor <a href="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (284) fought the economic and military problems introducing the <a href="dominate">dominate</a>, an absolute monarchy where the emperor was deified, imposing the price control and decentralising the administration: the emperor divided the empire into twelve <a href="Roman province">dioceses</a>, ruling under the title of <i><a href="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i> the eastern half (with residence in <a href="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>) and naming <a href="Maximian">Maximian</a> <i>Augustus</i> of the western half, whose capital was moved to <a href="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg101_33-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg101_33">33</a>]</sup> The succession was regulated with the creation of the <a href="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>: each <i>Augustus</i>, in fact, had to appoint a junior emperor, named <i><a href="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>, which would rule part of the roman territory on behalf of his <i>Augustus</i> and which would become, at the end, the new emperor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg101_33-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg101_33">33</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>After the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian in 305 and many dynastic fights, this system collapsed, and the new ruler, <a href="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a>, centralized power again and, with the <a href="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313, gave freedom of worship for Christians, pledging himself to give stability to the new religion. He built several churches, gave the civil power of Rome to Pope <a href="Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a> and founded in the eastern part the new capital, <a href="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg103_34-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg103_34">34</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Christianity became the official religion of the empire, thanks to <a href="Edict of Thessalonica">an edict issued in 380</a> by <a href="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a>, who was the last emperor of a unified empire: after his death, in fact, his sons, <a href="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> and <a href="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a>, divided the empire in <a href="Western Roman Empire">a western</a> and <a href="Eastern Roman Empire">an eastern</a> part. The capital of the western Roman Empire became <a href="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg103_34-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg103_34">34</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome, which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire, <a href="Sack of Rome (410)">was sacked in 410</a> by the <a href="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> led by <a href="Alaric I">Alaric I</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg115_35-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg115_35">35</a>]</sup> but also embellished by the construction of sacred buildings by the popes (with the collaboration of the emperors). The city, impoverished and depopulated, suffered <a href="Sack of Rome (455)">a new looting in 455</a>, by <a href="Genseric">Genseric</a>, king of the <a href="Vandals">Vandals</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg117_36-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg117_36">36</a>]</sup> The weak emperors of the fifth century could not stop the decay, until the deposition of <a href="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a> on 22 August 476 marked the end of the Western Roman Empire and, for many historians, the beginning of the Middle Ages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-awg103_34-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-awg103_34">34</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Middle_Ages" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Middle_Ages"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</span></h3> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Eroberung roms 410.jpg" class="image" title="15th-century miniature depicting the Sack of Rome (410)"><img src="Eroberung roms 410.jpg" alt="15th-century miniature depicting the Sack of Rome (410)" title="15th-century miniature depicting the Sack of Rome (410)" style="float:left" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">15th-century miniature depicting the <a href="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></div></div></div> | |
| The Bishop of Rome, called the <a href="Pope">Pope</a>, was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles <a href="Simon Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a> there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by the Catholics) as the successors of Peter, he being the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus became of increasing importance in the <a href="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. After the <a href="Decline of the Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in 476 AD, Rome was first under the control of <a href="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> and then became part of the <a href="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> before returning to <a href="Byzantine Empire">East Roman</a> control after the <a href="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a>, which devastated the city. Its population declined from more than a million in 210 AD to 500,000 in 273<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-37">37</a>]</sup> to 35,000 after the Gothic War,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-38">38</a>]</sup> reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-39">39</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>After the <a href="Lombard invasion of Italy#Invasion and conquest of the Italian peninsula">Lombard invasion of Italy</a>, the city remained nominally Byzantine, but in reality the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between <a href="Byzantine Empire">the Byzantines</a>, the <a href="Franks">Franks</a> and the <a href="Lombards">Lombards</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be19_40-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be19_40">40</a>]</sup> In 729, the Lombard king <a href="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand</a> donated to the church the north Latium town of <a href="Sutri">Sutri</a>, starting the temporal power of the church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be19_40-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be19_40">40</a>]</sup> In 756, <a href="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a>, after having defeated the Lombards, gave to the Pope temporal jurisdiction over the Roman Duchy and the <a href="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>, thus creating the <a href="Papal States">Papal States</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be19_40-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be19_40">40</a>]</sup> Since this period three powers tried to rule the city: the pope, the nobility, together with the chefs of militias, the judges, the Senate and the populace; and the Frankish king, as king of the Lombards, patricius and Emperor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be19_40-3">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be19_40">40</a>]</sup> These three parties (theocratic, republican and imperial) were a characteristic of the roman life during the whole Middle Ages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be19_40-4">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be19_40">40</a>]</sup> On the Christmas night of 800, <a href="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> was crowned in Rome first emperor of the <a href="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> by <a href="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a>: in that occasion the city hosted for the first time the two powers whose struggle for the universal power had to be a constant of the Middle Ages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be19_40-5">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be19_40">40</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Sacre de Charlemagne.jpg" class="image" title="Crowning of Charlemagne in Old Saint Peter's Basilica, on 25 December 800"><img src="Sacre de Charlemagne.jpg" alt="Crowning of Charlemagne in Old Saint Peter's Basilica, on 25 December 800" title="Crowning of Charlemagne in Old Saint Peter's Basilica, on 25 December 800" style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Crowning of <a href="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in <a href="Old Saint Peter's Basilica">Old Saint Peter's Basilica</a>, on 25 December 800</div></div></div> | |
| In 846, Muslim Arabs <a href="Arab raid against Rome (846)">unsuccessfully stormed the city's walls</a>, but managed to loot <a href="Old St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's</a> and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-41">41</a>]</sup> After the decay of <a href="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian power</a>, Rome fell prey of the feudal anarchy: several noble families keep fighting against the pope, the emperor and each other. These were the fishy times of <a href="Theodora (senatrix)">Theodora</a> and her daughter <a href="Marozia">Marozia</a>, concubines and mothers of several popes, and of <a href="Crescentius the Younger">Crescentius</a>, a powerful feudal lord, who fought against the emperors <a href="Otto II">Otto II</a> and <a href="Otto III">III</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be20_42-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be20_42">42</a>]</sup> The scandals of this period pushed the papacy to reform itself: the election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals, and a reform of the clergy was attempted: but the driving force behind this renewal, monk Ildebrando da Soana, once elected pope under the name of <a href="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a>, got involved into the <a href="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> against Emperor <a href="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be20_42-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be20_42">42</a>]</sup> In that occasion Rome <a href="Sack of Rome (1084)">was sacked and burned</a> by the <a href="Normans">Normans</a> of <a href="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>, rushed to the Pope`s aid, who was besieged in Castel S. Angelo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be20_42-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be20_42">42</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>During this period, the city was autonomously ruled by a <i>senatore</i> or <i>patrizio</i>: in the 12th century, this administration, as often in the Italian cities, evolved into the <a href="Medieval commune">commune</a>, a new form of social organisation, expression of the new wealthy classes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be20_42-3">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be20_42">42</a>]</sup> Pope <a href="Lucius II">Lucius II</a> had already to fight against the roman commune, and the struggle was continued by his successor <a href="pope Eugenius III">pope Eugenius III</a>: then the commune, allied with the nobility, was supported by <a href="Arnaldo da Brescia">Arnaldo da Brescia</a>, a monk who was a religious and social reformer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be21_43-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be21_43">43</a>]</sup> After the pope's death, Arnaldo was taken prisoned by <a href="Adrianus IV">Adrianus IV</a>, and this marked the end of the comune's autonomy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be21_43-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be21_43">43</a>]</sup> Under pope <a href="Innocent III">Innocent III</a>, whose reign marked the apogee of the papacy, the commune liquidated the senate, and replaced it with a <i>Senatore</i>, who was subject to the pope.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be21_43-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be21_43">43</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>In this period the papacy played a role of secular importance in <a href="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, often acting as arbitrators between Christian <a href="monarch">monarchs</a> and exercising additional political powers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Faus_44-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Faus_44">44</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Papal Arbitration_45-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Papal Arbitration_45">45</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-46">46</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>In 1266, Senator was appointed <a href="Charles of Anjou">Charles of Anjou</a>, who was heading south to fight the <a href="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> on behalf of the pope. Charles founded the <a href="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza</a>, the university of Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be21_43-3">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be21_43">43</a>]</sup> In that period the pope died, and the cardinals, summoned in <a href="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>, could not agree about his successor: the people of the city, got angry about that, unroofed the building where they had met, imprisoning them until they had nominated the new pope: this happening marked the birth of the <a href="conclave">conclave</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be21_43-4">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be21_43">43</a>]</sup> In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights among the noble families: <a href="Annibaldi family">Annibaldi</a>, <a href="Caetani">Caetani</a>, <a href="Colonna family">Colonna</a>, <a href="Orsini family">Orsini</a>, <a href="Conti di Segni">Conti</a>, nested in their fortresses built above ancient roman edifices, fought each other trying to hold hands on the papacy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be21_43-5">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be21_43">43</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p><a href="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>, born Caetani, was the last pope to fight for the church's universal domain: he proclaimed a crusade against the Colonna, and in 1300 he called for the first <a href="Jubilee (Christianity)">Jubilee of Christianity</a>, which brought to Rome millions of pilgrims.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be21_43-6">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be21_43">43</a>]</sup> However his hopes were crushed against the French king <a href="Philip IV of France">Philip the Fair</a>, who let him taken prisoner and slashed in <a href="Anagni">Anagni</a>, causing his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be21_43-7">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be21_43">43</a>]</sup> Afterwards, a new pope faithful to the French was elected, and the papacy was <a href="Avignon papacy">briefly relocated</a> to <a href="Avignon">Avignon</a> (1309–1377).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> During this period the city was neglected, until the power fell in the hand of a plebeian man, <a href="Cola di Rienzo">Cola di Rienzo</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> An idealist and a lover of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed about a ribirth of the Roman Empire: after assuming the power with the title of <i>Tribuno</i>, his reforms were rejected by the populace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> Forced to flee, Cola could come back among the suite of cardinal <a href="Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz">Albornoz</a>, in charge of restoring the church power in Italy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-3">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> Back in power for a short time, he was lynched by the populace, and Albornoz could take possession of the city, that in 1377 under <a href="Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a> became again the seat of the papacy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-4">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the <a href="western Schism">western Schism</a> (1377-1418), and during the next forty years, the city was prey of the fights which shattered the church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-5">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Early_modern" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Early_modern"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_modern">Early modern</span></h3> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Roma-tempiettobramante01R.jpg" class="image" title="The <i>Tempietto</i> (San Pietro in Montorio), which is an excellent example of Italian Renaissance architecture"><img src="Roma-tempiettobramante01R.jpg" alt="The <i>Tempietto</i> (San Pietro in Montorio), which is an excellent example of Italian Renaissance architecture" title="The <i>Tempietto</i> (San Pietro in Montorio), which is an excellent example of Italian Renaissance architecture" style="float:left" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">The <i>Tempietto</i> (<a href="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a>), which is an excellent example of <a href="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> architecture</div></div></div> | |
