gyu-don/qgate_backend.py

## qgate_backend.py
from collections import Counter
import math
from typing import Any, List, Optional

import numpy as np

from .backendbase import Backend
import blueqat.gate as bqgate

class _U3(bqgate.OneQubitGate):
    lowername = '_u3'
    def __init__(self, targets, theta, phi, lam):
        super().__init__(targets, (theta, phi, lam))

class _CU3(bqgate.TwoQubitGate):
    lowername = '_cu3'
    def __init__(self, targets, theta, phi, lam):
        super().__init__(targets, (theta, phi, lam))

class _Expii(bqgate.OneQubitGate):
    lowername = '_expii'
    def __init__(self, targets, theta):
        super().__init__(targets, (theta,))

class _CExpii(bqgate.TwoQubitGate):
    lowername = '_cexpii'
    def __init__(self, targets, theta):
        super().__init__(targets, (theta,))

class QgateBackend(Backend):
    def __init__(self):
        import sys
        this = sys.modules[__name__]
        if not hasattr(this, 'qgate'):
            import qgate
            this.qgate = qgate
            this.model = qgate.model
            this.gtype = qgate.model.gate_type

            QgateBackend.gatetypes = {
                'i': (gtype.ID, 0, 1),
                'x': (gtype.X, 0, 1),
                'y': (gtype.Y, 0, 1),
                'z': (gtype.Z, 0, 1),
                'h': (gtype.H, 0, 1),
                't': (gtype.T, 0, 1),
                's': (gtype.S, 0, 1),
                # adjoint
                'tdg': (gtype.T, 0, 1),
                'sdg': (gtype.S, 0, 1),
                # 1-control-bit gate
                'cz': (gtype.Z, 1, 1),
                'cx': (gtype.X, 1, 1),
                'cnot': (gtype.X, 1, 1),
                # rotation, phase gate
                'rx': (gtype.RX, 0, 1),
                'ry': (gtype.RY, 0, 1),
                'rz': (gtype.RZ, 0, 1),
                'phase': (gtype.U1, 0, 1),
                # controlled rotation gate
                'crx': (gtype.RX, 1, 1),
                'cry': (gtype.RY, 1, 1),
                'crz': (gtype.RZ, 1, 1),
                'cphase': (gtype.U1, 1, 1),
                # U gate
                'u': None,
                '_u3': (gtype.U, 0, 1),
                # controlled U gate
                'cu': None,
                '_cu3': (gtype.U, 1, 1),
                # global phase
                '_expii': (gtype.ExpiI, 0, 1),
                '_cexpii': (gtype.ExpiI, 1, 1),
                # swap and multi-controlled-bit gate
                'swap': (gtype.SWAP, 0, 2),
                'ccx': (gtype.X, 2, 1),
                'ccz': (gtype.Z, 2, 1)
            }

            if hasattr(
                    qgate,
                    '__version__') and qgate.__version__.startswith('0.4.'):
                this.version = qgate.__version__
                # register new gate types in Qgate 0.4
                QgateBackend.gatetypes['rxx'] = (gtype.RXX, 0, 2)
                QgateBackend.gatetypes['ryy'] = (gtype.RYY, 0, 2)
                QgateBackend.gatetypes['rzz'] = (gtype.RZZ, 0, 2)
                QgateBackend.gatetypes['cphase'] = (gtype.P, 1, 1)
                QgateBackend.gatetypes['cswap'] = (gtype.SWAP, 1, 2)

                # wrappers to absorb interface changes for Qgate 0.4
                def set_qregs_04(gate, qreg, controls):
                    gate.set_target(qreg)
                    if controls:
                        gate.set_controls(controls)

                def get_target_04(gate):
                    return gate.target

                def create_multi_qubit_gate_04(gate, typeinfo, ctrls, targets):
                    g = model.Gate(typeinfo[0](*gate.params))
                    if ctrls:
                        g.set_controls(ctrls)
                    g.set_targets(targets)
                    return g

                def create_simulator_04(prefs):
                    return qgate.simulator.create(**prefs)

                def create_sampler_04(sim, qreg_ordering, sampling_method):
                    if sampling_method == 'blueqat':
                        # create prob numpy array
                        probs = sim.qubits.create_prob_accessor(
                            qreg_ordering)[:]
                        return BlueqatCompatibleSampler_04(
                            probs, qreg_ordering)
                    else:
                        return SamplingWrapper_04(sim.qubits, qreg_ordering)

