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| <div align="center"><strong>The Panda3D Engine - Python Scripting for Game and | |
| Simulation Development </strong> </div> | |
| <p><strong>Acknowledgements:</strong></p> | |
| <p>Walt Disney Internet Group- VR Studio<br> | |
| Mike Goslin<br> | |
| David Rose <br> | |
| Joe Shochet</p> | |
| <p>Entertainment Technology Center, Carnegie Mellon University<br> | |
| Jesse Schell <br> | |
| Yi Hong Lin<br> | |
| Shana Markham<br> | |
| Jason Pratt<br> | |
| Shalin Shodhan <br> | |
| Joshua Taylor</p> | |
| <p></p> | |
| <p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> | |
| <p>Panda3D, or Platform Agnostic Networked Display Architecture, is a powerful | |
| rendering engine for SGI, Linux, Sun, and Windows. It was originally developed | |
| by the Walt Disney Imagineering VR Studio and has been used for their massively | |
| multiplayer online game Toontown Online. It has since been generously made available | |
| to the open source community. The core of the engine is in C++. Panda3D/DIRECT | |
| provides a Python scripting interface and utility code.</p> | |
| <p>In this paper, we present an overview of Panda3D technology for developing | |
| real time interactive games and VR experiences using Python scripting. We also | |
| delineate the various tools and features of the engine and describe some notable | |
| projects based in Panda3D as case studies. In conclusion, we discuss plans for | |
| the future development of Panda3D.</p> | |
| <p><br> | |
| <strong>Contents:</strong></p> | |
| <p>1) Introduction<br> | |
| 2) Panda3D Technology<br> | |
| 3) Panda and Python<br> | |
| 4) Case Studies<br> | |
| 5) Future Plans</p> | |
| <p><br> | |
| <strong>1) Introduction:</strong></p> | |
| <p>Panda3D was originally developed at the Disney VR Studio. The VR Studio used | |
| a proprietary IRIX-specific system called DWD (Disney's World Designer) to create | |
| several DisneyQuest Virtual Reality Attractions, such as "Aladdin's Magic | |
| Carpet VR Adventure," "Hercules in the Underworld," and "Pirates | |
| of the Caribbean: Battle for the Buccaneer Gold," between 1997 and 2000. | |
| In 2000, the VR Studio embarked on the Toontown Online project, and decided | |
| to build a new engine that contained many of the DWD design principles, but | |
| would be more modular. This would let it be ported to more platforms and more | |
| easily changed over time. The new engine was dubbed "Panda3D," ostensibly | |
| standing for "Platform Agnostic Networked Display Architecture."</p> | |
| <p>In 2002, the VR Studio decided to make the engine open source, so they could | |
| more easily work with universities on Virtual Reality research projects. The | |
| system, although quite usable by the team that developed it, was not quite "open | |
| source ready." There were several interested users, but building and installing | |
| the system was incredibly complex, and there was little in the way of documentation | |
| or sample code, so there was no significant open source community right away.</p> | |
| <p>In 2002, Jesse Schell left the VR Studio to join the faculty of the Carnegie | |
| Mellon Entertainment Technology Center (ETC). The ETC was looking for something | |
| like Panda3D: a 3D engine powerful enough to create compelling experiences, | |
| but also open and flexible. Since then, ETC students have been working to make | |
| Panda3D usable at the ETC and by the world at large.</p> | |
| <p>Panda3D’s official web site is http://www.etc.cmu.edu/panda3d.</p> | |
| <p><strong>2) Panda3D Technology:</strong></p> | |
| <p>Panda leverages the power of underlying C/C++ framework and a higher level | |
| Python-based scripting interface to provide a best of both worlds. Python's | |
| late-binding architecture allows programmers to edit their code while it is | |
| running. This gives Panda3D its basis for rapid prototyping. Also, it is possible | |
| to extend Panda3D's features by using other Python modules in your program. | |
| This lets programmers find an already-created module to add the features they | |
| want, without having to re-invent the wheel.</p> | |
| <p>Here is a feature list:</p> | |
| <p>- Multiple underlying rendering APIs: DirectX/OpenGL<br> | |
| - Python scripting interface<br> | |
| - Programming on the fly using interactive scripting in the Python shell<br> | |
| - Extensibility using Python modules<br> | |
| - Custom 3D file format, Egg, with exporters for 3D Studio Max and Maya<br> | |
| - Soft skin animation and a sophisticated actor interface for character animation<br> | |