| In 1418, the <a href="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> settled the western schism, and a Roman pope, <a href="Martin V">Martin V</a>, was elected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-6">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> | |
| This brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the <a href="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-7">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from <a href="Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a>, founder of the <a href="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, to <a href="Pius II">Pius II</a>, humanist and literate, from <a href="Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a>, a warrior pope, to <a href="Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a>, immoral and <a href="Nepotism">nepotist</a>, from <a href="Julius II">Julius II</a>, soldier and patron, to <a href="Leo X">Leo X</a>, who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the eternal city, to the power of their stock, and to the patronage of the arts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-8">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> During those years the center of the <a href="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> moved to Rome from Florence. Majestic works, as the new <a href="St. Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>, the <a href="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> and <i><a href="Ponte Sisto">Ponte Sisto</a></i> (the first bridge to be built across the <a href="Tiber River">Tiber</a> since antiquity, although on Roman foundation) were created. To accomplish that the Popes engaged the best artists of the time, including <a href="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="Pietro Perugino">Perugino</a>, <a href="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="Luca Signorelli">Luca Signorelli</a>, <a href="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, and <a href="Cosimo Rosselli">Cosimo Rosselli</a>. | |
| The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering children, and engaging in <a href="nepotism">nepotism</a> and <a href="simony">simony</a>. The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the <a href="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> and, in turn, the <a href="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. Popes, such as <a href="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a>, were well known for their decadence, wild parties, extravagance and immoral lives.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-48">48</a>]</sup> However, under these extravagant and rich popes, Rome was transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth, grandeur, the arts, learning and architecture. | |
| The <a href="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period changed Rome's face dramatically, with works like the <a href="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a> by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartment, all made during Innocent's reign. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under <a href="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> (1503–1513) and his successors <a href="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a> and <a href="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a>, both members of the <a href="House of Medici">Medici family</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by Emperor <a href="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-49">49</a>]</sup> (which by then was in a dilapidated state) was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like <a href="Ridolfo Ghirlandaio">Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="Pietro Perugino">Perugino</a>, <a href="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a> and <a href="Donato Bramante">Bramante</a>, who built the temple of <a href="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a> and planned a great project to renovate the <a href="Apostolic Palace">Vatican</a>. Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy, created frescoes in the <a href="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a>, the <a href="Raphael Rooms">Raphael's Rooms</a>, plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the <a href="Moses">Moses</a> for the tomb of Julius II. Rome lost in part its religious character, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a great number of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentious episodes. | |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Sistine Chapel ceiling left.png" class="image" title="Michelangelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel."><img src="Sistine Chapel ceiling left.png" alt="Michelangelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel." title="Michelangelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel." style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s ceiling in the <a href="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>.</div></div></div> | |
| Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including <a href="Agostino Chigi">Agostino Chigi</a>, who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins. The fight between France and Spain in Europe caused the first plunder of the city in more than one thousand years. In 1527, the <a href="Landsknecht">Landsknechts</a> of Emperor <a href="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> <a href="Sack of Rome (1527)">sacked the city</a>, putting to an abrupt end the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-9">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Beginning with the Council of Trent in 1545, the Church began the Counter-Reformation as an answer to the Reformation, a large-scale questioning of the Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. (This loss of confidence then led to major shifts of power away from the Church.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-10">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> Under the popes from <a href="Pius IV">Pius IV</a> to <a href="Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a>, Rome became the centre of the reformed Catholicism and saw the installment of new monuments which celebrated the papacy's restored greatness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be23_50-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be23_50">50</a>]</sup> The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continued the movement by having city's landscape enriched with baroque buildings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be23_50-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be23_50">50</a>]</sup> | |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:1652 Merian Panoramic View or Map of Rome, Italy - Geographicus - Roma-merian-1642.jpg" class="image" title="Rome in 1642"><img src="1652 Merian Panoramic View or Map of Rome, Italy - Geographicus - Roma-merian-1642.jpg" alt="Rome in 1642" title="Rome in 1642" style="float:left" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Rome in 1642</div></div></div> This was another nepotistic age: the new noble families (<a href="Barberini family">Barberini</a>, <a href="Pamphili family">Pamphili</a>, <a href="Chigi family">Chigi</a>, <a href="Rospigliosi family">Rospigliosi</a>, <a href="Altieri family">Altieri</a>, <a href="Odescalchi family">Odescalchi</a>) were protected by their respective popes, who built for their relatives huge baroque buildings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be23_50-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be23_50">50</a>]</sup> During the <a href="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, new ideas reached also the Eternal City, where the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people's welfare.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-11">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation. There were setbacks in the attempts to restrain the anti-Church policies of European powers of the time, the most notable setback perhaps being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the Jesuit order suppressed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-be22_47-12">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-be22_47">47</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Late_modern_and_contemporary" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Late_modern_and_contemporary"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Late_modern_and_contemporary">Late modern and contemporary</span></h3> | |
| <p>The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived <a href="Roman Republic (18th century)">Roman Republic</a> (1798–1800), which was built under the influence of the <a href="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The Papal States were restored in June 1800, but during <a href="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s reign Rome was <a href="Rome (department)">annexed as a <i>Département</i></a> of the <a href="First French Empire">French Empire</a>: first as <i>Département du Tibre</i> (1808–10) and then as <i>Département Rome</i> (1810–14). After the fall of Napoleon, the Church State under the pope was reinstated through the <a href="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> of 1814. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>In 1849 <a href="Roman Republic (19th century)">another Roman Republic</a> arose within the framework of the <a href="revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>. Two of the most influential figures of the <a href="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, <a href="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> and <a href="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, fought for the short-lived republic. | |
| </p> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Breccia di Porta Pia Ademollo.jpg" class="image" title="Italian soldiers enter Rome on 20 September 1870."><img src="Breccia di Porta Pia Ademollo.jpg" alt="Italian soldiers enter Rome on 20 September 1870." title="Italian soldiers enter Rome on 20 September 1870." style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Italian soldiers <a href="Capture of Rome">enter Rome</a> on 20 September 1870.</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification, as the rest of Italy was reunited as the <a href="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, with a temporary capital at <a href="Florence">Florence</a>. In 1861 Rome was declared capital of Italy even though it was still under the control of the Pope. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the <a href="Papal States">Papal States</a> were under French protection, thanks to the foreign policy of <a href="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>. And it was only when this was lifted in 1870, owing to the outbreak of the <a href="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, that Italian troops were able to <a href="Capture of Rome">capture Rome</a> entering the city through a breach near <a href="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a>. Afterwards, <a href="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> declared himself as <a href="prisoner in the Vatican">prisoner in the Vatican</a>, and in 1871 the capital of Italy was finally moved from Florence to Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-51">51</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Soon after World War I, Rome witnessed the rise to power of <a href="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, led by <a href="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who <a href="March on Rome">marched on the city</a> in 1922, eventually declaring a new <a href="Imperial Italy (fascist)">Italian Empire</a> and allying Italy with <a href="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Mussolini let pull down large parts of the city center in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence of classical Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-52">52</a>]</sup> The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population, which surpassed one million inhabitants. In World War II, due to its art treasuries and the presence of Vatican, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities. However, on 19 July 1943 the <a href="Quartiere San Lorenzo">San Lorenzo district</a> was <a href="Bombing of Rome in World War II">bombed by Anglo-American forces</a>, resulting in about 3,000 deaths and 11,000 wounded. After <a href="25 Luglio">the fall of Mussolini</a> and the <a href="Armistice of Cassibile">Italian Armistice</a> on 8 September 1943, the city was occupied by the Germans and declared an <a href="open city">open city</a> until <a href="Liberation of Rome#Breakout">its liberation on 4 June 1944</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome developed momentously after the war, as one of the driving forces behind the "<a href="Italian economic miracle">Italian economic miracle</a>" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of <i>la dolce vita</i> ("the sweet life"), Rome became a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as <i><a href="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben Hur</a></i>, <i><a href="Quo Vadis (1951 film)">Quo Vadis</a></i>, <i><a href="Roman Holiday">Roman Holiday</a></i> and <i><a href="La Dolce Vita">La Dolce Vita</a></i> filmed in the city's iconic <a href="Cinecittà">Cinecittà</a> film studios. The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s, when the <i>comune</i> had more than 2.8 million residents; after that, population started to decline slowly as inhabitants began to move to nearby suburbs of Rome. | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Government" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Government"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span></h2> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Local_government" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Local_government"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Local_government">Local government</span></h3> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Piazza del Campidoglio.jpg" class="image" title="Palazzo Senatorio, Rome City Hall"><img src="Piazza del Campidoglio.jpg" alt="Palazzo Senatorio, Rome City Hall" title="Palazzo Senatorio, Rome City Hall" style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Palazzo Senatorio">Palazzo Senatorio</a>, Rome City Hall</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome constitutes a <i><a href="comune">comune speciale</a></i>, named <i>"Roma Capitale"</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-53">53</a>]</sup> and is the largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 <i>comuni</i> of Italy. It is governed by a mayor, currently <a href="Ignazio Marino">Ignazio Marino</a>, and a city council. The seat of the <i>comune</i> is the <i>Palazzo Senatorio</i> on the <a href="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>, the historic seat of the city government. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as <i>"Campidoglio"</i>, the Italian name of the hill. | |