                QgateBackend.set_qregs = set_qregs_04
                QgateBackend.get_target = get_target_04
                QgateBackend.create_multi_qubit_gate = create_multi_qubit_gate_04
                QgateBackend.create_simulator = create_simulator_04
                QgateBackend.create_sampler = create_sampler_04
            else:
                this.version = ''
                # wrappers to absorb interface changes for Qgate 0.3 or older
                def set_qregs_03(gate, qreg, controls):
                    gate.set_qreg(qreg)
                    if controls:
                        gate.set_ctrllist(controls)

                def get_target_03(gate):
                    return gate.qreg

                def create_multi_qubit_gate_03(gate, typeinfo, ctrls, targets):
                    assert not ctrls, 'controlled multi qubit gate is not supported'
                    g = model.MultiQubitGate(typeinfo[0](*gate.params))
                    g.set_qreglist(targets)
                    return g

                def create_simulator_03(prefs):
                    circuit_prep = prefs.get('circuit_prep',
                                             qgate.prefs.dynamic)
                    simprefs = {'circuit_prep': circuit_prep}
                    # create simulator instance
                    runtime = prefs.get('runtime', 'cpu')
                    if runtime == 'cuda':
                        sim = qgate.simulator.cuda(**simprefs)
                    elif runtime == 'cpu':
                        sim = qgate.simulator.cpu(**simprefs)
                    elif runtime == 'py':
                        sim = qgate.simulator.py(**simprefs)
                    else:
                        raise RuntimeError(
                            "Unknown runtime, {}.  Accetable values are 'cpu', 'cuda' and 'py'."
                            .format(runtime))
                    return sim

                def create_sampler_03(sim, qreg_ordering, sampling_method):
                    if sampling_method == 'blueqat':
                        # create prob numpy array
                        return sim.qubits.create_sampling_pool(
                            qreg_ordering, BlueqatCompatibleSampler_03)
                    else:
                        return sim.qubits.create_sampling_pool(qreg_ordering)

                QgateBackend.set_qregs = set_qregs_03
                QgateBackend.get_target = get_target_03
                QgateBackend.create_multi_qubit_gate = create_multi_qubit_gate_03
                QgateBackend.create_simulator = create_simulator_03
                QgateBackend.create_sampler = create_sampler_03

    def run(self,
            gates: List[bqgate.Operation],
            n_qubits: int,
            returns: Optional[str] = None,
            shots: Optional[int] = None,
            sampling: str = 'qgate',
            initial: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
            **kwargs) -> Any:
        self.n_qubits = n_qubits
        r = returns or ''
        shots = shots or 0
        if shots != 0 and r == '':
            r = 'shots'
        elif r == '':
            r = 'statevector'

        sim = QgateBackend.create_simulator(kwargs)

        # creating registers and references.
        self.qregs = [model.Qreg() for _ in range(n_qubits)]
        self.refs = [model.Reference() for _ in range(n_qubits)]
        sim.qubits.set_ordering(self.qregs)
        if initial is not None:
            sim.qubits.add_qreg_group(self.qregs, initial)

        ops = self.convert_operators(gates)
        # qgate.dump(ops)
        if r == 'statevector':
            return self.get_state_vector(sim, ops)
        elif r == 'shots':
            return Counter(self.sample(sim, ops, shots, sampling))
        elif r == 'statevector_and_shots':
            if 1 < shots:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    'shots must be 1 when returns="statevector_and_shots"')
            vec, shots = self.get_state_vector_and_sample(sim, ops)
            return vec, Counter(shots)
        else:
            raise RuntimeError('Unknown returns token, {}.'.format(r))

    def convert_operators(self, gates):
        ops = list()
        for op in gates:
            typeinfo = QgateBackend.gatetypes.get(op.lowername, None)
            if typeinfo is not None:
                if typeinfo[2] == 1:
                    ops += self.convert_one_qubit_gate(op, typeinfo)
                else:
                    ops += self.convert_multi_qubit_gate(op, typeinfo)
            elif op.lowername == 'u':
                ops += self.convert_operators([
                    _U3(op.targets, op.theta, op.phi, op.lam),
                    _Expii(op.targets, op.gamma + 0.5 * (op.phi + op.lam))
                ])
            elif op.lowername == 'cu':
                ops += self.convert_operators([
                    _CU3(op.targets, op.theta, op.phi, op.lam),
                    _CExpii(op.targets, op.gamma + 0.5 * (op.phi + op.lam))
                ])
            elif op.lowername in ('measure', 'm'):
                # "measure": gate.Measurement, "m": gate.Measurement,
                ops += self.convert_measure(op)
            else:
                assert False
        return ops