| - DIRECT Tools for GUI-based scene editing<br> | |
| - Particle Effects API and GUI-based particle panel<br> | |
| - Lighting, fog, and animated textures<br> | |
| - Sound using the FMOD library <br> | |
| - Multithreading, event handling, message passing, and finite state machines<br> | |
| - Functions for interpolation, sequencing, and parallelization<br> | |
| - Modules for magnetic tracking for virtual reality<br> | |
| - Input device interfaces<br> | |
| - Extensive scenegraph manipulation modules</p> | |
| <p><br> | |
| <strong>3) Panda and Python</strong></p> | |
| <p>There are a number of Panda features that are built on top of Python as augmented | |
| tools to assist in rapidly building games and simulations. We briefly discuss | |
| them below. We also discuss how the original C/C++ code is built into Python | |
| modules, specifically the "Interrogate" program.</p> | |
| <p><strong>Tasks:</strong></p> | |
| <p>Panda3D includes a simple Task scheduling system for the developer's convenience. | |
| A Task consists of a function and its associated data that may be called for | |
| each frame of the simulation. It is not related to multithreading; the entire | |
| Python process is single-threaded, and each scheduled Task is simply run once | |
| per frame in round-robin fashion, with "do-later" Tasks deferred in | |
| a priority queue.</p> | |
| <p><strong>Events:</strong></p> | |
| <p>Events such as mouse clicks or keyboard strokes are managed through one global | |
| messenger. Events are used for broadcasting capability through code and as a | |
| guarding mechanism to control when responses will be executed. Mouse and keyboard | |
| events may be accepted on depression and release. One may also send user-defined | |
| events and pass a parameter list with them.</p> | |
| <p><strong>Sequences and Parallels:</strong></p> | |
| <p>Sequences and Parallels allow for more control over when interpolations and | |
| functions begin. Any Interval may be included in a Sequence or Parallel. Sequences | |
| start the Intervals in the order they are called. The next Interval in line | |
| will not begin until the one before it is complete. Parallels run several Intervals | |
| at the same time. Interval objects can be played with specific durations or | |
| combined into a series of effects performed on a timeline. Intervals can also | |
| be paused, resumed, and restarted. It is even possible to jump to any point | |
| in the Interval instead of playing them straight through. </p> | |
| <p>There various types of intervals are defined below:</p> | |
| <p>- Lerp Interval – Interval for linearly interpolating NodePaths or functions | |
| (position, rotation, scale, color, etc)<br> | |
| - Actor Interval – Interval for playing animations on Actors<br> | |
| - Mopath Interval – Interval for moving an object along a spline motion | |
| path<br> | |
| - Sound Interval – Interval for playing back a sound effect<br> | |
| - Particle Interval – Interval for playing back particle effects<br> | |
| - Function Interval – Interval for executing functions<br> | |
| - Wait Interval – Interval that waits for a specified time and is useful | |
| for complex sequences</p> | |
| <p><strong>Tcl/Tk/Pmw Usage:</strong></p> | |
| <p>DIRECT, Panda's level editing and tools system, uses Tk and Pmw extensively | |
| for its panel based GUI. It also has features for rendering GUI widgets with | |
| Panda itself. Tk and Pmw are used to build all the parameter panels for the | |
| various utilities such as the particle panel and the motion path recorder.</p> | |
| <p><strong>Redefining methods:</strong></p> | |
| <p>One of the truly powerful features of Panda3D is that you can stop a simulation, | |
| redefine a method, and start from that point again. This is done using Python | |
| features. Panda3D recursively digs through namespaces to find the definition | |
| of the class or methods and then swaps them for the new, thus rebinding the | |
| new version. There is also special code written to dig out all the stored function | |
| pointers, such as events and tasks, and replace those as well.</p> | |
| <p><strong>Interrogate:</strong></p> | |
| <p>A key advantage of Panda3D is that it provides developers with the ability | |
| to use both C++ and Python simultaneously. Essentially, Panda3D gives programmers | |
| the best of both worlds, as they are able to take advantage of the high performance | |
| and low-level programming found in C++ in addition to the flexibility, interactive | |
| scripting, and rapid-prototyping capabilities of Python. This feature is made | |