| </p> | |
| <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Administrative_and_historical_subdivisions" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Administrative_and_historical_subdivisions"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_and_historical_subdivisions">Administrative and historical subdivisions</span></h4> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Rome - new division.png" class="image" title="The <i>municipi</i> of Rome."><img src="Rome - new division.png" alt="The <i>municipi</i> of Rome." title="The <i>municipi</i> of Rome." style="float:left" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">The <i>municipi</i> of Rome.</div></div></div> | |
| Since 1972 the city has been divided into administrative areas, called <i>municipi</i> (sing. <i>municipio</i>) (until 2001 named <i>circoscrizioni</i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-54">54</a>]</sup> They were created for administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each <i>municipio</i> is governed by a president and a council of four members who are elected by its residents every five years. The <i>municipi</i> frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city.<br /> The municipi where originally 20, then 19.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-55">55</a>]</sup> In 2013 their number has been reduced to 15.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-56">56</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units. The historic centre is divided into 22 <i><a href="Rioni of Rome">rioni</a></i>, all of which are located within the <a href="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> except <a href="Prati">Prati</a> and <a href="Borgo (rione of Rome)">Borgo</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>These originate from the <a href="14 regions of Augustan Rome">Regiones of ancient Rome</a>, which evolved in the Middle Ages into the <a href="14 regions of Medieval Rome">medieval rioni</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-57">57</a>]</sup> In the <a href="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, under Pope <a href="Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a>, they reached again the number of fourteen, and their boundaries were finally defined under <a href="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> in 1743. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>A new subdivision of the city under <a href="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> was ephemeral, and there were no sensible changes in the organisation of the city until 1870, when Rome became the third capital of Italy. The needs of the new capital led to an explosion both in the urbanisation and in the population within and outside the <a href="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian walls</a>. In 1874 a fifteenth rione, <a href="Esquilino (rione of Rome)">Esquilino</a>, was created on the newly urbanised zone of <a href="Monti (rione of Rome)">Monti</a>. At the beginning of the 20th century other rioni where created (the last one was Prati – the only one outside the Walls of <a href="Pope Urban VIII">Pope Urban VIII</a> – in 1921). Afterward, for the new administrative subdivisions of the city the name "quartiere" was used. Today all the rioni are part of the first Municipio, which therefore coincides completely with the <i>historical city</i> (<i>Centro Storico</i>). | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Metropolitan_and_regional_government" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Metropolitan_and_regional_government"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Metropolitan_and_regional_government">Metropolitan and regional government</span></h3> | |
| <p>Rome is the principal town of the <a href="Metropolitan City of Rome">Metropolitan City of Rome</a>, operative since 1 January 2015. The Metropolitan City replaced the old <a href="Province of Rome">province</a>, which included the city's metropolitan area and extends further north until <a href="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a>. The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At , its dimensions are comparable to the region of <a href="Liguria">Liguria</a>. Moreover, the city is also the capital of the <a href="Lazio">Lazio</a> region. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=National_government" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="National_government"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="National_government">National government</span></h3> | |
| <p>Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the <a href="Politics of Italy">Italian Government</a>. The official residences of the <a href="President of Italy">President of the Italian Republic</a> and the <a href="Prime Minister of Italy">Italian Prime Minister</a>, the seats of both houses of the <a href="Parliament of Italy">Italian Parliament</a> and that of the <a href="Constitutional Court of Italy">Italian Constitutional Court</a> are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in <a href="Palazzo della Farnesina">Palazzo della Farnesina</a> near the Olympic stadium. | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Geography" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Geography"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Rome, Italy.JPG" class="image" title="Astronaut view of Rome, 2002"><img src="Rome, Italy.JPG" alt="Astronaut view of Rome, 2002" title="Astronaut view of Rome, 2002" style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Astronaut view of Rome, 2002</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Location" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Location"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Location">Location</span></h3> | |
| <p>Rome is in the <a href="Lazio">Lazio</a> region of <a href="central Italy">central Italy</a> on the <a href="Tiber River">Tiber river</a> (). The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the <a href="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a>, the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the <a href="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hill</a>, the <a href="Caelian Hill">Caelian Hill</a>, the <a href="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>, the <a href="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline Hill</a>, the <a href="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>, the <a href="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal Hill</a>, and the <a href="Viminal Hill">Viminal Hill</a>. Modern Rome is also crossed by another river, the <a href="Aniene">Aniene</a>, which flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Although the city centre is about inland from the <a href="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of <a href="Ostia (Rome)">Ostia</a> is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from <a href="above mean sea level">above sea level</a> (at the base of the <a href="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>) to <a href="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> (the peak of <a href="Monte Mario">Monte Mario</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-58">58</a>]</sup> The <i>Comune</i> of Rome covers an overall area of about , including many green areas. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Topography" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Topography"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Topography">Topography</span></h3> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Rome L7 8 3 2001 lrg.jpg" class="image" title="Rome seen from satellite."><img src="Rome L7 8 3 2001 lrg.jpg" alt="Rome seen from satellite." title="Rome seen from satellite." style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Rome seen from satellite.</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Throughout the history of Rome, the urban limits of the city were considered to be the area within the city walls. Originally, these consisted of the <a href="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a>, which was built twelve years after the <a href="Gaul">Gaulish</a> sack of the city in 390 BC. This contained most of the Esquiline and Caelian hills, as well as the whole of the other five. Rome outgrew the <a href="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a>, but no more walls were constructed until almost 700 years later, when, in 270 AD, Emperor <a href="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> began building the <a href="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a>. These were almost long, and were still the walls the troops of the <a href="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Kingdom of Italy</a> had to breach to enter the city in 1870. The city's urban area is cut in two by its ring-road, the <i><a href="Grande Raccordo Anulare">Grande Raccordo Anulare</a></i> ("GRA"), finished in 1962, which circles the city centre at a distance of about . Although when the ring was completed most part of the inhabited area lay inside it (one of the few exceptions was the former village of <a href="Ostia (Rome)">Ostia</a>, which lies along the tyrrhenian coast), in the meantime quarters have been built which extend up to beyond it. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The <i>comune</i> covers an area roughly three times the total area within the <i>Raccordo</i> and is comparable in area to the entire metropolitan cities of <a href="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="Naples">Naples</a>, and to an area six times the size of the territory of these cities. It also includes considerable areas of abandoned marsh land which is suitable neither for agriculture nor for urban development. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>As a consequence, the density of the <i>comune</i> is not that high, its territory being divided between highly urbanised areas and areas designated as parks, <a href="nature reserves">nature reserves</a>, and for agricultural use. | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Climate" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Climate"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span></h2> | |
| <p>Rome enjoys a <a href="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <i>Csa</i>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-59">59</a>]</sup> with cool, humid winters and hot, dry summers. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Its average annual temperature is above during the day and at night. In the coldest month – January, the average temperature is during the day and at night. In the warmest months – July and August, the average temperature is during the day and at night. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around during the day and at night. Temperatures generally vary between during the day and between at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring almost every winter, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls once every 20 or 25 years (the last one in 2012).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-60">60</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The average <a href="relative humidity">relative humidity</a> is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of in February and March to a high of in August.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sea temp_61-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-sea temp_61">61</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.1em; margin:auto;"><tr><th> | |
| Average sea temperature | |
| </th></tr><tr><th> | |
| Month | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th> | |
| May | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th> | |
| </th><th style="border-left-width:medium"> | |
| Year | |
| </th></tr><tr><td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%"> | |
| <i>Source: Holiday Check</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sea temp_61-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-sea temp_61">61</a>]</sup> | |
| </td></tr></table> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Demographics" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Demographics"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2> | |
| <p>In 550 BC Rome was the second largest city in Italy, with <a href="Taranto">Tarentum</a> being the largest. It had an area of about 285 hectares (1.1 sq mile) and an estimated population of 35,000. Other sources suggest the population was just under 100,000 from 600–500 BC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-66">66</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-67">67</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>When the Republic was founded in 509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000. The republic included the city itself and the immediate surroundings. Other sources suggest a population of 150,000 in 500 BC. It surpassed 300,000 in 150 BC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-68">68</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-69">69</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-70">70</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-71">71</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-72">72</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>At the time of the Emperor <a href="Augustus">Augustus</a>, Rome was the largest city in the world: with a population of about one million people (about the size of London in the early 19th century, when London was the largest city in the world).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-73">73</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-74">74</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-75">75</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-76">76</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>After the <a href="Decline of the Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, the city's population declined to less than 50,000 people. It continued to stagnate or shrink until the <a href="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-77">77</a>]</sup> When the <a href="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Kingdom of Italy</a> annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 200,000. This increased to 600,000 by the eve of World War I. The <a href="Fascism">Fascist</a> regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city, but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s. After the Second World War, growth continued, helped by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created a large number of suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2 million people lived in the greater Rome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city, with a population density of about 800inhab./km2 stretching over more than 5,000 km²). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-78">78</a>]</sup> The current birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Urban_Areas_79-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-World_Urban_Areas_79">79</a>]</sup> Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the <a href="Rome metropolitan area">Rome metropolitan area</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-80">80</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-81">81</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-82">82</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-83">83</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-84">84</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Ethnic_groups" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Ethnic_groups"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</span></h3> | |