    def convert_one_qubit_gate(self, gate, typeinfo):
        glist = list()

        if typeinfo[1] == 0:
            # no control bit
            assert isinstance(gate, bqgate.OneQubitGate)
            one_qubit_gates = self.create_gates(typeinfo[0], gate)
            # "tdg": gate.TDagGate, "sdg": gate.SDagGate,
            if gate.lowername[1:] == 'dg':
                for qg in one_qubit_gates:
                    qg.set_adjoint(True)
            glist += one_qubit_gates
        else:
            if isinstance(gate, bqgate.TwoQubitGate):
                # controlled gate
                for ctrlidx, qregidx in gate.control_target_iter(
                        self.n_qubits):
                    gt = typeinfo[0](*gate.params)
                    g = model.Gate(gt)
                    ctrl = self.qregs[ctrlidx]
                    qreg = self.qregs[qregidx]
                    QgateBackend.set_qregs(g, qreg, [ctrl])
                    glist.append(g)
            elif isinstance(gate, bqgate.ToffoliGate):
                gt = typeinfo[0](*gate.params)
                g = model.Gate(gt)
                c0, c1, t = gate.targets
                ctrls = (self.qregs[c0], self.qregs[c1])
                qreg = self.qregs[t]
                QgateBackend.set_qregs(g, qreg, ctrls)
                glist.append(g)
            else:
                raise RuntimeError('Unknown gate, {}.'.format(repr(gate)))

        return glist

    def convert_multi_qubit_gate(self, gate, typeinfo):
        glist = list()
        n_ctrls = typeinfo[1]
        ctrls = gate.targets[:n_ctrls]
        ctrl_qregs = [self.qregs[idx] for idx in ctrls]
        targets = gate.targets[n_ctrls:]
        target_qregs = [self.qregs[idx] for idx in targets]
        g = QgateBackend.create_multi_qubit_gate(gate, typeinfo, ctrl_qregs,
                                                 target_qregs)
        glist.append(g)
        return glist

    def convert_measure(self, measure):
        mlist = list()
        for qregidx in measure.target_iter(self.n_qubits):
            m = model.Measure(self.refs[qregidx], self.qregs[qregidx])
            mlist.append(m)
        return mlist

    def create_gates(self, gate_type_factory, gate):
        glist = list()
        for qregidx in gate.target_iter(self.n_qubits):
            gt = gate_type_factory(*gate.params)
            g = model.Gate(gt)
            qreg = self.qregs[qregidx]
            QgateBackend.set_qregs(g, qreg, None)
            glist.append(g)
        return glist

    def create_global_phase_gates(self, phase, gate):
        glist = list()
        for qregidx in gate.target_iter(self.n_qubits):
            gt = gtype.ExpiI(phase)
            g = model.Gate(gt)
            qreg = self.qregs[qregidx]
            self.set_qregs(g, qreg, None)
            glist.append(g)
        return glist

    def get_state_vector(self, sim, ops):
        sim.run(ops)
        return sim.qubits.states[:]

    def sample(self, sim, ops, shots, sampling_method):
        sampling_qregs = list()
        ops_no_measure = list()

        for op in ops:
            if isinstance(op, model.Measure):
                target = QgateBackend.get_target(op)
                sampling_qregs.append(target)
            else:
                ops_no_measure.append(op)

        sim.run(ops_no_measure)
        # print(sim.qubits.states[:])

        qregs_no_dup = set(sampling_qregs)
        sampling_qregs = list(qregs_no_dup)
        sampling_qregs.sort(key=self.qregs.index)

        sampler = QgateBackend.create_sampler(sim, sampling_qregs,
                                              sampling_method)
        obs = sampler.sample(shots)

