flacle/scene.py

## scene.py
# Manim Gradient Descent Video Intuition
# Author: Francis Laclé
# Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cCS6uK_NH8
# Github: https://github.com/flacle
# Date:  29 Oct, 2020

from manim import *
import math


class Intro(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        introText = PangoText('Gradient Descent', gradient=(BLUE, GREEN)).scale(2)
        self.wait(1)
        self.add(introText)
        self.play(Write(introText))
        self.wait(11)
        self.play(FadeOut(introText))
        self.wait(1)


class ThreeDSurface(ParametricSurface):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        kwargs = {
        "u_min": -2,
        "u_max": 2,
        "v_min": -2,
        "v_max": 2,
        "checkerboard_colors": [BLUE_D]
        }
        ParametricSurface.__init__(self, self.func, **kwargs)

    def func(self, x, y):
        return np.array([x,y,x**2 - y**2])


class ConYPakicoTraha(ThreeDScene):
    def construct(self):
        axes = ThreeDAxes(animate=True)
        surface = ThreeDSurface()

        self.set_camera_orientation(phi=75 * DEGREES, theta=30 * DEGREES, distance=30)
        self.begin_ambient_camera_rotation(rate=0.1)
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(ShowCreation(axes))
        self.play(ShowCreation(surface))
        self.wait(4)
        self.move_camera(0.4*np.pi/1, -0.45*np.pi)
        self.wait(4)
        self.stop_ambient_camera_rotation()
        self.play(FadeOut(surface))
        self.play(FadeOut(axes))


class KostFunctie(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        J = Tex(r'$J\left(\cdot\cdot\cdot\right)$').scale(3)
        Jmin = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\cdot\cdot\cdot\right)}$').scale(3)
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(Write(J))
        self.wait(4)
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(J, Jmin))
        self.wait(6)
        self.play(FadeOut(Jmin))


class OnderzoekAruba(GraphScene):
    CONFIG = {
        "y_axis_label": r"Poblacion di Aruba",
        "x_axis_label": "Aña",
        "y_max": 7,
        "y_min": 0,
        "y_tick_frequency" : 1,
        "x_max": 9,
        "x_min": 0,
        "axes_color" : BLUE
    }
    def construct(self):
        data = [1,1.243735763,1.673120729,2.258542141,2.940774487,3.641230068,4.287015945,4.891799544,5.454441913,6]
        self.setup_axes()
        line = self.get_graph(lambda x : (5/9*x)+1,
                                    color = RED,
                                    x_min = 0,
                                    x_max = 9,
                                    label="$J(x)$")
        dot_collection = VGroup()
        for time, dat in enumerate(data):
            dot = Dot(color=YELLOW).move_to(self.coords_to_point(time, dat))
            dot_collection.add(dot)
            self.play(FadeIn(dot), rate_func=rush_into)
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(ShowCreation(line),run_time = 2)
        self.wait(1)
        error_collection = VGroup()
        for time, dat in enumerate(data):
            error = Line(
                self.coords_to_point(time, (5/9*time)+1), dot_collection[time].get_center(),
                color=GREEN)
            error_collection.add(error)
            self.play(ShowCreation(error),run_time = 1)
        self.wait(2)
        self.play(
            FadeOut(error_collection),
            FadeOut(dot_collection),
            FadeOut(line),
            FadeOut(self.axes),
            FadeOut(self.x_axis_labels),
            FadeOut(self.y_axis_labels))
        self.play()

    def setup_axes(self):
        GraphScene.setup_axes(self)
        self.x_axis.label_direction = UP
        self.y_axis.label_direction = UP
        values_x = [
            (0,"'09"),
            (1,"'10"),
            (2,"'11"),
            (3,"'12"),
            (4,"'13"),
            (5,"'14"),
            (6,"'15"),
            (7,"'16"),
            (8,"'17"),
            (9,"'18")
        ]
        values_y = [
            (0,"100.000"),
            (1,"101.000"),
            (2,"102.000"),
            (3,"103.000"),
            (4,"104.000"),
            (5,"105.000"),
            (6,"106.000")
        ]
        self.x_axis_labels = VGroup()
        self.y_axis_labels = VGroup()
        #   pos.   tex.
        for x_val, x_tex in values_x:
            tex = PangoText(x_tex).scale(0.6)
            tex.next_to(self.coords_to_point(x_val, 0), DOWN) #Put tex on the position
            self.x_axis_labels.add(tex) #Add tex in graph
        for y_val, y_tex in values_y:
            tex = PangoText(y_tex).scale(0.6)
            tex.next_to(self.coords_to_point(0, y_val), LEFT) #Put tex on the position
            self.y_axis_labels.add(tex) #Add tex in graph
        self.play(
            Write(self.x_axis_labels),
            Write(self.x_axis),
            Write(self.y_axis_labels),
            Write(self.y_axis),
        )