| <p>According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-85">85</a>]</sup> approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7 percent of the population. The remaining 4.8 percent are those with non-European origins, chiefly Filipinos (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and Chinese (10,283). | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The <a href="Esquilino (rione of Rome)">Esquilino</a> <i><a href="Rioni of Rome">rione</a></i>, off <a href="Termini Station (Rome)">Termini Railway Station</a>, has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood. It is perceived as Rome's Chinatown. Immigrants from more than a hundred different countries reside there. A commercial district, Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine. There are wholesale clothes shops. Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned; around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world; 200 are owned by Italians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-86">86</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Religion" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Religion"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h2> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Facade San Giovanni in Laterano 2006-09-07.jpg" class="image" title="Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, Rome's Cathedral."><img src="Facade San Giovanni in Laterano 2006-09-07.jpg" alt="Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, Rome's Cathedral." title="Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, Rome's Cathedral." style="float:right" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Archbasilica of St. John Lateran">Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran</a>, Rome's Cathedral.</div></div></div> | |
| Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly <a href="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, and the city has been an important centre of religion and pilgrimage for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman Religion with the <a href="Pontifex Maximus">pontifex maximus</a> and later the seat of the <a href="Holy See">Vatican</a> and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the <a href="Religion in ancient Rome">Religio Romana</a> (literally, the "Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were <a href="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, the most high, and <a href="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, <a href="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, according to tradition. Other gods and goddesses such as <a href="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a> and <a href="Minerva">Minerva</a> were honoured. Rome was also the base of several mystery cults, such as <a href="Mithraic Mysteries">Mithraism</a>. Later, after <a href="Saint Peter">St Peter</a> and <a href="Paul the Apostle">St Paul</a> were martyred in the city, and the first Christians began to arrive, Rome became <a href="Christian">Christian</a>, and the <a href="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> was constructed in 313 AD. Despite some interruptions (such as the <a href="Avignon Papacy">Avignon papacy</a>), Rome has for centuries been the home of the <a href="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="Pope">Bishop of Rome</a>, otherwise known as the Pope. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Despite the fact that Rome is home to the <a href="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> and St. Peter's Basilica, Rome's cathedral is the <a href="Basilica of St. John Lateran">Basilica of St. John Lateran</a>, located to the south-east of the city-centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total, aside from the cathedral itself, some others of note include: the <a href="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, the <a href="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a>, the <a href="Basilica di San Clemente">Basilica di San Clemente</a>, <a href="San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane">San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane</a> and the <a href="Church of the Gesu">Church of the Gesu</a>. There are also the ancient <a href="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a> underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as the <a href="Pontifical Lateran University">Pontifical Lateran University</a>, <a href="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a>, <a href="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a>, and <a href="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>In recent years, there has been a significant growth in Rome's <a href="Muslim">Muslim</a> community, mainly due to immigration from North African and Middle Eastern countries into the city. As a result of this increase of the local practitioners of the <a href="Islam">Islamic</a> faith, the <i>comune</i> promoted the building of the <a href="Mosque of Rome">Mosque of Rome</a>, which is the largest mosque in <a href="Europe">Europe</a>, that was designed by architect <a href="Paolo Portoghesi">Paolo Portoghesi</a> and inaugurated on 21 June 1995. Since the end of the Roman Republic, Rome is also the center of an important <a href="Jewish">Jewish</a> community,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-87">87</a>]</sup> which was once based in <a href="Trastevere">Trastevere</a>, and later in the <a href="Roman Ghetto">Roman Ghetto</a>. There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the <i><a href="Great Synagogue of Rome">Tempio Maggiore</a></i>. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Vatican_City" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Vatican_City"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Vatican_City">Vatican City</span></h3> | |
| <p>The territory of Vatican City is part of the <i>Mons Vaticanus</i> (<a href="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a>), and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where <a href="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, the <a href="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, the <a href="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman <a href="rione">rione</a> of <a href="Borgo (rione of Rome)">Borgo</a> until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the <a href="Tiber River">Tiber river</a>, the area was an suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of <a href="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a>, later expanded by the current fortification walls of <a href="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a>/<a href="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a>/<a href="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>When the <a href="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> of 1929 that created the Vatican state was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The territory includes <a href="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a>, separated from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it borders Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the <a href="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a>, which runs from the Tiber River to St. Peter's. This grand approach was designed by architects <a href="Marcello Piacentini">Piacentini</a> and Spaccarelli, for want of <a href="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and in accordance with the church, after the conclusion of the <a href="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>. According to the <a href="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>, certain <a href="properties of the Holy See">properties of the Holy See</a> located in Italian territory, most notably the <a href="Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo</a> and the <a href="major basilica">major basilicas</a>, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign <a href="Diplomatic mission">embassies</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Pilgrimage" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Pilgrimage"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</span></h3> | |
| <p>Rome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. People from all over the Christian world visit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The Pope was the most influential figure during the Middle Ages. The city became a major pilgrimage site during the <a href="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and the <a href="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> starting with <a href="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, who was crowned its first emperor in Rome in 800 by <a href="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a>. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the <a href="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Rome kept its status as Papal capital and "holy city" for centuries, even when the Papacy <a href="Avignon papacy">briefly relocated</a> to <a href="Avignon">Avignon</a> (1309–1377). Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to a large number of sites, both within the Vatican City and in Italian territory. A popular stopping point is the <a href="scala sancta">Pilate's stairs</a>: these are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the <a href="praetorium">praetorium</a> of <a href="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> in <a href="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, which <a href="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> stood on during his <a href="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a> on his way to trial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-88">88</a>]</sup> The stairs were, reputedly, brought to Rome by <a href="Helena of Constantinople">St. Helena</a> in the 4th Century. For centuries, the <i>Scala Santa</i> has attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honor the Passion of Jesus. Object of pilgrimage are also several catacombs built in the Roman age, in which Christians prayed, buried their dead and performed worship during periods of persecution, and various national churches (among them <a href="San Luigi dei francesi">San Luigi dei francesi</a> and <a href="Santa Maria dell'Anima">Santa Maria dell'Anima</a>), or churches associated with individual religious orders, such as the Jesuit Churches of Jesus and Sant`Ignazio. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Traditionally, pilgrims in Rome and Roman citizens thanking God for a grace should visit by foot the <a href="Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome">seven pilgrim churches</a> () in 24 hours. This custom, mandatory for each pilgrim in the Middle Ages, was codified in 16th century by Saint <a href="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a>. The seven churches are the four major Basilicas (<a href="Basilica of St Peter">St Peter in Vatican</a>, <a href="St Paul outside the Walls">St Paul outside the Walls</a>, <a href="St John in Lateran">St John in Lateran</a> and <a href="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>), while the other three are <a href="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">San Lorenzo fuori le mura</a> (a paleochristian Basilica), <a href="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce in Gerusalemme</a> (a church founded by <a href="Helena (empress)">Helena</a>, the mother of Constantine, which hosts fragments of wood attributed to the holy cross) and <a href="San Sebastiano fuori le mura">San Sebastiano fuori le mura</a> (which lies on the <a href="Appian Way">Appian Way</a> and is built above <a href="Catacombs of San Sebastiano">Roman catacombs</a>). | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Cityscape" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Cityscape"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Cityscape">Cityscape</span></h2> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Architecture" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Architecture"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span></h3> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Pantheon Front.jpg" class="image" title="The Pantheon."><img src="Pantheon Front.jpg" alt="The Pantheon." title="The Pantheon." style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>.</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome's architecture over the centuries has greatly developed, especially from the Classical and Imperial Roman styles to modern <a href="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a>. Rome was for a period one of the world's main epicentres of classical architecture, developing new forms such as the <a href="arch">arch</a>, the <a href="dome">dome</a> and the <a href="vault (architecture)">vault</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eyewitness_89-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Eyewitness_89">89</a>]</sup> The <a href="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture, and later the city became one of the main centres of <a href="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="Baroque">Baroque</a> architecture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eyewitness_89-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Eyewitness_89">89</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Ancient_Rome" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Ancient_Rome"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</span></h4> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:RomaCastelSantAngelo.jpg" class="image" title="Castel Sant'Angelo."><img src="RomaCastelSantAngelo.jpg" alt="Castel Sant'Angelo." title="Castel Sant'Angelo." style="float:left" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>.</div></div></div> | |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Roma San Paolo fuori le mura BW 1.JPG" class="image" title="The Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura."><img src="Roma San Paolo fuori le mura BW 1.JPG" alt="The Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura." title="The Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura." style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura</a>.</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>One of the symbols of Rome is the <a href="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> (70–80 AD), the largest <a href="amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a> ever built in the Roman Empire. Originally capable of seating 60,000 spectators, it was used for <a href="gladiator">gladiatorial</a> combat. A list of important monuments and sites of ancient Rome includes the <a href="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>, the <a href="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a>, the <a href="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>, <a href="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, <a href="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a>, the <a href="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs</a>, the <a href="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>, the <a href="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a>, <a href="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>, the <a href="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a>, the <a href="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>, the <a href="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a>, the <a href="Pyramid of Cestius">Pyramid of Cestius</a>, and the <a href="Bocca della Verità">Bocca della Verità</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Medieval" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Medieval"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Medieval">Medieval</span></h4> | |
