genbtc/Degrowth is coming - be ready to repair

## Degrowth is coming - be ready to repair
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hPXK7BCBnY - 36C3 - Degrowth is coming - be ready to repair - english translation

((((((ENGLISH TRANSCRIPTION / NATIVE TRANSLATION version 0.14))))))
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[Video Description / Abstract (Google translate)]
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The discourse about "digitization" can do one thing above all: promise. Robots free us from tedious work, increases in efficiency take care of the protection of the environment and resources all by ourselves, and algorithms make everyday life easier. The lecture will show that these promises mainly play into the pocket of tech corporations and that we are heading towards ecological and social disasters thanks to the data-gathering (Indian) business models of digital capitalism.
Can the economy continue to grow thanks to more efficient technologies without consuming resources? Or do we not even notice in our lives, which are always full, that we are really running out of raw materials? If we very soon run out of material to build technology that fulfills all the promises - what do we do? Is the answer then repair, do it yourself, maybe even get creative?
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The lecture shows data and graphics on the current and forecast resource and energy consumption of digital technologies. The mechanism of the rebound effect can help to understand the complex consequences of current technical developments e.g. to understand in terms of growth.
Degrowth is a political movement of scientists and activists who fight against the increasing and growing constraints of modern societies. What arguments does the degrowth movement use to address growth from an ecological perspective? And what are the starting points for resource conservation in the tech and maker movement?
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[MODERATOR:] Hi, Welcome: Anja Höfner, Nicolas Guenot!
[TRANSLATOR:] Welcome to the translation for the talk - Degrowth is coming - be ready to repair.
[ANJA:]
We both work on the concept of new work economy that is an association in Leipzig that deals in question of Degrowth, post-growth and social transformation.
Our talk has the title: Degrowth is coming - be ready to repair.
Degrowth criticizes the current paradigm of economic growth and does this from current perspectives.
We want to transfer this to the process of digitization today. And in the second part we're not only going to be talking about criticisms, but alternatives.
And Nikolai is going to show some approaches that may work with digital technology.
We sometimes talk of digitization in this talk and we want to explain what we mean by that.
It is the process of digital data production and transformation that covers ever more areas of our lives and as you can see, there are several areas where that happens.
This is a huge factor in our work and things in general where things are digitized. It affects us on an individual level and in interpersonal communication. And it affects how we can concern social co-determination by tools that are being used. And it has huge influence on the environment. We talked about this, it enters our collective consciousness more and more, and this is something we are going to be talking about today.
And these rampant areas of not yet fulfilled promises, when talking about digitization
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[3:36]
Starting with the area of the environment, digital technology promises to dematerialize processes so that we need fewer resources to design them.
Another promise is that digital applications simplify our lives and enhance our comfort. We no longer have to plan a route on a map beforehand, we can simply start walking and there is a device, which tells us which way to go without having to think about it.
A third promise, in the area of co-determination is a reproachment. The internet initially wanted to simplify communication between all humans on the same level but there is a conservation of power and a commercialization of the internet.
A fourth promise is that [automation] liberates us and that it automates production. These are images that exist in the public sphere and there are two dystopias or utopias whichever way you want to describe it or understand it. These visions of digitization exists, so it's a spectrum of digital capitalism on the one hand or surveillance capitalism maybe, or fully automated luxury communism, where we no longer have to do anything ourselves, where we have all the time in the world and where machines do the work for us. Both of these are problematic because surveillance capitalism is very problematic for democracy and our civil rights, but both of these only work with a large destruction of the environment and a large overuse of resources. So both of these promise material well being but it's a question of whether or not we can get there with digital or technology, because we have already reached the point where we've exceeded some planetary boundaries. And many people have understood that we're in the midst of a climate crisis where material well-being is no longer possible, to the extent that we have it in the global north, and it won't be possible in the future.
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[7:00]
And this is where Degrowth comes into play. It criticizes growth, as I mentioned initially, because many criticize this paradigm of growth and gives us alternatives for growth and a freer and more self-determined life in the future. Where we can maybe achieve global fairness and have more time in our lives. And I would like to claim what Degrowth is. It stands for a transformation path towards forms of economic activity and social self-organization where the well-being of all is at the center and the ecological foundations of life are preserved.