class Hypothese(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        #                           0          , 1 ,    2      , 3 ,      4      , 5
        h = MathTex("h_\\theta\\left(x\\right)","=","\\theta_0","+","{\\theta_1}","x").scale(2)
        h3= MathTex("h_\\theta\\left(3\\right)","=","\\theta_0","+","{\\theta_1}","3").scale(2)
        h9= MathTex("9","=","\\theta_0","+","{\\theta_1}","3").scale(2)
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(Write(h))
        self.wait(6)
        framebox1 = SurroundingRectangle(h[4], buff = .1) # theta_1
        framebox2 = SurroundingRectangle(h[2], buff = .1) # theta_0
        framebox3 = SurroundingRectangle(h[0], buff = .1) # left-side
        self.play(
            ShowCreation(framebox1),
        )
        self.wait(2)
        self.play(
            ReplacementTransform(framebox1,framebox2),
        )
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(
            ReplacementTransform(framebox2,framebox3),
        )
        self.wait(3)
        self.play(FadeOut(framebox3))
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(h, h3))
        self.wait(3)
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(h3, h9))
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(FadeOut(h9))


class CombinacionJmin(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        Jmin1 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
        Jmin2 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(0, 7)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
        Jmin3 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(2, 5)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
        Jmin4 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(-3, 1)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
        Jmin5 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(-2, 2)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
        Jmin6 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(-1, 3)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(Write(Jmin1))
        self.wait(3)
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin1, Jmin2))
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin2, Jmin3))
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin3, Jmin4))
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin4, Jmin5))
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin5, Jmin6))
        self.wait(8)
        self.play(FadeOut(Jmin6))


class SomDifferencia(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        #                   0                       ,  1 ,       2        ,            3           ,  4 ,           5           ,  6 ,     7    ,   8
        Jmin = MathTex("J(\\theta_{0}, \\theta_{1})", "=", "\\frac{1}{2m}", "\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^m", "(", "h_{\\theta}(x^{(i)})", "-", "y^{(i)}", ")^2").scale(1)
        framebox1 = SurroundingRectangle(Jmin[3], buff = .1) # sum
        framebox2 = SurroundingRectangle(Jmin[5], buff = .1) # h
        framebox3 = SurroundingRectangle(Jmin[7], buff = .1) # y
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(Write(Jmin))
        self.wait(5)
        self.play(
            ShowCreation(framebox1),
        )
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(
            ReplacementTransform(framebox1,framebox2),
        )
        self.play(
            ReplacementTransform(framebox2,framebox3),
        )
        self.wait(2)
        self.play(FadeOut(framebox3))
        self.wait(9)
        self.play(FadeOut(Jmin))


class GradientDescentDilanti(MovingCameraScene):
    def construct(self):
        gd = PangoText('Gradient Descent', gradient=(BLUE, GREEN)).scale(2)
        self.wait(3)
        self.play(Write(gd))
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(self.camera_frame.set_width, gd.get_width() * 1.2)
        self.wait(2)
        self.play(FadeOut(gd))
        self.wait(1)
        Jmin1 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1)}$').scale(1)
        Jmin2 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1, \theta_2)}$').scale(1)
        Jmin3 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1, \theta_2, \theta_3)}$').scale(1)
        Jmin4 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1, \theta_2, \theta_3, \theta_4)}$').scale(1)
        Jmin5 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1, \theta_2, \theta_3, \theta_4, \theta_5)}$').scale(1)
        Jmin6 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1)}$').scale(1)
        self.play(Write(Jmin1))
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin1, Jmin2))
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin2, Jmin3))
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin3, Jmin4))
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin4, Jmin5))
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin5, Jmin6))
        self.wait(3)
        self.play(FadeOut(Jmin6))


class KedaRipitiYGana(MovingCameraScene):
    def construct(self):
        thetaJ = Tex(r'$\theta_j := $', r'$\theta_j - \alpha \frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1\right)$').scale(1)
        simul = Tex(r'(update parew pa $j=0$ y $j=1$ !)').scale(0.75).move_to(2 * DOWN)
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(Write(thetaJ), Write(simul))
        brace1 = Brace(thetaJ[1], UP, buff=SMALL_BUFF)
        t1 = brace1.get_text("ripiti te ora e converge")
        self.play(
            GrowFromCenter(brace1),
            FadeIn(t1),
            )
        self.wait(9)
        self.play(FadeOut(t1), FadeOut(brace1), FadeOut(simul))
        self.play(self.camera_frame.set_width, thetaJ.get_width() * 1.6)
        self.play(FadeOut(thetaJ))