| <p>Often overlooked, Rome's medieval heritage is one of the largest in Italian cities. Basilicas dating from the <a href="Early Christianity">Paleochristian</a> age include <a href="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> and <a href="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">San Paolo Fuori le Mura</a> (the latter largely rebuilt in the 19th century), both housing precious 4th century AD mosaics. Later notable medieval mosaic and fresco art can be also found in the churches of <a href="Santa Maria in Trastevere">Santa Maria in Trastevere</a>, <a href="Santi Quattro Coronati">Santi Quattro Coronati</a>, and <a href="Santa Prassede">Santa Prassede</a>. Lay buildings include a number of towers, the largest being the <a href="Torre delle Milizie">Torre delle Milizie</a> and the <a href="Torre dei Conti">Torre dei Conti</a>, both next the Roman Forum, and the huge staircase leading to the basilica of <a href="Santa Maria in Aracoeli">Santa Maria in Ara Coeli</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Renaissance_and_Baroque" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Renaissance_and_Baroque"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Renaissance_and_Baroque">Renaissance and Baroque</span></h4> | |
| <p>Rome was a major world centre of the <a href="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, second only to Florence, and was profoundly affected by the movement. Among others, a masterpiece of <a href="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> in Rome is the Piazza del Campidoglio by <a href="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>. During this period, the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as the <a href="Quirinal Palace">Palazzo del Quirinale</a> (now seat of the <a href="President of Italy">President of the Italian Republic</a>), the <a href="Palazzo Venezia">Palazzo Venezia</a>, the <a href="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a>, the <a href="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a>, the <a href="Palazzo Chigi">Palazzo Chigi</a> (now seat of the <a href="Prime Minister of Italy">Italian Prime Minister</a>), the <a href="Palazzo Spada">Palazzo Spada</a>, the <a href="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a>, and the <a href="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Many of the famous city's squares – some huge, majestic and often adorned with <a href="List of obelisks in Rome">obelisks</a>, some small and picturesque – got their present shape during the Renaissance and Baroque. The principal ones are <a href="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a>, <a href="Spanish Steps">Piazza di Spagna</a>, <a href="Campo de' Fiori">Campo de' Fiori</a>, <a href="Piazza Venezia">Piazza Venezia</a>, <a href="Palazzo Farnese, Rome">Piazza Farnese</a>, <a href="Pantheon, Rome">Piazza della Rotonda</a> and <a href="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a>. One of the most emblematic examples of Baroque art is the <a href="Trevi Fountain">Fontana di Trevi</a> by <a href="Nicola Salvi">Nicola Salvi</a>. Other notable 17th-century <a href="baroque architecture">baroque palaces</a> are the <a href="Palazzo Madama">Palazzo Madama</a>, now the seat of the <a href="Italian Senate">Italian Senate</a> and the <a href="Palazzo Montecitorio">Palazzo Montecitorio</a>, now the seat of the <a href="Italian Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies of Italy</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Neoclassicism" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Neoclassicism"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</span></h4> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:RomaAltarePatriaTramonto.jpg" class="image" title="The Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II."><img src="RomaAltarePatriaTramonto.jpg" alt="The Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II." title="The Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II." style="float:right" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II">Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II</a>.</div></div></div> | |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Roma Piazza del Popolo BW 1.JPG" class="image" title="Piazza del Popolo."><img src="Roma Piazza del Popolo BW 1.JPG" alt="Piazza del Popolo." title="Piazza del Popolo." style="float:left" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a>.</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>In 1870, Rome became the capital city of the new <a href="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Kingdom of Italy</a>. During this time, <a href="neoclassical architecture">neoclassicism</a>, a building style influenced by the architecture of <a href="classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, became a predominant influence in <a href="Architecture of ancient Rome">Roman architecture</a>. During this period, many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries, embassies, and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbols of Roman neoclassicism is the <a href="Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II">Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II</a> or "Altar of the Fatherland", where the <a href="Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II#Unknown soldier">Grave of the Unknown Soldier</a>, that represents the 650,000 Italians that fell in World War I, is located. | |
| </p> | |
| <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Fascist_architecture" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Fascist_architecture"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Fascist_architecture">Fascist architecture</span></h4> | |
| <p>The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 developed an architectural style that was characterised by its links with ancient Roman architecture. The most important Fascist site in Rome is the <a href="EUR, Rome">E.U.R</a> district, designed in 1938 by <a href="Marcello Piacentini">Marcello Piacentini</a>. It was originally conceived for the <a href="Esposizione universale (1942)">1942 world exhibition</a>, and was called "E.42" (<i>"Esposizione 42"</i>). The world exhibition, however, never took place because Italy entered the Second World War in 1940. The most representative building of the Fascist style at E.U.R. is the <a href="Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana">Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana</a> (1938–1943), the iconic design of which has been labelled the cubic of Square Colosseum. After World War II, the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centre business district of the type that other capitals were still planning (<a href="London Docklands">London Docklands</a> and <a href="La Défense">La Défense</a> in Paris). Also the <a href="Palazzo della Farnesina">Palazzo della Farnesina</a>, the current seat of the <a href="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)">Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, was designed in 1935 in pure Fascist style. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Parks_and_gardens" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Parks_and_gardens"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</span></h3> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg" class="image" title="The gardens of Villa Borghese."><img src="Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg" alt="The gardens of Villa Borghese." title="The gardens of Villa Borghese." style="float:left" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">The gardens of <a href="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese</a>.</div></div></div> | |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Spanish Steps & Trinita dei Monti from Piazza di Spagna Rome.jpg" class="image" title="Spanish Steps and Trinita dei Monti"><img src="Spanish Steps & Trinita dei Monti from Piazza di Spagna Rome.jpg" alt="Spanish Steps and Trinita dei Monti" title="Spanish Steps and Trinita dei Monti" style="float:right" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a> and <a href="Trinita dei Monti">Trinita dei Monti</a></div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-90">90</a>]</sup> The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are <a href="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese</a>, <a href="Villa Ada">Villa Ada</a>, and <a href="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a>. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill comprising some . Also on the Gianicolo hill there is <a href="Villa Sciarra (Rome)">Villa Sciarra</a>, with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere the <a href="Orto Botanico dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza"">Orto Botanico</a> (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees, but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush <a href="Villa Celimontana">Villa Celimontana</a>, close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking <a href="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a> and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of <a href="Pincio">Pincio</a> and <a href="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a>. Noteworthy is also the Pine wood of <a href="Castelfusano">Castelfusano</a>, near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin including the <a href="Pineto Regional Park">Pineto Regional Park</a> and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Fountains_and_aqueducts" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Fountains_and_aqueducts"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Fountains_and_aqueducts">Fountains and aqueducts</span></h3> | |
| <p>Rome is a city famous for its numerous fountains, built in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had <a href="fountain">fountains</a> for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and decorated the <a href="piazza">piazzas</a> of Rome. During the <a href="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, in 98 AD, according to <a href="Sextus Julius Frontinus">Sextus Julius Frontinus</a>, the Roman consul who was named <i>curator aquarum</i> or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine <a href="aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueducts</a> which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-91">91</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>During the 17th and 18th century the Roman popes reconstructed other ruined Roman acqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of <a href="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a>, were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. They were crowded with allegorical figures, and filled with emotion and movement. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were "a visual representation of confidence and power".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-92">92</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Statues" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Statues"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Statues">Statues</span></h3> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 150px;"><a href="File:Kolumna Aureliusza.jpg" class="image" title="The 39.7 m tall[93] Column of Marcus Aurelius."><img src="Kolumna Aureliusza.jpg" alt="The 39.7 m tall[93] Column of Marcus Aurelius." title="The 39.7 m tall[93] Column of Marcus Aurelius." style="width:150px;float:left" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">The 39.7 m tall<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-93">93</a>]</sup> <a href="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a>.</div></div></div> | |
| Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the <a href="talking statues of Rome">talking statues of Rome</a>. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the <a href="Pasquino">Pasquino</a> and the <a href="Marforio">Marforio</a>, yet there are four other noted ones: <a href="il Babuino">il Babuino</a>, <a href="Madama Lucrezia">Madama Lucrezia</a>, <a href="il Facchino">il Facchino</a> and <a href="Abbot Luigi">Abbot Luigi</a>. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents <a href="Menelaus">Menelaus</a>, Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be <a href="Silenus">Silenus</a>, <a href="Marforio">Marforio</a> represents <a href="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>, Madama Lucrezia is a bust of <a href="Isis">Isis</a>, and <a href="il Facchino">il Facchino</a> is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placards or <a href="graffiti">graffiti</a> expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to <a href="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> in the Campo de'Fiori. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Obelisks_and_columns" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Obelisks_and_columns"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Obelisks_and_columns">Obelisks and columns</span></h3> | |
| <p>The city hosts eight <a href="ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> and five <a href="ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> <a href="obelisk">obelisks</a>, together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an <a href="Aksumite Empire">ancient Ethiopian</a> obelisk in Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-94">94</a>]</sup> The city contains some of obelisks in <a href="piazza">piazzas</a>, such as in <a href="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a>, <a href="Saint Peter's Square">St Peter's Square</a>, <a href="Piazza di Monte Citorio">Piazza Montecitorio</a>, and <a href="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a>, and others in <a href="villa">villas</a>, <a href="thermae">thermae</a> parks and gardens, such as in <a href="Villa Mattei">Villa Celimontana</a>, the <a href="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a>, and the <a href="Pincian Hill">Pincian Hill</a>. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also <a href="Trajan's column">Trajan's</a> and <a href="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Antonine Column</a>, two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Bridges" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Bridges"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Bridges">Bridges</span></h3> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Bridge of Angels.jpg" class="image" title="Bridge of Angels which leads to Castel Sant'Angelo."><img src="Bridge of Angels.jpg" alt="Bridge of Angels which leads to Castel Sant'Angelo." title="Bridge of Angels which leads to Castel Sant'Angelo." style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Bridge of Angels</a> which leads to Castel Sant'Angelo.</div></div></div> | |
| The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the <a href="Tiber River">Tiber</a>. The only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is <a href="Pons Fabricius">Ponte dei Quattro Capi</a>, which connect the <a href="Isola Tiberina">Isola Tiberina</a> with the left bank. The other surviving ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are <a href="Pons Cestius">Ponte Cestio</a>, <a href="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a> and <a href="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a>. Considering <a href="Ponte Nomentano">Ponte Nomentano</a>, also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the <a href="Aniene">Aniene</a>, currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-95">95</a>]</sup> Other noteworthy bridges are <a href="Ponte Sisto">Ponte Sisto</a>, the first bridge built in the Renaissance above Roman foundations; <a href="Ponte Rotto">Ponte Rotto</a>, actually the only remaining arch of the ancient <i>Pons Aemilius</i>, collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of 19th century; and <a href="Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II">Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II</a>, a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the <a href="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the <a href="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a>, which was completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten statues of the angels, designed by <a href="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a> in 1688.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-96">96</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Catacombs" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Catacombs"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Catacombs">Catacombs</span></h3> | |
