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Presentation on Clean Architecture in WMDE Fundraising
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Presentation.md
tags aliases created_on
2022-02-17

Clean Architecture and the Fundraising Application

What is the Clean Architecture

Splitting your code into 4 layers, with one direction of dependency and a single responsibility:

  • Entities (what the "things" in your domain are). All about names and data types
  • Use Cases (how the things in your domain change their state).
  • Interface Adapters (How the "outside world" interacts with the use cases)
  • Frameworks and Drivers - Services, libraries and frameworks

Benefits of the Clean Architecture

  • Cross-Functional Requirements:
    • Maintainability (isolating change)
    • Readiability
    • Testability
  • Clear dependencies, enforcable in CI
  • Single responsibility
  • Services are interchangable
  • Multiple "entry points" (CLI interface, browser interface, web service, message queue) for the same state changes

Drawbacks of the Clean Architecture

  • More code, more classes
  • Entity changes "ripple" through all layers
  • Some duplication: Entities and DTOs might look similar, validation might be duplicated in different layers
  • Goes against the "grain" and code examples of frameworks like Symfony or Laravel: They want to be the center and skeleton for your application, while clean architecture sees the individual parts (presentation, HTTP routing, persistence) more "disintegrated" and

Web requests - control flow

  • Controller prepares "Request" DTO from HTTP form/query params, with some light pre-validation (checking for required fields and data patterns). We call the DTO "Request", but it's confusing because it's not an HTTP request object!
  • Controller sends "Request" DTO to use case
  • Controller renders "Result" DTO from use case as HTML/JSON, branching for success or failure

Web requests - learnings

  • Controller is 2 outer layers (Interface Adapter and Framework) at the same time.
  • When we migrated from Silex to Symfony, we didn't need to change entities, use cases or persistence drivers!
  • We have some technical debt where we return an Entity instead of a result DTO from a use case

Validation

Domain validation vs user-facing validation

Domain Validation

  • It should be impossible to construct invalid entities.
  • Type everything, wrap scalars for more meaningful domain
  • Avoid nullable and required-but-empty values
  • Check scalar values in the domain:
    • integer ranges
    • string length
    • character sets
  • Throw runtime exception on invalid data

User-facing validation

  • Show all sources of error, not just one
  • Translate error messages
  • Use rich API or DSL for definition

Strategies for reconciling domain and user validation

  • No validation in entities, validate in use cases
  • Expose validation logic in entities
  • Use validation framework in interface adapter
  • Use builder class

No validation in entities, validate in use cases

  • Construct entity from request DTO, validate DTO values
  • Conventions and/or CI prevents construction outside of use cases
  • Use case result DTO contains validation result
  • Can enable domain-related validation with external services (e.g. kontocheck in Fundraising Application)
  • No validation framework -> self-implemented validation framework

Expose validation logic in entities

  • Static validate method with the same signature as constructor returns success/failure DTO with error messages
  • Constructor calls validate internally
  • Temptation to use external validation library in entities
  • No translation

Use validation framework in interface adapter

  • Replicate the domain validation rules with the validation API on the framework
  • Duplicated code, can get out of sync with domain. Drift only detectable at runtime
  • Framework might prefer attributes/annotations on domain objects or request DTOs
  • Possible second duplication on the client side

Use builder class

A domain class that accepts scalar values, validates them and then returns the entity. Can optionally return validation errors.

  • Like "Validate in use cases" but moves responsibility to builder class
  • Relies on convention as long as we can't make entity class constructors namespace-protected. RFC is in limbo

Communicating results from use cases

Using a DTO

A typical PHP 7.x result DTO:

class CreateDonationResult {
	public function __construct( ?int $donationId, ?string $errorMessage ) { /**/ }
	public function isSuccess(): bool { /**/ }
	public function getErrorMessage(): string { /**/ }
	public function getId(): int { /**/ }
}

class CreateDonationUseCase {
	public function createDonation( RequestDTO $request ):
		CreateDonationResult {
		return new CreateDonationResult( 99, null );
	}
}

Can be improved with private constructor and static factory methods

A PHP 8.x result DTO:

class CreateDonationSuccess {
	public function __construct( int $donationId ) { /**/ }
	public function getId(): int { /**/ }
}

class CreateDonationFailure {
	public function __construct( string $errorMessage ) { /**/ }
	public function getErrorMessage(): string { /**/ }
}

class CreateDonationUseCase {
	public function createDonation( RequestDTO $request ): 
		CreateDonationSuccess | CreateDonationFailure {
		return new CreateDonationSuccess( 99 );		
	}
}

Benefits of a DTO

  • Use case as "Pure Functions": Same input should always have same output
  • Easy to test: checking the data type and properties
  • PHP 8: Type safe
  • PHP 8: can match classes when processing DTO