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[7:58]
This includes a fundamental change in everyday practice in dealing with one another and a comprehensive cultural change, as well as overcoming patterns of the capitalist mode of production with its growth, competition, and profit constraints. This definition shows several points, most importantly the preservation of the ecological foundation of life and overcoming of the capitalist mode of production. This Degrowth movement started in the 70s where the décroissants movement in France first showed up. It has a snail icon, and an important point of that is the report of the Club of Rome. The special thing about Degrowth is it's not only a scientific discourse, well; it's both a scientific and social discourse. It has a strong social relation. Since 2008 there are international Degrowth conferences that the community meets. It started in Paris with 140 participants, and in 2014 we had the first conference in the German speaking countries with over 3000 participants and refreshed this movement that was critical of power in Leipzig, especially and the German speaking countries. As I wanted to mention, it's not simply a criticism of the current system, it also wants to create concrete visions. There exists this term of concrete utopias, establish strategic models, and ways of a social togetherness in the future and that enables a good life for everyone.
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[10:24]
[CHART] = Stromungen und Strategien = Currents and strategies
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Post-Wachstum = Post-Growth
Intitutionen = Institutions
Suffizienz = Sufficiency
Alternativ-Okonomie = Alternative Economy
Feministisch = Feminist
Kapitalismus Kritsch = Capitalist Criticisms

Werte: = Values
Nowtopia -> Gegenmacht -> Radikale Realpolitik
Nowtopia -> Against Power -> Radical Real Policy

[…Unintelligible...]
Strong sufficient oriented.
[…Unintelligible...]
Post growth is used in the German speaking regions, but it also includes Degrowth,
And like the "décroissants" in France and the [????DeGrashita????] in Italy. - The critics in this movement.
They all have in common that it's an economic and ecological criticism. They say that our economic system is wrong.
There are 5 different forms of critics. I will explain now.
[12:36]
1. Based on this example of economic growth and digitalization, it's not all of them, it's a part of them, and the ecological critics are fundamental and are important. The general critics about economic growth are that it destroys the foundations of life, there is no second planet, it would be a massive cost but we don't have one.
Digitalization means we sometimes think that we could do a lot with technical growth, and having better technologies, we [use] less resources and solve the problem like that.
But unfortunately this doesn't work. I will say more about this later. But we need more money and resources allowing us to make all these digital devices we use in our everyday life; and it also uses energy to produce them. This graph shows which elements are used for electronic devices.
[13:48]
[GRAPH OF PERIODIC TABLE]
The Conflict Materials in Orange. Rare earths are in Green. In Yellow we have other substances which could pose a threat. Resources in energy are finite, and some people might think, oh we have renewable energies, that are basically infinite, but no, this isn't the case. There is a limited sun supply, it only shines a few hours a day, there is a finite amount of wind, etc. The periodic table gives us a nice power.
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[15:14]
2. Next topic is a criticism of the existing system on a north/south basis. Because as the economic growth in the northern countries should be similar to the ones in the south, because at the moment the south is used as a cheap source of materials and workers. This is also the same for manufacturing processes of digital goods. So we have destruction which is not good for the environment in the southern hemisphere and this also happens in other places, for instance in Germany, in the, yes, [????Ezktabilia????] This also leads to the destruction of materials, and is hazardous for the world too. Poses a risk for the workers. So this is a double problem, not only ecological but a social problem. Looking at the other side, the discarding of the consumer waste, then this also ends in the global south. The biggest production countries of waste per person are in the north, of course. We produce about 4500 times the weight of the Eiffel tower as E-waste. And with much of them, we don't know where it goes, because recycling is not everywhere done very well. There are also other aspects when using utilization that is discussed, is a digital divide.
[17:47]
[HEATMAP of WORLD MAP]
In the north, we have many more; the graph shows devices with an internet connection in 2014. It might have changed a bit, but you can still see that there is an inequality between the north and the south. So we have an inequality between the North and the South. Not only with the production and discarding, but with the usage of the devices.
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3. The next critique is the feminism critique.