class CordaCalculus(GraphScene):
    CONFIG = {
        "y_axis_label": r"$y$",
        "x_axis_label": r"$x$",
        "y_max": 10,
        "y_min": 0,
        "y_tick_frequency" : 1,
        "x_max": 10,
        "x_min": 0,
        "axes_color" : BLUE
    }
    def construct(self):
        self.wait(1)
        deriv = Tex(r'$\frac{dy}{dx}$').scale(3)
        self.play(Write(deriv))
        self.wait(5)
        self.play(FadeOut(deriv))
        self.setup_axes(animate=True)

        def graph_to_be_drawn(x):
            return (x-5)**2

        def dx(x):
            return 2*(x-5)

        parabola = self.get_graph(
            lambda x: graph_to_be_drawn(x),
            x_min=2,
            x_max=8,
            color=YELLOW,
            stroke_opacity=0.5)

        vt = ValueTracker(0)

        def moving_dot():
            x = vt.get_value()
            d = Dot(color=WHITE).move_to(self.coords_to_point(x, graph_to_be_drawn(x)))
            return d

        md = always_redraw(moving_dot)

        def get_w_line():
            t = TangentLine(md, 1.0, length=2, stroke_opacity=1, color=RED)
            x = vt.get_value()
            t.move_to(self.coords_to_point(x, graph_to_be_drawn(x)))
            # seems to be some rounding error? dx(x) is correct (manshrug)
            inter = match_interpolate(0.6, -0.6, 3, 7, x)
            t.rotate(math.atan2(-1,dx(x+inter)))
            return t

        vt.set_value(3)
        line = always_redraw(get_w_line)

        self.play(ShowCreation(parabola), FadeIn(md), FadeIn(line))
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(vt.set_value, 7, rate_func=there_and_back, run_time=4)
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(vt.set_value, 5, rate_func=slow_into, run_time=4)
        self.wait(6)
        self.play(vt.set_value, 3, rate_func=slow_into, run_time=1)
        self.play(vt.set_value, 5, rate_func=slow_into, run_time=6)
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(FadeOut(parabola), FadeOut(md), FadeOut(line), FadeOut(self.axes))


class MinTekenMeiMei(MovingCameraScene):
    def construct(self):
        thetaJ = Tex(r'$\theta_j := $', r'$\theta_j - \alpha \frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1\right)$').scale(1)
        simul = Tex(r'(update parew pa $j=0$ y $j=1$ !)').scale(0.75).move_to(2 * DOWN)
        brace1 = Brace(thetaJ[1], UP, buff=SMALL_BUFF)
        framebox1 = SurroundingRectangle(thetaJ[1], buff = .1) # theta_1
        t1 = brace1.get_text("ripiti te ora e converge")
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(
            Write(thetaJ),
            Write(simul),
            GrowFromCenter(brace1),
            FadeIn(t1))
        self.play(FadeIn(framebox1))
        self.wait(3)
        thetaPlus = Tex(r'$\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1\right) > 0 \to$ descent').scale(1)
        self.play(
            FadeOut(brace1),
            FadeOut(t1),
            FadeOut(simul),
            FadeOut(framebox1),
            ReplacementTransform(thetaJ, thetaPlus))
        self.wait(4)
        thetaMin = Tex(r'$\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1\right) < 0 \to$ ascent').scale(1)
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(thetaPlus, thetaMin))
        self.wait(4)
        thetaJ2 = Tex(r'$\theta_j := $', r'$\theta_j - \alpha \frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1\right)$').scale(1)
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(thetaMin, thetaJ2))
        self.wait(4)
        self.play(FadeOut(thetaJ2))


class Alpha(GraphScene):
    CONFIG = {
        "y_axis_label": r"$y$",
        "x_axis_label": r"$x$",
        "y_max": 10,
        "y_min": 0,
        "y_tick_frequency" : 1,
        "x_max": 10,
        "x_min": 0,
        "axes_color" : BLUE
    }
    def construct(self):
        self.wait(1)
        alpha = Tex(r'$\alpha$').scale(3).shift(0)
        self.play(Write(alpha))
        self.play(ApplyMethod(alpha.shift, (UP+RIGHT)*PI))
        self.setup_axes(animate=True)

        def graph_to_be_drawn(x):
            return (x-5)**2

        def dx(x):
            return 2*(x-5)

        parabola = self.get_graph(
            lambda x: graph_to_be_drawn(x),
            x_min=2,
            x_max=8,
            color=YELLOW,
            stroke_opacity=0.5)

        vt = ValueTracker(0)