Drawbacks of a DTO

  • No "intermediate" results (progress updates)
  • Branches needed when processing results
  • nullability issues and overloaded constructors in PHP < 8.0

Using a presenter interface

interface CreateDonationPresenter {
	public function presentSuccess( int $id ): void;
	public function presentFailure( string $errorMessage): void;
}

class CreateDonationUseCase {
	public function __construct( CreateDonationPresenter $presenter ) { /**/ }
	public function createDonation( RequestDTO $request ): void { 
		$this->presenter->presentSuccess( 99 );
	}
}

Benefits of presenters

  • Message-passing OOP-style
  • "Chaining" presenters: Render HTML response , render and send an email, trigger an event
  • "intermediate" results (progress updates)
  • No branching in controllers

Drawbacks of presenters

  • Not "pure": Side effects and void return types
  • Harder to reason about call order
  • Presenter might need to keep state
  • Can be misused to pull domain services (notification, event) out of the domain

Personal recommendations

  • Use DTOs
  • Don't mix-and-match DTO and presenter
  • Pass functionality-specific interfaces (notification, progress, event, etc) to use case
  • Passing IDs in a success DTO is more flexible than passing the entity values

Persistence

  • No ORM annotations/attributes on entities, map with XML or PHP code
  • Use your own repository interface (can wrap ORM repository).
  • If database schema doesn't match your Entities at all (legacy reasons), create mapper classes that translate between "Domain Entities" and "Doctrine Entities"
  • Don't automagically conjure IDs into entities when persisting, no nullable IDs. See https://matthiasnoback.nl/2018/05/when-and-where-to-determine-the-id-of-an-entity/ for different solutions.

What about use cases that only read/query data?

  • I recommend create dedicated "reader" classes instead. They return read-only DTOs. The "read" DTOs may resemble the entities and smell like duplication, but eventually contain different information and may also have converted/adapted values. Values are mostly scalar for easy rendering.
  • Reader can use cache or different database technology (DBAL instead of ORM)
  • A step towards CQRS, separating state-changing use-cases from presentation

Code splitting

  • vertical (domains) vs horizontal (layer) slicing
  • we did too much (with bounded contexts and DDD), with each bounded context a repo
  • Reasons for our split:
    • 2 applications should share the same domain
    • Enforce boundaries on bounded contexts

Links and Sources:

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slide">Next slide</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="fullscreen" tabindex="-1" title="Toggle fullscreen (f)">Toggle fullscreen</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="presenter" tabindex="-1" title="Open presenter view (p)">Open presenter view</button></div><div id="p"><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="1">
<h1>Clean Architecture and the Fundraising Application</h1>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="2">
<h2>What is the Clean Architecture</h2>
<p>Splitting your code into 4 layers, with one direction of dependency and a single responsibility:</p>
<ul>
<li>Entities (what the &quot;things&quot; in your domain <em>are</em>). All about names and data types</li>
<li>Use Cases (how the things in your domain <em>change</em> their state).</li>
<li>Interface Adapters (How the &quot;outside world&quot; interacts with the use cases)</li>
<li>Frameworks and Drivers - Services, libraries and frameworks</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="3">
<h2>Benefits of the Clean Architecture</h2>
<ul>
<li>Cross-Functional Requirements:
<ul>
<li><strong>Maintainability</strong> (isolating change)</li>
<li>Readiability</li>
<li>Testability</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Clear dependencies, enforcable in CI</li>
<li>Single responsibility</li>
<li>Services are interchangable</li>
<li>Multiple &quot;entry points&quot; (CLI interface, browser interface, web service, message queue) for the same state changes</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="4">
<h2>Drawbacks of the Clean Architecture</h2>
<ul>
<li>More code, more classes</li>
<li>Entity changes &quot;ripple&quot; through all layers</li>
<li>Some duplication: Entities and DTOs might look similar, validation might be duplicated in different layers</li>
<li>Goes against the &quot;grain&quot; and code examples of frameworks like Symfony or Laravel: They want to be the center and skeleton for your application, while clean architecture sees the individual parts (presentation, HTTP routing, persistence) more &quot;disintegrated&quot; and</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="5">
<h2>Web requests - control flow</h2>
<ul>
<li>Controller prepares &quot;Request&quot; DTO from HTTP form/query params, with some light pre-validation (checking for required fields and data patterns). We call the DTO &quot;Request&quot;, but it's confusing because it's <strong>not</strong> an HTTP request object!</li>
<li>Controller sends &quot;Request&quot; DTO to use case</li>
<li>Controller renders &quot;Result&quot; DTO from use case as HTML/JSON, branching for success or failure</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="6">
<h2>Web requests - learnings</h2>
<ul>
<li>Controller is 2 outer layers (Interface Adapter and Framework) at the same time.</li>
<li>When we migrated from Silex to Symfony, we didn't need to change entities, use cases or persistence drivers!</li>
<li>We have some technical debt where we return an Entity instead of a result DTO from a use case</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="7">
<h2>Validation</h2>
<p>Domain validation vs user-facing validation</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="8">
<h3>Domain Validation</h3>
<ul>
<li>It should be impossible to construct invalid entities.</li>
<li>Type everything, wrap scalars for more meaningful domain</li>
<li>Avoid nullable and required-but-empty values</li>
<li>Check scalar values in the domain:
<ul>
<li>integer ranges</li>
<li>string length</li>
<li>character sets</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Throw runtime exception on invalid data</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="9">
<h3>User-facing validation</h3>
<ul>
<li>Show all sources of error, not just one</li>
<li>Translate error messages</li>
<li>Use rich API or DSL for definition</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="10">
<h3>Strategies for reconciling domain and user validation</h3>
<ul>
<li>No validation in entities, validate in use cases</li>
<li>Expose validation logic in entities</li>
<li>Use validation framework in interface adapter</li>
<li>Use builder class</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="11">
<h4>No validation in entities, validate in use cases</h4>
<ul>
<li>Construct entity from request DTO, validate DTO values</li>
<li>Conventions and/or CI prevents construction outside of use cases</li>
<li>Use case result DTO contains validation result</li>
<li>Can enable domain-related validation with external services (e.g. <code>kontocheck</code> in Fundraising Application)</li>
<li>No validation framework -&gt; self-implemented validation framework</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="12">
<h4>Expose validation logic in entities</h4>
<ul>
<li>Static <code>validate</code> method with the same signature as constructor returns success/failure DTO with error messages</li>
<li>Constructor calls <code>validate</code> internally</li>
<li>Temptation to use external validation library in entities</li>
<li>No translation</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="13">
<h4>Use validation framework in interface adapter</h4>
<ul>
<li>Replicate the domain validation rules with the validation API on the framework</li>
<li>Duplicated code, can get out of sync with domain. Drift only detectable at runtime</li>
<li>Framework might prefer attributes/annotations on domain objects or request DTOs</li>
<li>Possible second duplication on the client side</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="14">
<h4>Use builder class</h4>
<p>A domain class that accepts scalar values, validates them and then returns the entity. Can optionally return validation errors.</p>
<ul>
<li>Like &quot;Validate in use cases&quot; but moves responsibility to builder class</li>
<li>Relies on convention as long as we can't make entity class constructors namespace-protected. <a href="https://wiki.php.net/rfc/namespace-visibility">RFC is in limbo</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="15">
<h2>Communicating results from use cases</h2>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="16">
<h3>Using a DTO</h3>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17">
<p>A typical PHP 7.x result DTO:</p>
<pre><code class="language-php"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">CreateDonationResult</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">__construct</span>(<span class="hljs-params"> ?<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$donationId</span>, ?<span class="hljs-keyword">string</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$errorMessage</span> </span>) </span>{ <span class="hljs-comment">/**/</span> }
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">isSuccess</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>): <span class="hljs-title">bool</span> </span>{ <span class="hljs-comment">/**/</span> }
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">getErrorMessage</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>): <span class="hljs-title">string</span> </span>{ <span class="hljs-comment">/**/</span> }
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">getId</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>): <span class="hljs-title">int</span> </span>{ <span class="hljs-comment">/**/</span> }
}
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">CreateDonationUseCase</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">createDonation</span>(<span class="hljs-params"> RequestDTO <span class="hljs-variable">$request</span> </span>):