[18:32]
[FEMINIST TRIANGLE GRAPH SHOWN]
Also on economical growth. They say that the economical growth as it is now is based on labor that is mostly done by women and connoted with women, and work is connoted with the idea that wage labor has to be done and that it is mostly done in the background and the growth is profiting wage labor and it is creating ever more of this. So if we look at digital technologies, also here are the logics of production that produce these inequalities between women and men, and also because software development is still a field dominated by men. So stereotypes are produced in software that are out of date. But due to existing data sets and because there is a person behind each code, these stereotypes are reproduced. In 2014 in Germany, not even 1/5th of the people working in Digital Technologies have been women, so you can see here the inequality. And also in digital services, like for examples in platforms such as "help-link"?, "cert-desk"? [Help-desk / IT] and a layoff of jobs [that were previously being paid]. These are [layoffs] to services and become more precarious because they are no longer in a fixed work contract.
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4. So a fourth stream of critical capitalism critique.
[21:27]
[CAPITALIST INFOGRAPHIC SHOWN] = Microsoft, Amazon, Apple, Google, EBay, Netflix, Facebook.
The main point here is that growth is based on production and accumulation.
So it cannot be considered or comprehended without taking this point into consideration.
So if we look at digital capitalism, we also see here a big concentration of power, and monopolization.
So diversity also on the internet is shrinking, [for] a time, and the most visited site that isn't a commercial one is Wikipedia.
An Accumulation and concentration is not only on the capital but on the data. So we have an accumulation of data.
There is also that idea that data is the new ???? [Unintelligible...]
So digital capitalism produces inequality and exploitation instead of alleviating some.
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[23:01]
5. The last stream of critique I will present is the cultural critique, which considers accumulation and alienation.
So people have to be ever more productive and people have to be ever faster. Digital technologies are forcing an alienation between our workplace and are forcing an [approach of 3 times for the both of them become to one], such a when home office is being done.  We saw that in this area of the help-link platform where areas of life that previously were not coupled to profit are suddenly turning into profit oriented areas.
Why does that happen? Why is growth running away, and why can digitization as its happening today contribute to a different way? There are several mechanisms that I want to explain. There is the rebound detect, and there is a coupling. And there are network effects. I want to explain what these are because it's important that you know that for the analysis. Many of you have heard of rebound-detect. It's an efficiency that's brought out about by a technology or a device, and it leads that less energy being used, but the energy that's being saved isn't actually being saved, it's replaced by an increase in consumption and we may end up consuming even more. And these rebound effects exist on several levels.
There is a direct, indirect, and macro-economic effect:
1. Direct effect is an increase for the same goods.  So let's say I have a lamp that uses far less light to burn for the same time, I may leave it on for longer time because I'm apparently saving energy. So it creates an increased demand for the same good.
2. Indirect effects are for example me saving money with a car that uses less fuel, and I can use that money to consume something else, for example to fly on vacation.
3. Macro-economic effects are effects that happen by one person saving energy that is still on the market, as additional supply, which drives down price and stimulates demand.
And somebody else ends up consuming that resource. This happens a lot with digital technology, because you have a constant increase in efficiency, computation gets ever cheaper and yet we compute ever more. Streaming is another great example, we no longer have to drive somewhere to get a DVD, there's less input required from us to reach our goal of watching our movie, and this means we consume more.
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[27:45]
The second mechanism that I want to explain and that is de-coupling.
De-coupling is the idea that the economy continues to grow without an increase in the consumption of resources. There is a relative and absolute de-coupling but digitization is often combined with an attribution to dematerialization. But people tend to forget the material basis behinds all of these devices. There is no cloud, just other people's computers. There is no digital service without a material infrastructure behind it.
And thirdly there's the network effect. It explains how the use we get from one product changes when the number of consumers increases.
So when I have a telephone, I don't get a lot of use out of it if there only one person who owns a telephone.
But if three people have a telephone, then I can call a lot more people. And if lots of people have a telephone, I have the highest use for my telephone.
It's obvious, that digital platforms exhibit this effect. A platform is more successful the more users it has. That's why monopolies are able to develop - digital monopolies, such as Amazon, or Facebook or Whatsapp. The more people use it the higher use I get out it. But this is not positive because it leads to monopolies and it makes it difficult for alternatives to appear. I can't simply start my own social network because I need a certain number of users before it becomes attractive, so there's a fairly high initial cost. And maybe there are alternatives despite this blockade. And this is what Nikolai is going to show you.