        def moving_dot():
            x = vt.get_value()
            d = Dot(color=WHITE).move_to(self.coords_to_point(x, graph_to_be_drawn(x)))
            return d

        md = always_redraw(moving_dot)

        def get_w_line():
            t = TangentLine(md, 1.0, length=2, stroke_opacity=1, color=RED)
            x = vt.get_value()
            t.move_to(self.coords_to_point(x, graph_to_be_drawn(x)))
            # seems to be some rounding error? dx(x) is correct (manshrug)
            inter = match_interpolate(0.6, -0.6, 3, 7, x)
            t.rotate(math.atan2(-1,dx(x+inter)))
            return t

        vt.set_value(3)
        line = always_redraw(get_w_line)

        self.play(
            ShowCreation(parabola),
            FadeIn(md),
            FadeIn(line),
            ApplyMethod(alpha.scale, (1/2)))
        alpha2 = Tex(r'$\alpha = 2.0$')
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(alpha, alpha2), run_time=0.5)
        self.play(vt.set_value, 6, rate_func=there_and_back, run_time=2)
        alpha3 = Tex(r'$\alpha = 1.1$')
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(alpha2, alpha3), run_time=0.5)
        self.play(vt.set_value, 4, rate_func=there_and_back, run_time=2)
        self.play(vt.set_value, 5, rate_func=slow_into, run_time=12)
        alpha4 = Tex(r'$\alpha = 0.05$')
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(alpha3, alpha4), run_time=0.5)
        self.play(vt.set_value, 4, rate_func=there_and_back, run_time=6)
        alpha5 = Tex(r'$\alpha = 2.2$')
        self.play(ReplacementTransform(alpha4, alpha5), run_time=0.5)
        self.play(vt.set_value, 3, rate_func=rush_into, run_time=2)
        self.play(vt.set_value, 7, rate_func=rush_into, run_time=3)
        self.wait(3)
        self.play(
            FadeOut(parabola),
            FadeOut(md),
            FadeOut(line),
            FadeOut(self.axes),
            FadeOut(alpha5))


class SaddlePoint(ThreeDScene):
    def construct(self):
        axes = ThreeDAxes(animate=True)
        surface = ThreeDSurface()

        self.set_camera_orientation(phi=75 * DEGREES, theta=30 * DEGREES, distance=30)
        self.begin_ambient_camera_rotation(rate=0.1)
        self.wait(1)
        self.play(ShowCreation(axes))
        self.play(ShowCreation(surface))
        self.wait(50)
        self.play(FadeOut(surface))
        self.play(FadeOut(axes))


class TipoDiGradientDescent(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        grad1 = Tex(r'SGD').scale(2).shift(0)
        grad2 = Tex(r'RMSprop').scale(2).shift(0)
        grad3 = Tex(r'Adam').scale(2).shift(0)
        grad4 = Tex(r'Adadelta').scale(2).shift(0)
        grad5 = Tex(r'Adagrad').scale(2).shift(0)
        grad6 = Tex(r'Adamax').scale(2).shift(0)
        grad7 = Tex(r'Nadam').scale(2).shift(0)
        grad8 = Tex(r'Ftrl').scale(2).shift(0)
        grad9 = Tex(r'BGD').scale(2).shift(0)

        grad2.next_to(grad1, DOWN*1.5)
        grad3.next_to(grad1, UP*1.5)
        grad4.next_to(grad1, LEFT*1.5)
        grad5.next_to(grad1, RIGHT*1.5)
        grad6.next_to(grad4, UP*2)
        grad7.next_to(grad5, UP*2)
        grad8.next_to(grad5, DOWN*2)
        grad9.next_to(grad4, DOWN*2)

        self.wait(1)
        self.play(Write(grad1))
        self.play(Write(grad2))
        self.play(Write(grad3))
        self.play(Write(grad4))
        self.play(Write(grad5))
        self.play(Write(grad6))
        self.play(Write(grad7))
        self.play(Write(grad8))
        self.play(Write(grad9))
        self.wait(12)
        self.play(
            FadeOut(grad9),
            FadeOut(grad8),
            FadeOut(grad7),
            FadeOut(grad6),
            FadeOut(grad5),
            FadeOut(grad4),
            FadeOut(grad3),
            FadeOut(grad2),
            FadeOut(grad1)
        )


class Outro(Scene):
    def construct(self):
        outroText = PangoText('Masha Danki!', gradient=(BLUE, GREEN)).scale(2)
        self.wait(1)
        self.add(outroText)
        self.play(Write(outroText))
        self.wait(3)
        self.play(FadeOut(outroText))
        self.wait(1)
	# Manim Gradient Descent Video Intuition
	# Author: Francis Laclé
	# Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cCS6uK_NH8
	# Github: https://github.com/flacle
	# Date: 29 Oct, 2020