        # FIXME: faster conversion for bit representation
        hist = obs.histgram()
        bit_format = '0{}b'.format(len(self.qregs))
        sampling_pos = [self.qregs.index(qreg) for qreg in sampling_qregs]
        max_bit_pos = len(self.qregs) - 1
        strkey_hist = dict()
        for v, c in hist.items():
            permuted = 0
            for idx, pos in enumerate(sampling_pos):
                if (v & (1 << idx)) != 0:
                    permuted |= 1 << (max_bit_pos - pos)
            strbits = format(permuted, bit_format)
            strkey_hist[strbits] = c
        return strkey_hist

    def get_state_vector_and_sample(self, sim, ops):
        sim.run(ops)
        # state vector
        state_vector = sim.qubits.states[:]
        # shot
        reversed_refs = list(reversed(self.refs))
        obs = sim.obs(reversed_refs)
        bit_format = '0{}b'.format(len(self.refs))
        strkey_hist = dict()
        strbits = format(obs.int, bit_format)
        strkey_hist[strbits] = 1  # observed 1 time.
        return state_vector, strkey_hist


# provided for compatiblity and tests
class BlueqatCompatibleSampler_03:
    def __init__(self, prob, empty_lanes, qreg_ordering):
        #prob *= (1. / np.sum(prob))
        self.prob = prob

        self.qreg_ordering = qreg_ordering
        self.empty_lanes = empty_lanes
        self.mask = 0
        for idx in empty_lanes:
            self.mask |= 1 << idx

    def sample(self, n_samples):
        obs = np.empty([n_samples], np.int)
        import random
        for idx in range(n_samples):
            redprob = self.prob
            v = 0
            p_all = 1
            for bitpos in range(len(self.qreg_ordering)):
                rnum = random.random()
                p_zero = np.sum(redprob[::2])
                if rnum < (p_zero / p_all):
                    redprob = redprob[::2]
                    p_all = p_zero
                else:
                    redprob = redprob[1::2]
                    p_all = p_all - p_zero
                    v |= (1 << bitpos)

            obs[idx] = v

        if self.mask != 0:
            self.shift_for_empty_lanes(obs)
        obslist = qgate.simulator.observation.ObservationList(
            self.qreg_ordering, obs, self.mask)
        return obslist

    def shift_for_empty_lanes(self, obs):
        # create control bit mask
        bits = [1 << lane for lane in self.empty_lanes]
        n_shifts = len(bits) + 1

        mask = bits[0] - 1
        masks = [mask]
        for idx in range(len(bits) - 1):
            mask = (bits[idx + 1] - 1) & (~(bits[idx] * 2 - 1))
            masks.append(mask)
        mask = ~(bits[-1] * 2 - 1)
        masks.append(mask)

        for idx in range(len(obs)):
            v = obs[idx]
            v_shifted = 0
            for shift in range(n_shifts):
                v_shifted |= (v << shift) & masks[shift]
            obs[idx] = v_shifted


# provided for compatiblity and tests
class BlueqatCompatibleSampler_04:
    def __init__(self, prob, qreg_ordering):
        self.prob = prob
        self.qreg_ordering = qreg_ordering

    def sample(self, n_samples):
        obs = np.empty([n_samples], np.int)
        import random
        for idx in range(n_samples):
            redprob = self.prob
            v = 0
            p_all = 1
            for bitpos in range(len(self.qreg_ordering)):
                rnum = random.random()
                p_zero = np.sum(redprob[::2])
                if rnum < (p_zero / p_all):
                    redprob = redprob[::2]
                    p_all = p_zero
                else:
                    redprob = redprob[1::2]
                    p_all = p_all - p_zero
                    v |= (1 << bitpos)

            obs[idx] = v

        obslist = qgate.simulator.observation.ObservationList(
            self.qreg_ordering, obs, 0)
        return obslist


class SamplingWrapper_04:
    def __init__(self, qubits, qreg_ordering):
        self.qubits = qubits
        self.qreg_ordering = qreg_ordering

    def sample(self, n_samples, randnums=None):
        return self.qubits.sample(self.qreg_ordering, n_samples, randnums)

# Register the backend
from blueqat import BlueqatGlobalSetting
BlueqatGlobalSetting.register_backend('qgate', QgateBackend)
	from collections import Counter
	import math
	from typing import Any, List, Optional

	import numpy as np

	from .backendbase import Backend
	import blueqat.gate as bqgate

	class _U3(bqgate.OneQubitGate):
	lowername = '_u3'
	def __init__(self, targets, theta, phi, lam):
	super().__init__(targets, (theta, phi, lam))

	class _CU3(bqgate.TwoQubitGate):
	lowername = '_cu3'
	def __init__(self, targets, theta, phi, lam):
	super().__init__(targets, (theta, phi, lam))

	class _Expii(bqgate.OneQubitGate):
	lowername = '_expii'
	def __init__(self, targets, theta):
	super().__init__(targets, (theta,))

	class _CExpii(bqgate.TwoQubitGate):
	lowername = '_cexpii'
	def __init__(self, targets, theta):
	super().__init__(targets, (theta,))

	class QgateBackend(Backend):
	def __init__(self):
	import sys
	this = sys.modules[__name__]
	if not hasattr(this, 'qgate'):
	import qgate
	this.qgate = qgate
	this.model = qgate.model
	this.gtype = qgate.model.gate_type