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[30:30]
[NIKOLAI:]
Thank you Anja. We are now at the point where we saw and heard what the current economic state.
[30:55]
[INFOGRAPHIC] = "Degrowth by disaster" (1891-2018)
You can see we are driving towards a cliff which everybody knows, this is a known graphic. This is "use" between the 19th century [and present day]. We see the temperatures in the years, and we see high temperatures are becoming more often. So Somehow the Earth is getting warmer, obviously. We have the problem that, yes, this is a problem. And we stand in front of a big contradiction. On one side, we would like to solve the economic growth, which would be good for an economic and maybe a social perspective, but we have to solve the foundation for our lives, and these are two different goals. We have a problem with the term of progress. So talking about progress, what should this mean?, should it mean more production?, should it mean more efficiency?, then we can continue going into that direction. So this is the current state, so we can say OK, we have to go de-growth one day or another. I'd like this to end. Resources are exhausted, and since Oil or Rare-earth materials, coal, etc. And we are going to a direction that where there is obviously no more future - to go through this long term. This leads to big problems, because what will happen when we have these problems and it is too late.
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[33:22]
[INFOGRAPHIC] = "Degrowth by design!"
Another idea is to fore bring the idea of de-growth. To make a decision that we want to de-growth before we run out of resources. It is a decision which would be more rational. It's also more rational than most decisions of capitalism which are only profit based and it would be a really important decision. This means we have to re-organize our entire life in the economy. The example of mobility, you could still try to save our cars, faster cars, more cars, or new technology cars. But, we could also take a sister technology, the bicycle, which is much more sustainable. But this is more complicated for digital technology. So we need to evaluate different criteria and tools, on top of resources. The question about criteria leads to us having to decide on how we want to proceed. How we want to do Degrowth. In the Degrowth movement we usually discuss what we want everyday life to look like.
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[35:00]
[PICTURE OF CULTURE CAMP] (a small festival/gathering) = "Ein gutes leiben fur all" = "A good life for everyone"
I always liked this picture. It looks very well, but this wouldn't be for everyone. So this question of a good life for everyone really depends on everyone [individually]. It has to provide a certain liberty. But we also have to see that it's a good life for all, not a really nice life for some of us, which we currently have in the North. This is of course a difficult thing, because it needs other principles. One of these principles is sufficiency. It means I don't need more and more, I don't have my own car, I share. But this needs an active decision that my life should not have a negative impact on others lives. Its not an original question, it's a question of how to do the entire economy and life. Considering digital goods and digital tools, this also has an influence. Maybe we should do something, have a deceleration of our digital life. Currently we need a big infrastructure but we have nice real-time communication, but maybe we could have a less powerful infrastructure that allows maybe less-fast communication. For instance email, they're still quite fast, maybe it would be good to read less emails per day. And less data retention is a good keyword. So produce less data, store less data, and so use fewer resources to store data. It's also good from a privacy point of view as well. So we have discussed what is a good life for everyone, do we make it fair? Because maybe some people will be afraid of this, because they can't do everything again that they have now. Some people would maybe like to do certain things but it's not possible anymore. The answer will be to have a dialog. Everybody would have to see what would be right for his or her life, which parts are maybe not needed anymore. So everybody needs to see that this is a question of everyone has the right to it. So we need to redistribute goods in our system.
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[39:00]
[PICTURE OF FAVELAS] (shanty towns) = "Alles muss anders warden" = "Everything has to change"
So this has to mean that those who are wealthier at the moment will have less, but it also means that those who are poor at the moment will have more. So it's a question of fairness and a question of sharing. So one thinks this should work very easily with digital goods. But here it is important to take into consideration the economic costs. Because there is always this question of the infrastructure and the raw materials so we have to decide what should be shared and how and to what cost. So sharing is a very complicated question. We can also look at our everyday lives and how we use technology. Maybe this technology will help us make this decision, how to share, how to live.