	from manim import *
	import math


	class Intro(Scene):
	def construct(self):
	introText = PangoText('Gradient Descent', gradient=(BLUE, GREEN)).scale(2)
	self.wait(1)
	self.add(introText)
	self.play(Write(introText))
	self.wait(11)
	self.play(FadeOut(introText))
	self.wait(1)


	class ThreeDSurface(ParametricSurface):
	def __init__(self, **kwargs):
	kwargs = {
	"u_min": -2,
	"u_max": 2,
	"v_min": -2,
	"v_max": 2,
	"checkerboard_colors": [BLUE_D]
	}
	ParametricSurface.__init__(self, self.func, **kwargs)

	def func(self, x, y):
	return np.array([x,y,x2 - y2])


	class ConYPakicoTraha(ThreeDScene):
	def construct(self):
	axes = ThreeDAxes(animate=True)
	surface = ThreeDSurface()

	self.set_camera_orientation(phi=75 * DEGREES, theta=30 * DEGREES, distance=30)
	self.begin_ambient_camera_rotation(rate=0.1)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(ShowCreation(axes))
	self.play(ShowCreation(surface))
	self.wait(4)
	self.move_camera(0.4np.pi/1, -0.45np.pi)
	self.wait(4)
	self.stop_ambient_camera_rotation()
	self.play(FadeOut(surface))
	self.play(FadeOut(axes))


	class KostFunctie(Scene):
	def construct(self):
	J = Tex(r'$J\left(\cdot\cdot\cdot\right)$').scale(3)
	Jmin = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\cdot\cdot\cdot\right)}$').scale(3)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(Write(J))
	self.wait(4)
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(J, Jmin))
	self.wait(6)
	self.play(FadeOut(Jmin))


	class OnderzoekAruba(GraphScene):
	CONFIG = {
	"y_axis_label": r"Poblacion di Aruba",
	"x_axis_label": "Aña",
	"y_max": 7,
	"y_min": 0,
	"y_tick_frequency" : 1,
	"x_max": 9,
	"x_min": 0,
	"axes_color" : BLUE
	}
	def construct(self):
	data = [1,1.243735763,1.673120729,2.258542141,2.940774487,3.641230068,4.287015945,4.891799544,5.454441913,6]
	self.setup_axes()
	line = self.get_graph(lambda x : (5/9*x)+1,
	color = RED,
	x_min = 0,
	x_max = 9,
	label="$J(x)$")
	dot_collection = VGroup()
	for time, dat in enumerate(data):
	dot = Dot(color=YELLOW).move_to(self.coords_to_point(time, dat))
	dot_collection.add(dot)
	self.play(FadeIn(dot), rate_func=rush_into)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(ShowCreation(line),run_time = 2)
	self.wait(1)
	error_collection = VGroup()
	for time, dat in enumerate(data):
	error = Line(
	self.coords_to_point(time, (5/9*time)+1), dot_collection[time].get_center(),
	color=GREEN)
	error_collection.add(error)
	self.play(ShowCreation(error),run_time = 1)
	self.wait(2)
	self.play(
	FadeOut(error_collection),
	FadeOut(dot_collection),
	FadeOut(line),
	FadeOut(self.axes),
	FadeOut(self.x_axis_labels),
	FadeOut(self.y_axis_labels))
	self.play()

	def setup_axes(self):
	GraphScene.setup_axes(self)
	self.x_axis.label_direction = UP
	self.y_axis.label_direction = UP
	values_x = [
	(0,"'09"),
	(1,"'10"),
	(2,"'11"),
	(3,"'12"),
	(4,"'13"),
	(5,"'14"),
	(6,"'15"),
	(7,"'16"),
	(8,"'17"),
	(9,"'18")
	]
	values_y = [
	(0,"100.000"),
	(1,"101.000"),
	(2,"102.000"),
	(3,"103.000"),
	(4,"104.000"),
	(5,"105.000"),
	(6,"106.000")
	]
	self.x_axis_labels = VGroup()
	self.y_axis_labels = VGroup()
	# pos. tex.
	for x_val, x_tex in values_x:
	tex = PangoText(x_tex).scale(0.6)
	tex.next_to(self.coords_to_point(x_val, 0), DOWN) #Put tex on the position
	self.x_axis_labels.add(tex) #Add tex in graph
	for y_val, y_tex in values_y:
	tex = PangoText(y_tex).scale(0.6)
	tex.next_to(self.coords_to_point(0, y_val), LEFT) #Put tex on the position
	self.y_axis_labels.add(tex) #Add tex in graph
	self.play(
	Write(self.x_axis_labels),
	Write(self.x_axis),
	Write(self.y_axis_labels),
	Write(self.y_axis),
	)