| <p>Rome has extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include <a href="Religion in ancient Rome">pagan</a> and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through <a href="tuff">tuff</a>, a soft <a href="volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a>, outside the boundaries of the city, because <a href="Roman law">Roman law</a> forbade burial places within city limits. Currently maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the <a href="Pope">Papacy</a> which has invested in the <a href="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesians of Don Bosco</a> the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome. | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Economy" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Economy"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2> | |
| <p>Being the capital city of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, like the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single Ministeri), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and the Vatican City (curiously, Rome also hosts, in the Italian part of its territory, the Embassy of Italy for the Vatican City, a unique case of an Embassy within the boundaries of its own country). Many international institutions are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones – such as the American Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, the German Archaeological Institute – for the honour of scholarship in the Eternal City, and Specialized Agencies of the United Nations, such as the <a href="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a>. Rome, also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations, such as the <a href="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a> (IFAD), <a href="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP), the <a href="NATO Defence College">NATO Defence College</a> and ICCROM, the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property. Rome is currently an beta+ <a href="Global city">world city</a>, falling down from its alpha- status in 2008, along with <a href="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lboro.ac.uk_9-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-lboro.ac.uk_9">9</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome was also ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index, being the highest-ranking city in Italy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-atkearney.at_11-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-atkearney.at_11">11</a>]</sup> With a 2005 GDP of €94.376 billion (US$121.5 billion),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rapporto2006_97-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-rapporto2006_97">97</a>]</sup> the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rapporto2006_97-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-rapporto2006_97">97</a>]</sup> Rome grows +4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rapporto2006_97-2">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-rapporto2006_97">97</a>]</sup> This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy, (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-observatoribarcelona.org_98-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-observatoribarcelona.org_98">98</a>]</sup> Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ilsole24ore.com_99-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-ilsole24ore.com_99">99</a>]</sup> yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with €24,509.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ilsole24ore.com_99-1">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-ilsole24ore.com_99">99</a>]</sup> On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-citymayors_a_100-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-citymayors_a_100">100</a>]</sup> The Rome area had a <a href="List of cities by GDP">GDP amounting to $167.8 billion</a>, and $38,765 per capita.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brookings_101-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Brookings_101">101</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry and it is largely dominated by <a href="service (economics)">services</a>, high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction and commercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport, <a href="Fiumicino">Fiumicino</a>, is the largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: <a href="Enel">Enel</a>, <a href="Eni">Eni</a>, and <a href="Telecom Italia">Telecom Italia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forbes_102-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Forbes_102">102</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the <a href="Cinema of Italy">Italian film industry</a>, thanks to the Cinecittà studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the <a href="Esposizione Universale Roma">Esposizione Universale Roma</a> (EUR); the <i>Torrino</i> (further south from the EUR); the <i>Magliana</i>; the <i>Parco de' Medici-Laurentina</i> and the so-called <i>Tiburtina-valley</i> along the ancient <a href="Via Tiburtina">Via Tiburtina</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Education" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Education"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h2> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 200px;"><a href="File:RomeUniversity1938.jpg" class="image" title="The new campus of Rome University, built in 1935 by Marcello Piacentini, in a 1938 picture."><img src="RomeUniversity1938.jpg" alt="The new campus of Rome University, built in 1935 by Marcello Piacentini, in a 1938 picture." title="The new campus of Rome University, built in 1935 by Marcello Piacentini, in a 1938 picture." style="width:200px;float:right" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">The new campus of Rome University, built in 1935 by <a href="Marcello Piacentini">Marcello Piacentini</a>, in a 1938 picture.</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education, containing numerous academies, colleges and universities. According to the City Brands Index, Rome is considered the world's second most historically, educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-103">103</a>]</sup> It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges, and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre, especially during <a href="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and the <a href="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, along with Florence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-104">104</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome has a large number of universities and colleges. Its first university, <a href="Sapienza University of Rome">La Sapienza</a> (founded in 1303), is the largest in Europe and the second-largest in the world, with more than 140,000 students attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-105">105</a>]</sup> and currently ranks among Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-106">106</a>]</sup> In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza, two new public universities were founded during the last decades: <a href="University of Rome Tor Vergata">Tor Vergata</a> in 1982, and <a href="Roma Tre University">Roma Tre</a> in 1992. Rome hosts also the <a href="<a href="http://www.sog.luiss.it" rel="nofollow">http://www.sog.luiss.it</a>" target="_blank">LUISS School of Government</a>, Italy's most important graduate university in the areas of international affairs and European studies. Rome <a href="Istituto superiore per le industrie artistiche (ISIA)">ISIA</a> was founded in 1973 by <a href="Giulio Carlo Argan">Giulio Carlo Argan</a> and is Italy's oldest institution in the field of <a href="industrial design">industrial design</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome contains also a large number of <a href="pontifical university">pontifical universities</a> and other institutes, including the <a href="British School at Rome">British School at Rome</a>, the <a href="French Academy in Rome">French School in Rome</a>, the <a href="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a> (The oldest <a href="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> university in the world, founded in 1551), <a href="Istituto Europeo di Design">Istituto Europeo di Design</a>, the, the <a href="Lorenzo de' Medici School">Scuola Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, the Link <a href="Link Campus">Campus of Malta</a>, and the <a href="Università Campus Bio-Medico">Università Campus Bio-Medico</a>. Rome is also the location of two American Universities; <a href="The American University of Rome">The American University of Rome</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-107">107</a>]</sup> and <a href="John Cabot University">John Cabot University</a> as well as <a href="St. John's University (Italy)">St. John's University</a> branch campus, <a href="John Felice Rome Center">John Felice Rome Center</a>, a campus of <a href="Loyola University Chicago">Loyola University Chicago</a> and Temple University Rome, a campus of <a href="Temple University">Temple University</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-108">108</a>]</sup> The <a href="Roman Colleges">Roman Colleges</a> are several <a href="seminary">seminaries</a> for students from foreign countries studying for the <a href="Catholic priesthood">priesthood</a> at the Pontifical Universities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NAC_109-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-NAC_109">109</a>]</sup> | |
| Examples include the <a href="Venerable English College">Venerable English College</a>, the <a href="Pontifical North American College">Pontifical North American College</a>, the <a href="Scots College (Rome)">Scots College</a>, and the <a href="Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome">Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome's major libraries include: the <a href="Biblioteca Angelica">Biblioteca Angelica</a>, opened in 1604, making it Italy's first public library; the <a href="Biblioteca Casanatense">Biblioteca Casanatense</a>, opened in 1701; the <a href="Biblioteca Vallicelliana">Biblioteca Vallicelliana</a>; <a href="Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute of Art History">Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute of Art History</a>, a German library located in Rome, often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-110">110</a>]</sup> the <a href="National Central Library (Rome)">National Central Library</a>, one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains 4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della Società Geografica Italiana, which is based in the <a href="Villa Mattei">Villa Celimontana</a> and is the most important geographical library in Italy, and one of Europe's most important;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-111">111</a>]</sup> and the <a href="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world, which was formally established in 1475, though in fact much older and has 75,000 <a href="codex">codices</a> from throughout history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vfl_112-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-vfl_112">112</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Culture" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Culture"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h2> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Entertainment_and_performing_arts" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Entertainment_and_performing_arts"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Entertainment_and_performing_arts">Entertainment and performing arts</span></h3> | |
| <p>Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the <a href="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia">Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia</a> (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new <a href="Parco della Musica">Parco della Musica</a>, one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the <a href="Teatro dell'Opera di Roma">Teatro dell'Opera di Roma</a>, as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the <a href="Eurovision Song Contest 1991">Eurovision Song Contest</a> in 1991 and the <a href="MTV Europe Music Awards 2004">MTV Europe Music Awards</a> in 2004. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome has also had a major impact in music history. The <a href="Roman School">Roman School</a> was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late <a href="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> and early <a href="Baroque music">Baroque</a> eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the <a href="Holy See">Vatican</a> and the <a href="Sistine Chapel">papal chapel</a>, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the <a href="Venetian School (music)">Venetian School</a> of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is <a href="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a>, whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, <a href="polyphony">polyphonic</a> perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Tourism" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Tourism"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span></h3> | |
| <p>Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – Musei Capitolini, the Vatican Museums and the Galleria Borghese and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art – <a href="aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueducts</a>, <a href="fountain">fountains</a>, churches, <a href="palace">palaces</a>, historical buildings, the <a href="monument">monuments</a> and ruins of the <a href="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>, and the <a href="Catacombs">Catacombs</a>. Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10 million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4 million tourists) and the <a href="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a> (4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-itvnews.tv_113-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-itvnews.tv_113">113</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of <a href="archaeology">archaeological research</a>. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the <a href="American Academy in Rome">American Academy in Rome</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-114">114</a>]</sup> and The Swedish Institute at Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-115">115</a>]</sup> Rome contains numerous <a href="List of ancient monuments in Rome">ancient sites</a>, including the <a href="Roman Forum">Forum Romanum</a>, <a href="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a>, <a href="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-116">116</a>]</sup> the <a href="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, and the <a href="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>, to name but a few. The <a href="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a <a href="Wonders of the World">wonder of the world</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-brewers_117-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-brewers_117">117</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-miller_118-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-miller_118">118</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome contains a vast and impressive collection of art, sculpture, <a href="fountain">fountains</a>, <a href="mosaic">mosaics</a>, <a href="fresco">frescos</a>, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important <a href="Roman art">Roman art</a> such as <a href="Architecture of ancient Rome">architecture</a>, painting, sculpture and <a href="mosaic">mosaic</a> work. <a href="Metalworking">Metal-work</a>, <a href="coin die">coin die</a> and gem engraving, <a href="ivory carving">ivory carvings</a>, figurine glass, <a href="Ancient Roman pottery">pottery</a>, and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-119">119</a>]</sup> Rome later became a major centre of <a href="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose <a href="basilica">basilicas</a>, <a href="palace">palaces</a>, <a href="piazza">piazzas</a> and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to <a href="Florence">Florence</a>, and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and <a href="Venice">Venice</a>. The city was affected greatly by the <a href="Italian Baroque">baroque</a>, and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as <a href="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a>, <a href="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="Annibale Carracci">Carracci</a>, <a href="Francesco Borromini">Borromini</a> and <a href="Cortona">Cortona</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-120">120</a>]</sup> In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the <a href="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-121">121</a>]</sup> when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about <a href="Culture of ancient Rome">ancient Roman culture</a>, art, philosophy and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as <a href="Giovanni Paolo Pannini">Pannini</a> and <a href="Bernardo Bellotto">Bernardo Bellotto</a>. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-122">122</a>]</sup> and museums. | |