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[40:18]
[PICTURE OF OLD WOODEN REPAIR BENCH] = "Langlebigkeit und Reparatur" = "Longevity and repair"
So a very important aspect is repairing and longevity of things. So that the things that we use may be kept up for more than a few weeks or years. And we have to ask ourselves is that easier or better before? So it was mainly different before. To repair things meant to have to use fewer resources, and also the tools were easier to use back then. There was no update for your hammer, and there were no problems with things that weren't usable after an update anymore. So today we have more complicated tools, more complicated technologies that make it more complicated to repair and use over a long time. So regarding repairing things, it's important to think of hardware and software as one. If software is no longer updated, is it still usable? And hardware is no longer usable as well. So one idea of repairing it might be to write your own software for it, even if it's not officially supported. So it's important to take into account these aspects.
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[42:12]
[PICTURE OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ON BREADBOARD] = "Modularitat" = "Modularity"
Modularity is a very important aspect of this. You notice this in software, but it's also for repairing, a very important concept. So it's very different from what we know about smart phones, and it's very important that we try to fit the software and hardware to our needs.
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[42:43]
[PICTURE OF BLUEPRINT OF A LEGO WINDMILL] = "Offene Standards" = "Open Standards"
So there's also a question of standards. So if we want to repair things, we want to know how the technology works. So hardware has to be more open source, but there are also more questions and complications following this. Questions of transparency, questions of privacy. Which data should be transparent, which shouldn't? My data shouldn't be transparent but maybe the data of the companies should be. So there's the question of standardization. It's important because standards are needed to resolve complex problems such as longevity of usage of software and hardware, so that the economical costs are reduced or lessened.
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[44:00]
[PICTURE OF HOSES/NOZZLES FOR MIST SHOWER HACK KIT] = "Old- und Low-Tech" = "Old and Low Tech"
An important point is which technology are we using, and is that tech high-tech or cutting edge, very nice. But there's other forms of technologies that are very interesting, such as low-tech or old-tech. There are many tools that we used but don't use them any more because there's no software anymore. But there are people like hackers that take old tools and look at these and try to use them again, and to continue using these resources. So it's known and you have to decide what do we want, do we want new features or do we want things that have longevity. So this is a point where you also have to look at software and hardware together and sort of consider them separately. So this question of what is the technology is also important who is using it, who is developing it.
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[45:48]
[PICTURE OF ROSIE THE RIVETER] = "Technik von allen fur alle" = "Technology by all for all"
So Anja talked about the feminism critique. So this is an important point. So who develops software and hardware and for who is it developed. How do we share this technology?
So we are now nearing the end.
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[46:16]
[LIST OF 4 DEGROWTH ACADEMIC PAPERS/ARTICLES] (german)
1. Degrowth/Postwachstum - zur Einfuhrung
    Matthias Schmelzer / Andrea Vetter
    Junius Verlag
2. Die Welt reparieren - Open Source und Selbermachen als postkapitalistiche Praxis
    Andrea Baier / Tom Hansing / Christa Muller / Karin Werner (Hg.)
    Transcript Verlag
3. Degrowth - Handbuch fur eine neue Ara
    Federico Demaria / Giorgios Kallis / Giacomo D'Alisa (Hrsg.)
    oekom Verlag
4. Degrowth in Bewegung(en) - 32 alternative Wege zur sozial-okologischen Transformation
    Konzeptwerk Neue Okonomie e.V / DFG-Kolleg Postwachstumsgesellschaften (Hrsg.)
     oekom Verlag
So we brought some literature tips with us, so if you want to inform yourself on Degrowth, there is an introductory book.
The first one [1], which is also interesting and the points Nikolai also brought up.
And the second one [2] is called "Repairing the World". You can download it from [.........]
Another book [3] is a collection from 2016.
There is also a book [4] that summarizes and describes the different streams in the Degrowth movement.
And now, we've talked about many points such as modularity, longevity, these are also what we asked about during the #bitsunbaeume conference, and there were 11 propositions and demands that we want digital technologies to procure a better profession in the future. So we also have an assembly and we are in the about:future cluster in the CCL. You're welcome to join us there to discuss. And please continue to repair instead of constructing things. Thank you for coming, thank you for your attention and now we have some time for your questions.