| possible due to Python’s ability to call C libraries, and ultimately make | |
| use of Panda3D’s Interrogate System: an automated C++ Extension Module | |
| generation utility similar to SWIG. Although Python is the favored scripting | |
| language of Panda3D, the engine is highly extensible in this aspect, as any | |
| language that has a foreign function interface can make use of the Interrogate | |
| System.</p> | |
| <p>The Interrogate System works like a compiler by scanning and parsing C++ code | |
| for the Panda3D-specific, “PUBLISHED” keyword. This keyword marks | |
| the particular methods of a class that are to be exposed within a C++ Extension | |
| Module for that class which is eventually generated. One benefit of using the | |
| “PUBLISHED” keyword is that it alleviates the need for an interface | |
| file that provides function prototypes for the class methods that will be exposed | |
| within the extension module, as is the case with SWIG. Interrogate turns a class | |
| into a loose collection of Python interface wrapper functions that make up the | |
| C++ Extension Module. In addition to creating the module, Interrogate generates | |
| a table of class relationships, which is then read by the Python FFI (Foreign | |
| Function Interface) layer that automatically generates a true object-oriented | |
| interface and makes the C++ classes appear to be Python classes. </p> | |
| <p>There are a number of reasons why Interrogate was chosen over SWIG when Panda3D | |
| moved to Python as its scripting language of choice. First and foremost, Interrogate | |
| had already been written at the time of the change, and it was already capable | |
| of reading the existing C++ code and generating object-oriented interfaces within | |
| Squeak. When the decision was made to change languages, SWIG was looked at; | |
| however, its support for C++ was not quite as robust as Interrogate at the time. | |
| Namely, it was not able to support all of the complicated C++ features that | |
| were being used, such as templates, nested classes, and function overloading. | |
| Another issue that cropped up was that SWIG requires an interface file for each | |
| class that needs to expose functions within the C++ Extension Module, and it | |
| would have been a daunting task to build an interface file for each Panda class. | |
| Overall, it seemed easier to write the Python-based FFI layer that was needed | |
| for interrogate than to deal with a new set of issues that would be encountered | |
| with a new parser.</p> | |
| <p><strong>Squeeze:</strong></p> | |
| <p>Once all of the Python classes have been generated by the Python FFI layer, | |
| the Squeeze utility is used to create one single package to store all of the | |
| Panda modules. Loading python modules on the Win32 platforms introduces certain | |
| amount of latency depending on the CPU. Panda has some 800 python modules. Since | |
| these latencies accrue to an unacceptable delay, Squeeze is used to create one | |
| large module, greatly reducing the hit. In addition, every file is hashed via | |
| md5 when Tootown starts in order to detect hacked, corrupted, or out-of-date | |
| files. It is much quicker to md5 one huge file than 800 small files, which is | |
| certainly an added benefit.</p> | |
| <p><br> | |
| <strong>4) Case Studies:</strong></p> | |
| <p><strong>Toontown Online:</strong></p> | |
| <p align="center"><img src="screen1.jpg" width="337" height="253"> <img src="screen11.jpg" width="337" height="253"></p> | |
| <p align="center"><strong> Screenshots from Toontown Online</strong></p> | |
| <p align="center"><strong><img src="LevelEditorScreen.jpg" width="450" height="288"></strong></p> | |
| <p align="center"><strong> Level Editor and DIRECT Tools for Toontown</strong></p> | |
| <p>Disney's massively multiplayer online role playing game (MMORPG) Toontown Online | |
| was built using Panda3D. It was developed using Python scripting. Toontown can | |
| be downloaded online and is less than 30MB compressed. The users are typically | |
| able to play the game after the first few megabytes have been downloaded. The | |
| decision to change over to Python as the scripting language was made some 6 | |
| months into the project. These reasons are:<br> | |
| - Well documented, mature language with a well established community.<br> | |
| - Clean syntax and familiar concepts (to C++)<br> | |
| - Easy to extend/embed<br> | |
| - Dynamic/late binding/typeless, making it easy to prototype quickly with it<br> | |
| - No performance or code management problems<br> | |
| - Small and modular <br> | |
| - Cross platform<br> | |