<span class="hljs-title">CreateDonationResult</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> CreateDonationResult( <span class="hljs-number">99</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span> );
}
}
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<p>Can be improved with private constructor and static factory methods</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="18">
<p>A PHP 8.x result DTO:</p>
<pre><code class="language-php"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">CreateDonationSuccess</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">__construct</span>(<span class="hljs-params"> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$donationId</span> </span>) </span>{ <span class="hljs-comment">/**/</span> }
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">getId</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>): <span class="hljs-title">int</span> </span>{ <span class="hljs-comment">/**/</span> }
}
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">CreateDonationFailure</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">__construct</span>(<span class="hljs-params"> <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$errorMessage</span> </span>) </span>{ <span class="hljs-comment">/**/</span> }
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">getErrorMessage</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>): <span class="hljs-title">string</span> </span>{ <span class="hljs-comment">/**/</span> }
}
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">CreateDonationUseCase</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">createDonation</span>(<span class="hljs-params"> RequestDTO <span class="hljs-variable">$request</span> </span>):
<span class="hljs-title">CreateDonationSuccess</span> | <span class="hljs-title">CreateDonationFailure</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> CreateDonationSuccess( <span class="hljs-number">99</span> );
}
}
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="19">
<h4>Benefits of a DTO</h4>
<ul>
<li>Use case as &quot;Pure Functions&quot;: Same input should always have same output</li>
<li>Easy to test: checking the data type and properties</li>
<li>PHP 8: Type safe</li>
<li>PHP 8: can <code>match</code> classes when processing DTO</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20">
<h4>Drawbacks of a DTO</h4>
<ul>
<li>No &quot;intermediate&quot; results (progress updates)</li>
<li>Branches needed when processing results</li>
<li>nullability issues and overloaded constructors in PHP &lt; 8.0</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="21">
<h3>Using a presenter interface</h3>
<pre><code class="language-php"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title">CreateDonationPresenter</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">presentSuccess</span>(<span class="hljs-params"> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$id</span> </span>): <span class="hljs-title">void</span></span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">presentFailure</span>(<span class="hljs-params"> <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$errorMessage</span></span>): <span class="hljs-title">void</span></span>;
}
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">CreateDonationUseCase</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">__construct</span>(<span class="hljs-params"> CreateDonationPresenter <span class="hljs-variable">$presenter</span> </span>) </span>{ <span class="hljs-comment">/**/</span> }
<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">createDonation</span>(<span class="hljs-params"> RequestDTO <span class="hljs-variable">$request</span> </span>): <span class="hljs-title">void</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">$this</span>-&gt;presenter-&gt;presentSuccess( <span class="hljs-number">99</span> );
}
}
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="22">
<h4>Benefits of presenters</h4>
<ul>
<li>Message-passing OOP-style</li>
<li>&quot;Chaining&quot; presenters: Render HTML response , render and send an email, trigger an event</li>
<li>&quot;intermediate&quot; results (progress updates)</li>
<li>No branching in controllers</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="23">
<h4>Drawbacks of presenters</h4>
<ul>
<li>Not &quot;pure&quot;: Side effects and <code>void</code> return types</li>
<li>Harder to reason about call order</li>
<li>Presenter might need to keep state</li>
<li>Can be misused to pull domain services (notification, event) out of the domain</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="24">
<h3>Personal recommendations</h3>
<ul>
<li>Use DTOs</li>
<li>Don't mix-and-match DTO and presenter</li>
<li>Pass functionality-specific interfaces (notification, progress, event, etc) to use case</li>
<li>Passing IDs in a success DTO is more flexible than passing the entity values</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="25">
<h2>Persistence</h2>
<ul>
<li>No ORM annotations/attributes on entities, map with XML or PHP code</li>
<li>Use your own repository interface (can wrap ORM repository).</li>
<li>If database schema doesn't match your Entities at all (legacy reasons), create mapper classes that translate between &quot;Domain Entities&quot; and &quot;Doctrine Entities&quot;</li>
<li>Don't automagically conjure IDs into entities when persisting, no nullable IDs. See <a href="https://matthiasnoback.nl/2018/05/when-and-where-to-determine-the-id-of-an-entity/">https://matthiasnoback.nl/2018/05/when-and-where-to-determine-the-id-of-an-entity/</a> for different solutions.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="26">
<h2>What about use cases that only read/query data?</h2>
<ul>
<li>I recommend create dedicated &quot;reader&quot; classes instead. They return read-only DTOs. The &quot;read&quot; DTOs may resemble the entities and smell like duplication, but eventually contain different information and may also have converted/adapted values. Values are mostly scalar for easy rendering.</li>
<li>Reader can use cache or different database technology (DBAL instead of ORM)</li>
<li>A step towards <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command%E2%80%93query_separation#Command_Query_Responsibility_Separation">CQRS</a>, separating state-changing use-cases from presentation</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="27">
<h2>Code splitting</h2>
<ul>
<li>vertical (domains) vs horizontal (layer) slicing</li>
<li>we did too much (with bounded contexts and DDD), with each bounded context a repo</li>
<li>Reasons for our split:
<ul>
<li>2 applications should share the same domain</li>
<li>Enforce boundaries on bounded contexts</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="28">
<p>Links and Sources:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CVU5rrlHqs">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CVU5rrlHqs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://blog.cleancoder.com/uncle-bob/2012/08/13/the-clean-architecture.html">https://blog.cleancoder.com/uncle-bob/2012/08/13/the-clean-architecture.html</a></li>
<li><a href="https://alistair.cockburn.us/hexagonal-architecture/">https://alistair.cockburn.us/hexagonal-architecture/</a></li>
<li><a href="https://domaincentric.net/blog/validating-value-objects/">https://domaincentric.net/blog/validating-value-objects/</a></li>
<li><a href="https://leanpub.com/web-application-architecture">https://leanpub.com/web-application-architecture</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Tags: [[Software Craft]], [[Software Architecture]], [[Fundraising App]]</p>
</section>
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