[APPLAUSE!]
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[TRANSLATORS TALKING]
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[MODERATOR:] We are going to take questions now and we are going to start with microphone 3.
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[Question #1:] I have one question about the slow communication. Because somehow this is not that intuitive for me. If we transmit less information, this somehow makes sense to me. For example, not transmitting too many bytes of data. But for example having slower communication, not having instant chat, or telephony anymore - they don't use much data. How do you see this, or did I understand it wrong?
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[Answer #1:] It's hard to determine beforehand what we're going to do with the resources that we have and will have in the future. But Data volume is a large question, that I'm very interested in; this idea of slowness. There was a talk yesterday of a person speaking about regions in India where some villages don't have any access to the Internet, and some people rode their motorbike, collected emails from everyone, and passed them on. This was an interesting example of creating your own infrastructure. This slows down communication but maybe it's easier.
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[MODERATOR:] Thank you. Lets continue @ microphone 2 please.
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[Question #2:] I like all your ideas. But at our company, this would probably be unsuccessful because it is not cost efficient. So my question is how can we make this more appealing to companies? How can we sell it?
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[Answer #2:] It's always a bit complicated. Its a large step that if a company were operated by a collective, where people working for the company are allowed to determine, then they would be happy to work less and produce less. So it would be nice to have these criteria, instead of this growth paradigm, and the question is how do we get to this point?
Can we say that this path is not sustainable but somehow raise the large question of changing priorities? I understand that this is difficult. But it remains true that we have to deal with this. There is a clear path compared to small steps that get us there, that we have to re-imagine.
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[Question #3:] You said that we have to resign from things, and I think this is true, not only because of the problems you described in the first part. I'm ready to resign those things but how can I be sure that this really has an impact, and it's not the case that somebody else just uses more.
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[Answer #3:] In the Degrowth introductory book, there are strategies. Because its one thing to have ideas, but we also have to secure these concepts for a long term, and ensure that these aren't concerned by capitalism. …["lost my train of thought"]…
[Q #3 continued:] How can I be sure my resigning really has an impact ?
[A #3 continued:] We already have this today. It relieves my conscience when I consume responsibly. But I want to be sure that this doesn't stimulate more consumption in society, and of course network effects may lead to renewed monopolies.  That's why open interfaces request this #bitsunbaeume movement. Because that would mean that it doesn't matter if I'm on Facebook, because I could use Facebook to communicate with someone who uses Twitter or Mastodon. So having these interfaces would be one approach against this concentration of power.
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[Question #4:] Hello and thank you for your talk. It's exciting to see this happen in a bigger audience. Last time was at the bitsunbaeume conference. I thought this sounded quite freeing and inviting to people. How is this thought being continued now?
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[Answer #4:] There are no ideas that I know of to create a large conference. But we decided to liberate this name and say that anybody who wants to create a non-commercial conference is welcome to do that, so if you know people from different paths of the spectrum, then do it. And there are some continuations, for example there was a one day conference in May in Dresden this year which dealt with questions of renewability. There are mailing lists, there are associations, there are forums, where these topics are being discussed and I think there is even a group within the CCC that tries to bring these topics onto the agenda, but it's unsure how the large conference is going to develop. But of course we want to continue - but it's a question of capacity also.
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[MODERATOR:] Allow me to say that Anya worked on a book about this topic. "The Connection Between Bits and Trees".
[ANJA:] You can even download it as a PDF from the publishing house.
[MODERATOR:] Next topic.
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[Question #5:] Is there a kind of consulting company, where companies could hire people who are already into this topic?
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[Answer #5:] The Institute for Ecological Economical research did a study of this where they wrote portraits of societies that develop companies that don't want to grow any further. [?Premium coder?] is another example of a company that says, "We do what we do and we don't want to expand". This is interesting because these are examples that might be cool for you to see, maybe their strategies of arguing. And I know of one other person who works on this topic. Come see me after the talk.
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[MODERATOR:] Thank you: Anja Höfner, Nicolas Guenot!
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[END.]
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-Transcribed entirely by hand, Abei Villafañe, December 30, 2019 (some amount of minimal linguistic/artistic liberty was required to be taken, but only to further enhance the translation)
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