| Toontown was named MMORPG of the year 2003 by Computer Gaming World.</p> | |
| <p></p> | |
| <p><strong>Building Virtual Worlds:</strong></p> | |
| <p align="center"><img src="HelloWorld_joyjoy.jpg" width="350" height="228"> <img src="goodshot.jpg" width="350" height="228"></p> | |
| <p align="center"><strong>Student projects from the Building Virtual Worlds class</strong></p> | |
| <p> In the Building Virtual Worlds class at the Entertainment Technology Center, | |
| interdisciplinary teams of 4 or 5 students build interactive virtual reality | |
| experiences in two or three weeks. These experiences use Head-Mounted Displays | |
| and magnetic tracking. While 3DS Max, Maya, Deep UV and Deep Paint 3D are used | |
| for content creation, the experience is based in Panda3D. All the scripting | |
| is done in Python. Issues tackled in scripting are:<br> | |
| - Interfacing with the head mount tracking system<br> | |
| - Loading and rendering digital content such as models, animations and sounds<br> | |
| - Collision detection<br> | |
| - Programming interactivity<br> | |
| - Scripting events, states, message handling, input device interfacing etc.<br> | |
| The use of Panda3D produced stunning results in the class.</p> | |
| <p><br> | |
| <strong>Airblade:</strong></p> | |
| <p align="center"><strong><img src="TitleScreen.jpg" width="450" height="400"></strong></p> | |
| <p align="center"><strong>Airblade- A game demo built by 3 students in 8 weeks | |
| with Panda3D</strong></p> | |
| <p>Airblade is a game demo built in Panda by a group of three students in 8 weeks | |
| at the Entertainment Technology Center. It demonstrates the basics of developing | |
| sophisticated games using Panda3D. Some of the Panda3D features it showcases | |
| are <br> | |
| - Finite state machines<br> | |
| - Animated texture map explosions<br> | |
| - Particle effects<br> | |
| - Complex collision detection and raycasting<br> | |
| - Lighting<br> | |
| - Using a model pool<br> | |
| - Creating a heads-up display using GUI features<br> | |
| - Using tasks for interactive animation<br> | |
| - Using the interval system for prototyping the experience<br> | |
| The demo and source code for Airblade are available at http://www.etc.cmu.edu/panda3d/projects/Airblade</p> | |
| <p><br> | |
| <strong>5) Future Plans:</strong></p> | |
| <p>At the Entertainment Technology Center, the Panda project is trying to make | |
| Panda3D an out-of-the-box development tool for games and simulations. It works | |
| closely with Walt Disney VR Studio in improving Panda3D. A major part of the | |
| Panda project at the ETC is also to create extensive documentation for Panda3D | |
| and develop a comprehensive set of tutorials for it.<br> | |
| Some future developments may include:<br> | |
| - Integrating state of the art rendering technology, such as programmable shaders | |
| <br> | |
| - General-purpose server side networking code to complement existing client | |
| side code released by Disney.<br> | |
| - An easy to use but powerful and generic scene/level editing tool <br> | |
| Panda is also being used at the ETC for a number of game and simulation projects. | |
| At the same time the folks at Walt Disney VR Studio are using Panda to develop | |
| new content for Toontown Online and their new massively multiplayer online game. | |
| We hope that strong interest from the Python community and the open source movement | |
| will help make Panda the rapid prototyping tool of choice for games and simulations.</p> | |
| <p><br> | |
| <strong>References:</strong></p> | |
| <p>[1] Panda 3D Website, Entertainment Technology Center, Carnegie Mellon University, | |
| http://www.etc.cmu.edu/panda3d.</p> | |
| <p>[2] Goslin M.,"Postmortem: Disney Online's Toontown by Mike Goslin [01.28.04]", | |
| http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20040128/goslin_01.shtml.</p> | |
| <p>[3] Goslin M., Shochet J. and Schell J.,"Toontown Online:Building Massively | |
| Multiplayer Games for the Masses."</p> | |
| <p>[4] Designing Interactive Theme Park Rides. Jesse Schell and Joe Shochet. IEEE | |
| Computer Graphics and Applications. July/August 2001.</p> | |
| <p>[5] Designing Interactive Theme Park Rides: Lessons Learned Creating Disney’s | |
| Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Buccaneer Gold. Jesse Schell and Joe | |
| Shochet. Game Developer’s Conference 2001.</p> | |
| <p>[6] Building an LBE Attraction: Hercules in the Underworld, A Case Study. Joe | |
| Shochet and Noah Dudley. Game Developer’s Conference, 1999.</p> | |
| <p></p> | |
| </body> | |
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