	class Hypothese(Scene):
	def construct(self):
	# 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
	h = MathTex("h_\\theta\\left(x\\right)","=","\\theta_0","+","{\\theta_1}","x").scale(2)
	h3= MathTex("h_\\theta\\left(3\\right)","=","\\theta_0","+","{\\theta_1}","3").scale(2)
	h9= MathTex("9","=","\\theta_0","+","{\\theta_1}","3").scale(2)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(Write(h))
	self.wait(6)
	framebox1 = SurroundingRectangle(h[4], buff = .1) # theta_1
	framebox2 = SurroundingRectangle(h[2], buff = .1) # theta_0
	framebox3 = SurroundingRectangle(h[0], buff = .1) # left-side
	self.play(
	ShowCreation(framebox1),
	)
	self.wait(2)
	self.play(
	ReplacementTransform(framebox1,framebox2),
	)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(
	ReplacementTransform(framebox2,framebox3),
	)
	self.wait(3)
	self.play(FadeOut(framebox3))
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(h, h3))
	self.wait(3)
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(h3, h9))
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(FadeOut(h9))


	class CombinacionJmin(Scene):
	def construct(self):
	Jmin1 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
	Jmin2 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(0, 7)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
	Jmin3 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(2, 5)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
	Jmin4 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(-3, 1)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
	Jmin5 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(-2, 2)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
	Jmin6 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(-1, 3)}\to{9}$').scale(2)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(Write(Jmin1))
	self.wait(3)
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin1, Jmin2))
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin2, Jmin3))
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin3, Jmin4))
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin4, Jmin5))
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin5, Jmin6))
	self.wait(8)
	self.play(FadeOut(Jmin6))


	class SomDifferencia(Scene):
	def construct(self):
	# 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8
	Jmin = MathTex("J(\\theta_{0}, \\theta_{1})", "=", "\\frac{1}{2m}", "\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^m", "(", "h_{\\theta}(x^{(i)})", "-", "y^{(i)}", ")^2").scale(1)
	framebox1 = SurroundingRectangle(Jmin[3], buff = .1) # sum
	framebox2 = SurroundingRectangle(Jmin[5], buff = .1) # h
	framebox3 = SurroundingRectangle(Jmin[7], buff = .1) # y
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(Write(Jmin))
	self.wait(5)
	self.play(
	ShowCreation(framebox1),
	)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(
	ReplacementTransform(framebox1,framebox2),
	)
	self.play(
	ReplacementTransform(framebox2,framebox3),
	)
	self.wait(2)
	self.play(FadeOut(framebox3))
	self.wait(9)
	self.play(FadeOut(Jmin))


	class GradientDescentDilanti(MovingCameraScene):
	def construct(self):
	gd = PangoText('Gradient Descent', gradient=(BLUE, GREEN)).scale(2)
	self.wait(3)
	self.play(Write(gd))
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(self.camera_frame.set_width, gd.get_width() * 1.2)
	self.wait(2)
	self.play(FadeOut(gd))
	self.wait(1)
	Jmin1 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1)}$').scale(1)
	Jmin2 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1, \theta_2)}$').scale(1)
	Jmin3 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1, \theta_2, \theta_3)}$').scale(1)
	Jmin4 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1, \theta_2, \theta_3, \theta_4)}$').scale(1)
	Jmin5 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1, \theta_2, \theta_3, \theta_4, \theta_5)}$').scale(1)
	Jmin6 = Tex(r'$\min{J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1)}$').scale(1)
	self.play(Write(Jmin1))
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin1, Jmin2))
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin2, Jmin3))
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin3, Jmin4))
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin4, Jmin5))
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(Jmin5, Jmin6))
	self.wait(3)
	self.play(FadeOut(Jmin6))


	class KedaRipitiYGana(MovingCameraScene):
	def construct(self):
	thetaJ = Tex(r'$\theta_j := $', r'$\theta_j - \alpha \frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1\right)$').scale(1)
	simul = Tex(r'(update parew pa $j=0$ y $j=1$ !)').scale(0.75).move_to(2 * DOWN)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(Write(thetaJ), Write(simul))
	brace1 = Brace(thetaJ[1], UP, buff=SMALL_BUFF)
	t1 = brace1.get_text("ripiti te ora e converge")
	self.play(
	GrowFromCenter(brace1),
	FadeIn(t1),
	)
	self.wait(9)
	self.play(FadeOut(t1), FadeOut(brace1), FadeOut(simul))
	self.play(self.camera_frame.set_width, thetaJ.get_width() * 1.6)
	self.play(FadeOut(thetaJ))