	QgateBackend.gatetypes = {
	'i': (gtype.ID, 0, 1),
	'x': (gtype.X, 0, 1),
	'y': (gtype.Y, 0, 1),
	'z': (gtype.Z, 0, 1),
	'h': (gtype.H, 0, 1),
	't': (gtype.T, 0, 1),
	's': (gtype.S, 0, 1),
	# adjoint
	'tdg': (gtype.T, 0, 1),
	'sdg': (gtype.S, 0, 1),
	# 1-control-bit gate
	'cz': (gtype.Z, 1, 1),
	'cx': (gtype.X, 1, 1),
	'cnot': (gtype.X, 1, 1),
	# rotation, phase gate
	'rx': (gtype.RX, 0, 1),
	'ry': (gtype.RY, 0, 1),
	'rz': (gtype.RZ, 0, 1),
	'phase': (gtype.U1, 0, 1),
	# controlled rotation gate
	'crx': (gtype.RX, 1, 1),
	'cry': (gtype.RY, 1, 1),
	'crz': (gtype.RZ, 1, 1),
	'cphase': (gtype.U1, 1, 1),
	# U gate
	'u': None,
	'_u3': (gtype.U, 0, 1),
	# controlled U gate
	'cu': None,
	'_cu3': (gtype.U, 1, 1),
	# global phase
	'_expii': (gtype.ExpiI, 0, 1),
	'_cexpii': (gtype.ExpiI, 1, 1),
	# swap and multi-controlled-bit gate
	'swap': (gtype.SWAP, 0, 2),
	'ccx': (gtype.X, 2, 1),
	'ccz': (gtype.Z, 2, 1)
	}

	if hasattr(
	qgate,
	'__version__') and qgate.__version__.startswith('0.4.'):
	this.version = qgate.__version__
	# register new gate types in Qgate 0.4
	QgateBackend.gatetypes['rxx'] = (gtype.RXX, 0, 2)
	QgateBackend.gatetypes['ryy'] = (gtype.RYY, 0, 2)
	QgateBackend.gatetypes['rzz'] = (gtype.RZZ, 0, 2)
	QgateBackend.gatetypes['cphase'] = (gtype.P, 1, 1)
	QgateBackend.gatetypes['cswap'] = (gtype.SWAP, 1, 2)

	# wrappers to absorb interface changes for Qgate 0.4
	def set_qregs_04(gate, qreg, controls):
	gate.set_target(qreg)
	if controls:
	gate.set_controls(controls)

	def get_target_04(gate):
	return gate.target

	def create_multi_qubit_gate_04(gate, typeinfo, ctrls, targets):
	g = model.Gate(typeinfo[0](*gate.params))
	if ctrls:
	g.set_controls(ctrls)
	g.set_targets(targets)
	return g

	def create_simulator_04(prefs):
	return qgate.simulator.create(**prefs)

	def create_sampler_04(sim, qreg_ordering, sampling_method):
	if sampling_method == 'blueqat':
	# create prob numpy array
	probs = sim.qubits.create_prob_accessor(
	qreg_ordering)[:]
	return BlueqatCompatibleSampler_04(
	probs, qreg_ordering)
	else:
	return SamplingWrapper_04(sim.qubits, qreg_ordering)