| </p> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Rom,_Titusbogen,_Triumphzug_3.jpg" class="image" title="Original relief from the Arch of Titus showing spoils from the siege of Jerusalem and the destruction of its famous Second Temple"><img src="Rom,_Titusbogen,_Triumphzug_3.jpg" alt="Original relief from the Arch of Titus showing spoils from the siege of Jerusalem and the destruction of its famous Second Temple" title="Original relief from the Arch of Titus showing spoils from the siege of Jerusalem and the destruction of its famous Second Temple" style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Original relief from the <a href="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a> showing spoils from the <a href="siege of Jerusalem">siege of Jerusalem</a> and the destruction of its famous <a href="Second Temple">Second Temple</a></div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as <a href="MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts">MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts</a> it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-123">123</a>]</sup> features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parco della Musica<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-124">124</a>]</sup> and Massimiliano Fuksas' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-125">125</a>]</sup> The Convention Center features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome is also widely recognised as a world <a href="fashion capital">fashion capital</a>. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the world's fourth most important center for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 <a href="Global Language Monitor">Global Language Monitor</a> after <a href="Milan">Milan</a>, New York and Paris, and beating London.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-126">126</a>]</sup> Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, such as <a href="Bulgari">Bulgari</a>, <a href="Fendi">Fendi</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-127">127</a>]</sup> <a href="Laura Biagiotti">Laura Biagiotti</a> and <a href="Brioni (fashion)">Brioni (fashion)</a>, are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as <a href="Chanel">Chanel</a>, <a href="Prada">Prada</a>, <a href="Dolce & Gabbana">Dolce & Gabbana</a>, <a href="Armani">Armani</a> and <a href="Versace">Versace</a> have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale <a href="Via Condotti">Via dei Condotti</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Cuisine" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Cuisine"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span></h3> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Spaghetti alla Carbonara.jpg" class="image" title="<i>Spaghetti alla Carbonara</i>, a typical Roman dish"><img src="Spaghetti alla Carbonara.jpg" alt="<i>Spaghetti alla Carbonara</i>, a typical Roman dish" title="<i>Spaghetti alla Carbonara</i>, a typical Roman dish" style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Spaghetti <a href="Carbonara">alla Carbonara</a></i>, a typical Roman dish</div></div></div> | |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Carciofo alla Giudia.jpg" class="image" title="<i>Carciofi alla giudia</i>, example of Roman-Jewish cuisine"><img src="Carciofo alla Giudia.jpg" alt="<i>Carciofi alla giudia</i>, example of Roman-Jewish cuisine" title="<i>Carciofi alla giudia</i>, example of Roman-Jewish cuisine" style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="Carciofi alla giudia">Carciofi alla giudia</a></i>, example of Roman-Jewish cuisine</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the <a href="Ancient Rome">ancient Age</a>. <a href="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman cuisine</a> was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. Later, during the <a href="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time, worked for the popes. An example of this could be <a href="Bartolomeo Scappi">Bartolomeo Scappi</a>, who was a chef, working for <a href="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a> in the Vatican kitchen, and he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook <i>Opera dell'arte del cucinare</i> was published. In the book he lists approximately 1000 recipes of the Renaissance <a href="cuisine">cuisine</a> and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a <a href="fork">fork</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rolland_1_128-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Rolland_1_128">128</a>]</sup> <br /> In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby <a href="Roman Campagna">Campagna</a>, as lamb and vegetables (<a href="artichoke">globe artichokes</a> are common).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-129">129</a>]</sup> In parallel, Roman Jews -present in the city since the 1st century BC- developed their own cuisine, the <i>cucina giudaico-romanesca</i>. Examples of Roman dishes include "<i><a href="Saltimbocca">Saltimbocca</a> alla Romana</i>" – a veal cutlet, Roman-style; topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; "<i><a href="Carciofi alla romana">Carciofi alla romana</a></i>" – artichokes Roman-style; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; "<i><a href="Carciofi alla giudia">Carciofi alla giudia</a></i>" – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking; outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; "<i><a href="Carbonara">Spaghetti alla carbonara</a></i>" – spaghetti with <a href="bacon">bacon</a>, <a href="egg (food)">eggs</a> and <a href="pecorino">pecorino</a>, and "<i><a href="Gnocchi">Gnocchi</a> di semolino alla romana</i>" – <a href="semolina">semolina</a> dumpling, Roman-style, to name but a few.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-130">130</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Cinema" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Cinema"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Cinema">Cinema</span></h3> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Martin scorsese gangs of new york set in cinecitta italy.jpg" class="image" title="Set of <i>Gangs of New York</i> in Cinecittà studios, Rome"><img src="Martin scorsese gangs of new york set in cinecitta italy.jpg" alt="Set of <i>Gangs of New York</i> in Cinecittà studios, Rome" title="Set of <i>Gangs of New York</i> in Cinecittà studios, Rome" style="float:right" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Set of <i>Gangs of New York</i> in <a href="Cinecittà">Cinecittà</a> studios, Rome</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome hosts the <a href="Cinecittà">Cinecittà</a> Studios,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-romefile1_131-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-romefile1_131">131</a>]</sup> the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the <a href="Cinema of Italy">Italian cinema</a>, where a large number of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The studio complex is from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to <a href="Hollywood, Los Angeles, California">Hollywood</a>, with well over 5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, from recent features like <a href="The Passion of the Christ">The Passion of the Christ</a>, <a href="Gangs of New York">Gangs of New York</a>, <a href="Rome (TV series)">HBO's Rome</a>, <a href="The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou">The Life Aquatic</a> and <a href="Dino De Laurentiis">Dino De Laurentiis</a>' <a href="The Decameron">Decameron</a>, to such cinema classics as <a href="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a>, <a href="Cleopatra (1963 film)">Cleopatra</a>, and the films of <a href="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Founded in 1937 by <a href="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, the studios were bombed by the <a href="Western Allies">Western Allies</a> during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with <a href="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>. Today Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walk out" with a completed film. | |
| </p> | |
| <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Language" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Language"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span></h3> | |
| <p>Although associated today only with Latin, ancient Rome was in fact multilingual. In highest antiquity <a href="Sabine">Sabine</a> tribes shared the area of what is today Rome with Latin tribes. The Sabine language was one of the <a href="Italic languages">Italic</a> group of ancient Italian languages, along with Etruscan, which would have been the main language of the last three kings who ruled the city till the founding of the Republic in 509 BC. Urganilla, or <a href="Plautia Urgulanilla">Plautia Urgulanilla</a>, wife of Emperor Claudius, is thought to have been a speaker of Etruscan many centuries after this date, according to Suetonius' entry on Claudius. However Latin, in various evolving forms, was the main language of classical Rome, but as the city had immigrants, slaves, residents, ambassadors from many parts of the world it was also multilingual. Many educated Romans also spoke Greek, and there was a large Greek, Syriac and Jewish population in parts of Rome from well before the Empire. | |
| </p> | |
| <p><a href="Latin">Latin</a> evolved during the Middle Ages into a new language, the <i>volgare</i>. The latter emerged as the confluence of various regional dialects, among which the <a href="Tuscan Language">Tuscan dialect</a> predominated, but the population of Rome also developed its own dialect, the <a href="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a>. The <i>Romanesco</i> spoken during the Middle Ages was a southern Italian dialect, very close to the <a href="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>. The influence of the <a href="Florence">Florentine</a> culture during the <a href="renaissance">renaissance</a>, and, above all, the immigration to Rome of many Florentines following the two <a href="House of Medici">Medici</a> Popes (<a href="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a> and <a href="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a>), caused a major shift in the dialect, which began to resemble more the Tuscan varieties. This remained largely confined to Rome until the 19th century, but then expanded to other zones of <a href="Lazio">Lazio</a> (<a href="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a>, <a href="Latina, Lazio">Latina</a>), from the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the rising population of Rome and to better transportation systems. As a consequence of education and media like radio and television, Romanesco became more and more similar to standard Italian. Dialectal literature in the traditional form Romanesco includes the works of such authors as <a href="Giuseppe Gioachino Belli">Giuseppe Gioachino Belli</a> (one of the most important Italian poets altogether), <a href="Trilussa">Trilussa</a>, and <a href="Cesare Pascarella">Cesare Pascarella</a>. Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors such as <a href="Aldo Fabrizi">Aldo Fabrizi</a>, <a href="Alberto Sordi">Alberto Sordi</a>, <a href="Nino Manfredi">Nino Manfredi</a>, <a href="Anna Magnani">Anna Magnani</a>, <a href="Gigi Proietti">Gigi Proietti</a>, <a href="Enrico Montesano">Enrico Montesano</a>, and <a href="Carlo Verdone">Carlo Verdone</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is much more extensive however. Through the process of <a href="Romanization (cultural)">Romanisation</a>, the peoples of <a href="Gallia">Gallia</a>, the <a href="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, Italy and <a href="Dacia">Dacia</a> developed languages which derive directly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world both through colonization and cultural influence. Moreover, also modern English, because of the <a href="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>, borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin language. The <a href="Latin alphabet">Roman or Latin alphabet</a> is the most widely used writing system in the world used by the greatest number of languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-132">132</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome has long hosted artistic communities, foreign resident communities and a large number of foreign religious students or pilgrims and so has always been a multilingual city. Today because of mass tourism many languages are used in servicing tourism, especially English which is widely known in tourist areas, and the city hosts large numbers of immigrants and so has many multilingual immigrant areas. | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Sports" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Sports"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span></h2> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Stadio Olimpico 2008.JPG" class="image" title="Stadio Olimpico, one of the largest in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.[133]"><img src="Stadio Olimpico 2008.JPG" alt="Stadio Olimpico, one of the largest in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.[133]" title="Stadio Olimpico, one of the largest in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.[133]" style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Stadio Olimpico">Stadio Olimpico</a>, one of the largest in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-133">133</a>]</sup></div></div></div> The <a href="Olympic Stadium (Rome)">Olympic Stadium</a> is mostly used as a shared home stadium for <a href="Serie A">Serie A</a> <a href="association football">football</a> clubs <a href="S.S. Lazio">S.S. Lazio</a> and <a href="A.S. Roma">A.S. Roma</a>, who contest the <a href="Derby della Capitale">Derby della Capitale</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-134">134</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p><a href="Association football">Association football</a> is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country. | |
| The city hosted the final games of the <a href="1934 FIFA World Cup">1934</a> and <a href="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990 FIFA World Cup</a>. | |
| The latter took place in the <a href="Stadio Olimpico">Olympic Stadium</a>, which is also the home stadium for local <a href="Serie A">Serie A</a> clubs <a href="S.S. Lazio">S.S. Lazio</a>, founded in 1900, and <a href="A.S. Roma">A.S. Roma</a> was founded in 1927, whose rivalry has become a staple of Roman sports culture. | |
| Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as <a href="Francesco Totti">Francesco Totti</a> and <a href="Daniele De Rossi">Daniele De Rossi</a> (both for A.S. Roma). | |