	class CordaCalculus(GraphScene):
	CONFIG = {
	"y_axis_label": r"$y$",
	"x_axis_label": r"$x$",
	"y_max": 10,
	"y_min": 0,
	"y_tick_frequency" : 1,
	"x_max": 10,
	"x_min": 0,
	"axes_color" : BLUE
	}
	def construct(self):
	self.wait(1)
	deriv = Tex(r'$\frac{dy}{dx}$').scale(3)
	self.play(Write(deriv))
	self.wait(5)
	self.play(FadeOut(deriv))
	self.setup_axes(animate=True)

	def graph_to_be_drawn(x):
	return (x-5)**2

	def dx(x):
	return 2*(x-5)

	parabola = self.get_graph(
	lambda x: graph_to_be_drawn(x),
	x_min=2,
	x_max=8,
	color=YELLOW,
	stroke_opacity=0.5)

	vt = ValueTracker(0)

	def moving_dot():
	x = vt.get_value()
	d = Dot(color=WHITE).move_to(self.coords_to_point(x, graph_to_be_drawn(x)))
	return d

	md = always_redraw(moving_dot)

	def get_w_line():
	t = TangentLine(md, 1.0, length=2, stroke_opacity=1, color=RED)
	x = vt.get_value()
	t.move_to(self.coords_to_point(x, graph_to_be_drawn(x)))
	# seems to be some rounding error? dx(x) is correct (manshrug)
	inter = match_interpolate(0.6, -0.6, 3, 7, x)
	t.rotate(math.atan2(-1,dx(x+inter)))
	return t

	vt.set_value(3)
	line = always_redraw(get_w_line)

	self.play(ShowCreation(parabola), FadeIn(md), FadeIn(line))
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(vt.set_value, 7, rate_func=there_and_back, run_time=4)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(vt.set_value, 5, rate_func=slow_into, run_time=4)
	self.wait(6)
	self.play(vt.set_value, 3, rate_func=slow_into, run_time=1)
	self.play(vt.set_value, 5, rate_func=slow_into, run_time=6)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(FadeOut(parabola), FadeOut(md), FadeOut(line), FadeOut(self.axes))


	class MinTekenMeiMei(MovingCameraScene):
	def construct(self):
	thetaJ = Tex(r'$\theta_j := $', r'$\theta_j - \alpha \frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1\right)$').scale(1)
	simul = Tex(r'(update parew pa $j=0$ y $j=1$ !)').scale(0.75).move_to(2 * DOWN)
	brace1 = Brace(thetaJ[1], UP, buff=SMALL_BUFF)
	framebox1 = SurroundingRectangle(thetaJ[1], buff = .1) # theta_1
	t1 = brace1.get_text("ripiti te ora e converge")
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(
	Write(thetaJ),
	Write(simul),
	GrowFromCenter(brace1),
	FadeIn(t1))
	self.play(FadeIn(framebox1))
	self.wait(3)
	thetaPlus = Tex(r'$\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1\right) > 0 \to$ descent').scale(1)
	self.play(
	FadeOut(brace1),
	FadeOut(t1),
	FadeOut(simul),
	FadeOut(framebox1),
	ReplacementTransform(thetaJ, thetaPlus))
	self.wait(4)
	thetaMin = Tex(r'$\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1\right) < 0 \to$ ascent').scale(1)
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(thetaPlus, thetaMin))
	self.wait(4)
	thetaJ2 = Tex(r'$\theta_j := $', r'$\theta_j - \alpha \frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_j}J\left(\theta_0, \theta_1\right)$').scale(1)
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(thetaMin, thetaJ2))
	self.wait(4)
	self.play(FadeOut(thetaJ2))


	class Alpha(GraphScene):
	CONFIG = {
	"y_axis_label": r"$y$",
	"x_axis_label": r"$x$",
	"y_max": 10,
	"y_min": 0,
	"y_tick_frequency" : 1,
	"x_max": 10,
	"x_min": 0,
	"axes_color" : BLUE
	}
	def construct(self):
	self.wait(1)
	alpha = Tex(r'$\alpha$').scale(3).shift(0)
	self.play(Write(alpha))
	self.play(ApplyMethod(alpha.shift, (UP+RIGHT)*PI))
	self.setup_axes(animate=True)

	def graph_to_be_drawn(x):
	return (x-5)**2

	def dx(x):
	return 2*(x-5)

	parabola = self.get_graph(
	lambda x: graph_to_be_drawn(x),
	x_min=2,
	x_max=8,
	color=YELLOW,
	stroke_opacity=0.5)

	vt = ValueTracker(0)