	QgateBackend.set_qregs = set_qregs_04
	QgateBackend.get_target = get_target_04
	QgateBackend.create_multi_qubit_gate = create_multi_qubit_gate_04
	QgateBackend.create_simulator = create_simulator_04
	QgateBackend.create_sampler = create_sampler_04
	else:
	this.version = ''
	# wrappers to absorb interface changes for Qgate 0.3 or older
	def set_qregs_03(gate, qreg, controls):
	gate.set_qreg(qreg)
	if controls:
	gate.set_ctrllist(controls)

	def get_target_03(gate):
	return gate.qreg

	def create_multi_qubit_gate_03(gate, typeinfo, ctrls, targets):
	assert not ctrls, 'controlled multi qubit gate is not supported'
	g = model.MultiQubitGate(typeinfo[0](*gate.params))
	g.set_qreglist(targets)
	return g

	def create_simulator_03(prefs):
	circuit_prep = prefs.get('circuit_prep',
	qgate.prefs.dynamic)
	simprefs = {'circuit_prep': circuit_prep}
	# create simulator instance
	runtime = prefs.get('runtime', 'cpu')
	if runtime == 'cuda':
	sim = qgate.simulator.cuda(**simprefs)
	elif runtime == 'cpu':
	sim = qgate.simulator.cpu(**simprefs)
	elif runtime == 'py':
	sim = qgate.simulator.py(**simprefs)
	else:
	raise RuntimeError(
	"Unknown runtime, {}. Accetable values are 'cpu', 'cuda' and 'py'."
	.format(runtime))
	return sim

	def create_sampler_03(sim, qreg_ordering, sampling_method):
	if sampling_method == 'blueqat':
	# create prob numpy array
	return sim.qubits.create_sampling_pool(
	qreg_ordering, BlueqatCompatibleSampler_03)
	else:
	return sim.qubits.create_sampling_pool(qreg_ordering)

	QgateBackend.set_qregs = set_qregs_03
	QgateBackend.get_target = get_target_03
	QgateBackend.create_multi_qubit_gate = create_multi_qubit_gate_03
	QgateBackend.create_simulator = create_simulator_03
	QgateBackend.create_sampler = create_sampler_03

	def run(self,
	gates: List[bqgate.Operation],
	n_qubits: int,
	returns: Optional[str] = None,
	shots: Optional[int] = None,
	sampling: str = 'qgate',
	initial: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
	**kwargs) -> Any:
	self.n_qubits = n_qubits
	r = returns or ''
	shots = shots or 0
	if shots != 0 and r == '':
	r = 'shots'
	elif r == '':
	r = 'statevector'

	sim = QgateBackend.create_simulator(kwargs)

	# creating registers and references.
	self.qregs = [model.Qreg() for _ in range(n_qubits)]
	self.refs = [model.Reference() for _ in range(n_qubits)]
	sim.qubits.set_ordering(self.qregs)
	if initial is not None:
	sim.qubits.add_qreg_group(self.qregs, initial)

	ops = self.convert_operators(gates)
	# qgate.dump(ops)
	if r == 'statevector':
	return self.get_state_vector(sim, ops)
	elif r == 'shots':
	return Counter(self.sample(sim, ops, shots, sampling))
	elif r == 'statevector_and_shots':
	if 1 < shots:
	raise RuntimeError(
	'shots must be 1 when returns="statevector_and_shots"')
	vec, shots = self.get_state_vector_and_sample(sim, ops)
	return vec, Counter(shots)
	else:
	raise RuntimeError('Unknown returns token, {}.'.format(r))

	def convert_operators(self, gates):
	ops = list()
	for op in gates:
	typeinfo = QgateBackend.gatetypes.get(op.lowername, None)
	if typeinfo is not None:
	if typeinfo[2] == 1:
	ops += self.convert_one_qubit_gate(op, typeinfo)
	else:
	ops += self.convert_multi_qubit_gate(op, typeinfo)
	elif op.lowername == 'u':
	ops += self.convert_operators([
	_U3(op.targets, op.theta, op.phi, op.lam),
	_Expii(op.targets, op.gamma + 0.5 * (op.phi + op.lam))
	])
	elif op.lowername == 'cu':
	ops += self.convert_operators([
	_CU3(op.targets, op.theta, op.phi, op.lam),
	_CExpii(op.targets, op.gamma + 0.5 * (op.phi + op.lam))
	])
	elif op.lowername in ('measure', 'm'):
	# "measure": gate.Measurement, "m": gate.Measurement,
	ops += self.convert_measure(op)
	else:
	assert False
	return ops

	def convert_one_qubit_gate(self, gate, typeinfo):
	glist = list()