| <a href="Atletico Roma">Atletico Roma</a> is a minor team that played in <a href="Lega Pro Prima Divisione">First Division</a> until 2012; its home stadium was <a href="Stadio Flaminio">Stadio Flaminio</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome hosted the <a href="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a>, with great success, using many ancient sites such as the <a href="Villa Borghese">Villa Borghese</a> and the <a href="Baths of Caracalla">Thermae of Caracalla</a> as venues. For the Olympic Games many new structures were created, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was also enlarged and renewed to host qualification and the final match of the <a href="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990 FIFA World Cup</a>), the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a <a href="Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics">bid</a> to host the <a href="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> but it was withdrawn before the deadline for applicant files.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-olympic.org_135-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-olympic.org_135">135</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bladesplace.id.au_136-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Bladesplace.id.au_136">136</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p><a href="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is gaining wider acceptance. | |
| Until 2011 the <a href="Stadio Flaminio">Stadio Flaminio</a> was the home stadium for the <a href="Italy national rugby union team">Italy national rugby union team</a>, which has been playing in the <a href="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a> since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety. | |
| Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as <a href="Rugby Roma Olimpic">Rugby Roma</a> (founded in 1930 and winner of five Italian championships, the latter in 1999–2000), <a href="Unione Rugby Capitolina">Unione Rugby Capitolina</a> and <a href="S.S. Lazio Rugby 1927">S.S. Lazio 1927</a> (rugby union branch of the multisport club <a href="S.S. Lazio">S.S. Lazio</a>). | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Every May, Rome hosts the <a href="ATP World Tour Masters 1000">ATP Masters Series</a> tennis tournament on the clay courts of the <a href="Foro Italico">Foro Italico</a>. Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the <a href="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a> twice, in 1989 and 2000. Rome is also home to other sports teams, including basketball (<a href="Pallacanestro Virtus Roma">Virtus Roma</a>), volleyball (<a href="M. Roma Volley">M. Roma Volley</a>), <a href="team handball">handball</a> or <a href="water polo">waterpolo</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Transport" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Transport"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span></h2> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Rom Fiumicino Airport 2008 by-RaBoe 02.jpg" class="image" title="Rome-Fiumicino Airport was the eighth busiest airport in Europe in 2012."><img src="Rom Fiumicino Airport 2008 by-RaBoe 02.jpg" alt="Rome-Fiumicino Airport was the eighth busiest airport in Europe in 2012." title="Rome-Fiumicino Airport was the eighth busiest airport in Europe in 2012." style="float:left" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport">Rome-Fiumicino Airport</a> was the <a href="List of the busiest airports in Europe">eighth busiest airport</a> in Europe in 2012.</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the <a href="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> and connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at a distance of about from the Capitol, by the ring-road (the <i><a href="Grande Raccordo Anulare">Grande Raccordo Anulare</a></i> or <i>GRA</i>). | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal railway node for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, <a href="Roma Termini railway station">Termini</a>, is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city, <a href="Roma Tiburtina railway station">Roma Tiburtina</a>, has been redeveloped as a <a href="High-speed rail in Italy">high-speed rail</a> terminus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-137">137</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental <a href="Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport">Leonardo da Vinci International Airport</a> is Italy's chief airport and is commonly known as "Fiumicino Airport", as it is located within the nearby <a href="Fiumicino"><i>Comune</i> of Fiumicino</a>, south-west of Rome. The older <a href="Rome Ciampino Airport">Rome Ciampino Airport</a> is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is located beside <a href="Ciampino">Ciampino</a>, south-east of Rome. A third airport, the <a href="Roma-Urbe">Roma-Urbe</a> Airport, is a small, low-traffic airport located about north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size. In addition, Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major European cities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-138">138</a>]</sup> Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during the hours of daylight. Areas where these restriction apply are known as Limited Traffic Zones (<i>Zona a Traffico Limitato</i> (ZTL) in Italian). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in <a href="Trastevere">Trastevere</a>, <a href="Testaccio">Testaccio</a> and <a href="Quartiere San Lorenzo">San Lorenzo</a> has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts. | |
| </p> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Roma Metropolitana FR.svg" class="image" title="Overview map of Rome's underground and rail system in 2014"><img src="Roma Metropolitana FR.svg" alt="Overview map of Rome's underground and rail system in 2014" title="Overview map of Rome's underground and rail system in 2014" style="float:right" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Overview map of Rome's underground and rail system in 2014</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>A 3-line metro system called the <i><a href="Rome Metro">Metropolitana</a></i> operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had been planned to quickly connect the <a href="Roma Termini railway station">main railway station</a> with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where the 1942 <a href="Esposizione universale (1942)">World Fair</a> was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed <a href="Esposizione Universale Roma">EUR</a> (Esposizione Universale di Roma: Rome Universal Exhibition) in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. This underground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events, especially the A line) as it is relatively short. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of €500 million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of . | |
| </p> | |
| <p>A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3 billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of . It will partly replace the existing <a href="Roma Termini railway station">Termini</a>-Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-139">139</a>]</sup> The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-140">140</a>]</sup>The end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of . The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis the project has been put on hold. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus, tram, metro and urban railways network is run by <i>Atac S.p.A.</i> (which originally stood for the Municipal Bus and Tramways Company, <i>Azienda Tramvie e Autobus del Comune</i> in Italian). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has of track and 192 stops.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-141">141</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-142">142</a>]</sup> There is also one <a href="trolleybus">trolleybus</a> line, opened in 2005, and additional trolleybus lines are planned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-juts2009_143-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-juts2009_143">143</a>]</sup> | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=International_entities_organisations_and_involvement" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="International_entities_organisations_and_involvement"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="International_entities_organisations_and_involvement">International entities, organisations and involvement</span></h2> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:FAO sede.jpg" class="image" title="FAO headquarters in Rome, Circo Massimo"><img src="FAO sede.jpg" alt="FAO headquarters in Rome, Circo Massimo" title="FAO headquarters in Rome, Circo Massimo" style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> headquarters in Rome, Circo Massimo</div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Among the <a href="global cities">global cities</a>, Rome is unique in having a sovereign state located entirely within its city limits, the Vatican City. The Vatican is an enclave of the Italian <a href="capital city">capital city</a> and a sovereign possession of the <a href="Holy See">Holy See</a> which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the <a href="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Rome hosts foreign embassies to both Italy and the Holy See, although frequently the same ambassador is accredited to both. Several international <a href="Roman Colleges">Roman Colleges</a> and <a href="Pontifical Universities in Rome">Pontifical Universities</a> are located in Rome. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The Pope is the <a href="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> and its official seat is the <a href="Archbasilica of St. John Lateran">Archbasilica of St. John Lateran</a> (of which the <a href="President of the French Republic">President of the French Republic</a> is <i><a href="ex officio">ex officio</a></i> the "first and only <a href="Canon (priest)<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23Honorary" rel="nofollow" title="#Honorary">#Honorary</a> canons">honorary canon</a>", a title held by the heads of the French state since <a href="King Henry IV of France">King Henry IV of France</a>). Another body, the <a href="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> (SMOM), took refuge in Rome in 1834, due to the conquest of Malta by <a href="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1798. It is sometimes classified as having sovereignty but does not claim any territory in Rome or anywhere else, hence leading to dispute over its actual sovereign status. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome is the seat of the so-called <b>Roman Pole</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-144">144</a>]</sup>made up by three main international agencies of the <a href="United Nations">United Nations</a> : the <a href="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), the <a href="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP) and the <a href="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a> (IFAD). | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. The <a href="Treaties of the EU">Treaties of the EU</a> are located in <a href="Palazzo della Farnesina">Palazzo della Farnesina</a>, seat of the <a href="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, due the fact that the Italian government is the depositary of the treaties. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the <a href="Treaties of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a>, which established the <a href="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (predecessor to the <a href="European Union">European Union</a>), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed <a href="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a> in July 2004. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome is the seat of the <a href="NATO Defense College">NATO Defense College</a> and is the place where the <a href="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Statute of the International Criminal Court</a> and the <a href="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> were formulated. | |
| </p> | |
| <p>The city hosts also other important international entities such as the <a href="ICCROM">ICCROM</a> (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) and the <a href="UNIDROIT">UNIDROIT</a> (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law). | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Twin_towns_sister_cities_and_partner_cities" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Twin_towns_sister_cities_and_partner_cities"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Twin_towns_sister_cities_and_partner_cities">Twin towns, sister cities and partner cities</span></h2> | |
| <p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 180px;"><a href="File:Castro Pretorio - Colonna di Parigi alle Terme di Diocleziano 1010023.JPG" class="image" title="Column dedicated to Paris in 1956 near the Baths of Diocletian"><img src="Castro Pretorio - Colonna di Parigi alle Terme di Diocleziano 1010023.JPG" alt="Column dedicated to Paris in 1956 near the Baths of Diocletian" title="Column dedicated to Paris in 1956 near the Baths of Diocletian" style="" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Column dedicated to Paris in 1956 near the <a href="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a></div></div></div> | |
| </p> | |
| <p>Rome is since April 9, 1956 exclusively and reciprocally <a href="twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> only with: | |
| <ul><li><a href="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li></ul><dl><dd><i>Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.</i></dd><dd><i>Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.</i></dd><dd>"Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-145">145</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paris1_146-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Paris1_146">146</a>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paris2_147-0">[<a href="<a class="tweet-url hashtag" href="https://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23cite_note" rel="nofollow" title="#cite_note">#cite_note</a>-Paris2_147">147</a>]</sup></dd></dl> | |
| Rome's sister and partner cities are: | |
| </p> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=See_also" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="See_also"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> | |
| <ul><li><a href="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a></li><li><a href="List of shopping areas and markets in Rome">List of shopping areas and markets in Rome</a></li><li><a href="List of tallest buildings in Rome">List of tallest buildings in Rome</a></li><li><a href="List of theatres and opera houses in Rome">List of theatres and opera houses in Rome</a></li><li><a href="Outline of Italy">Outline of Italy</a></li></ul> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=References" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="References"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Bibliography" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Bibliography"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2> | |
| <ul><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li><li></li></ul> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=Documentaries" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="Documentaries"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Documentaries">Documentaries</span></h2> | |
| <ul><li><i><a href="Scam City">Scam City</a></i> – <a href="Scam City#Season 1 (2012)">Season 1 (2012)</a></li><li><i>The Holy Cities: Rome</i> produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006.</li></ul> | |
| <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="?section=External_links" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <a name="External_links"></a><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> | |
| <ul><li></li></ul><dl><dt>Official</dt></dl><ul><li><a href="http://www.comune.roma.it/" target="_blank">Commune of Rome</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.turismoroma.it/?lang=en" target="_blank">APT (official Tourist Office) of the City of Rome</a> </li><li><a href="http://en.museiincomuneroma.it/" target="_blank">Rome Museums – Official site</a> </li><li><a href="http://en.museicapitolini.org/" target="_blank">Capitoline Museums</a> </li></ul> |
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