	def moving_dot():
	x = vt.get_value()
	d = Dot(color=WHITE).move_to(self.coords_to_point(x, graph_to_be_drawn(x)))
	return d

	md = always_redraw(moving_dot)

	def get_w_line():
	t = TangentLine(md, 1.0, length=2, stroke_opacity=1, color=RED)
	x = vt.get_value()
	t.move_to(self.coords_to_point(x, graph_to_be_drawn(x)))
	# seems to be some rounding error? dx(x) is correct (manshrug)
	inter = match_interpolate(0.6, -0.6, 3, 7, x)
	t.rotate(math.atan2(-1,dx(x+inter)))
	return t

	vt.set_value(3)
	line = always_redraw(get_w_line)

	self.play(
	ShowCreation(parabola),
	FadeIn(md),
	FadeIn(line),
	ApplyMethod(alpha.scale, (1/2)))
	alpha2 = Tex(r'$\alpha = 2.0$')
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(alpha, alpha2), run_time=0.5)
	self.play(vt.set_value, 6, rate_func=there_and_back, run_time=2)
	alpha3 = Tex(r'$\alpha = 1.1$')
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(alpha2, alpha3), run_time=0.5)
	self.play(vt.set_value, 4, rate_func=there_and_back, run_time=2)
	self.play(vt.set_value, 5, rate_func=slow_into, run_time=12)
	alpha4 = Tex(r'$\alpha = 0.05$')
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(alpha3, alpha4), run_time=0.5)
	self.play(vt.set_value, 4, rate_func=there_and_back, run_time=6)
	alpha5 = Tex(r'$\alpha = 2.2$')
	self.play(ReplacementTransform(alpha4, alpha5), run_time=0.5)
	self.play(vt.set_value, 3, rate_func=rush_into, run_time=2)
	self.play(vt.set_value, 7, rate_func=rush_into, run_time=3)
	self.wait(3)
	self.play(
	FadeOut(parabola),
	FadeOut(md),
	FadeOut(line),
	FadeOut(self.axes),
	FadeOut(alpha5))


	class SaddlePoint(ThreeDScene):
	def construct(self):
	axes = ThreeDAxes(animate=True)
	surface = ThreeDSurface()

	self.set_camera_orientation(phi=75 * DEGREES, theta=30 * DEGREES, distance=30)
	self.begin_ambient_camera_rotation(rate=0.1)
	self.wait(1)
	self.play(ShowCreation(axes))
	self.play(ShowCreation(surface))
	self.wait(50)
	self.play(FadeOut(surface))
	self.play(FadeOut(axes))


	class TipoDiGradientDescent(Scene):
	def construct(self):
	grad1 = Tex(r'SGD').scale(2).shift(0)
	grad2 = Tex(r'RMSprop').scale(2).shift(0)
	grad3 = Tex(r'Adam').scale(2).shift(0)
	grad4 = Tex(r'Adadelta').scale(2).shift(0)
	grad5 = Tex(r'Adagrad').scale(2).shift(0)
	grad6 = Tex(r'Adamax').scale(2).shift(0)
	grad7 = Tex(r'Nadam').scale(2).shift(0)
	grad8 = Tex(r'Ftrl').scale(2).shift(0)
	grad9 = Tex(r'BGD').scale(2).shift(0)

	grad2.next_to(grad1, DOWN*1.5)
	grad3.next_to(grad1, UP*1.5)
	grad4.next_to(grad1, LEFT*1.5)
	grad5.next_to(grad1, RIGHT*1.5)
	grad6.next_to(grad4, UP*2)
	grad7.next_to(grad5, UP*2)
	grad8.next_to(grad5, DOWN*2)
	grad9.next_to(grad4, DOWN*2)

	self.wait(1)
	self.play(Write(grad1))
	self.play(Write(grad2))
	self.play(Write(grad3))
	self.play(Write(grad4))
	self.play(Write(grad5))
	self.play(Write(grad6))
	self.play(Write(grad7))
	self.play(Write(grad8))
	self.play(Write(grad9))
	self.wait(12)
	self.play(
	FadeOut(grad9),
	FadeOut(grad8),
	FadeOut(grad7),
	FadeOut(grad6),
	FadeOut(grad5),
	FadeOut(grad4),
	FadeOut(grad3),
	FadeOut(grad2),
	FadeOut(grad1)
	)


	class Outro(Scene):
	def construct(self):
	outroText = PangoText('Masha Danki!', gradient=(BLUE, GREEN)).scale(2)
	self.wait(1)
	self.add(outroText)
	self.play(Write(outroText))
	self.wait(3)
	self.play(FadeOut(outroText))
	self.wait(1)