	if typeinfo[1] == 0:
	# no control bit
	assert isinstance(gate, bqgate.OneQubitGate)
	one_qubit_gates = self.create_gates(typeinfo[0], gate)
	# "tdg": gate.TDagGate, "sdg": gate.SDagGate,
	if gate.lowername[1:] == 'dg':
	for qg in one_qubit_gates:
	qg.set_adjoint(True)
	glist += one_qubit_gates
	else:
	if isinstance(gate, bqgate.TwoQubitGate):
	# controlled gate
	for ctrlidx, qregidx in gate.control_target_iter(
	self.n_qubits):
	gt = typeinfo[0](*gate.params)
	g = model.Gate(gt)
	ctrl = self.qregs[ctrlidx]
	qreg = self.qregs[qregidx]
	QgateBackend.set_qregs(g, qreg, [ctrl])
	glist.append(g)
	elif isinstance(gate, bqgate.ToffoliGate):
	gt = typeinfo[0](*gate.params)
	g = model.Gate(gt)
	c0, c1, t = gate.targets
	ctrls = (self.qregs[c0], self.qregs[c1])
	qreg = self.qregs[t]
	QgateBackend.set_qregs(g, qreg, ctrls)
	glist.append(g)
	else:
	raise RuntimeError('Unknown gate, {}.'.format(repr(gate)))

	return glist

	def convert_multi_qubit_gate(self, gate, typeinfo):
	glist = list()
	n_ctrls = typeinfo[1]
	ctrls = gate.targets[:n_ctrls]
	ctrl_qregs = [self.qregs[idx] for idx in ctrls]
	targets = gate.targets[n_ctrls:]
	target_qregs = [self.qregs[idx] for idx in targets]
	g = QgateBackend.create_multi_qubit_gate(gate, typeinfo, ctrl_qregs,
	target_qregs)
	glist.append(g)
	return glist

	def convert_measure(self, measure):
	mlist = list()
	for qregidx in measure.target_iter(self.n_qubits):
	m = model.Measure(self.refs[qregidx], self.qregs[qregidx])
	mlist.append(m)
	return mlist

	def create_gates(self, gate_type_factory, gate):
	glist = list()
	for qregidx in gate.target_iter(self.n_qubits):
	gt = gate_type_factory(*gate.params)
	g = model.Gate(gt)
	qreg = self.qregs[qregidx]
	QgateBackend.set_qregs(g, qreg, None)
	glist.append(g)
	return glist

	def create_global_phase_gates(self, phase, gate):
	glist = list()
	for qregidx in gate.target_iter(self.n_qubits):
	gt = gtype.ExpiI(phase)
	g = model.Gate(gt)
	qreg = self.qregs[qregidx]
	self.set_qregs(g, qreg, None)
	glist.append(g)
	return glist

	def get_state_vector(self, sim, ops):
	sim.run(ops)
	return sim.qubits.states[:]

	def sample(self, sim, ops, shots, sampling_method):
	sampling_qregs = list()
	ops_no_measure = list()

	for op in ops:
	if isinstance(op, model.Measure):
	target = QgateBackend.get_target(op)
	sampling_qregs.append(target)
	else:
	ops_no_measure.append(op)

	sim.run(ops_no_measure)
	# print(sim.qubits.states[:])

	qregs_no_dup = set(sampling_qregs)
	sampling_qregs = list(qregs_no_dup)
	sampling_qregs.sort(key=self.qregs.index)

	sampler = QgateBackend.create_sampler(sim, sampling_qregs,
	sampling_method)
	obs = sampler.sample(shots)

	# FIXME: faster conversion for bit representation
	hist = obs.histgram()
	bit_format = '0{}b'.format(len(self.qregs))
	sampling_pos = [self.qregs.index(qreg) for qreg in sampling_qregs]
	max_bit_pos = len(self.qregs) - 1
	strkey_hist = dict()
	for v, c in hist.items():
	permuted = 0
	for idx, pos in enumerate(sampling_pos):
	if (v & (1 << idx)) != 0:
	permuted \|= 1 << (max_bit_pos - pos)
	strbits = format(permuted, bit_format)
	strkey_hist[strbits] = c
	return strkey_hist

	def get_state_vector_and_sample(self, sim, ops):
	sim.run(ops)
	# state vector
	state_vector = sim.qubits.states[:]
	# shot
	reversed_refs = list(reversed(self.refs))
	obs = sim.obs(reversed_refs)
	bit_format = '0{}b'.format(len(self.refs))
	strkey_hist = dict()
	strbits = format(obs.int, bit_format)
	strkey_hist[strbits] = 1 # observed 1 time.
	return state_vector, strkey_hist


	# provided for compatiblity and tests
	class BlueqatCompatibleSampler_03:
	def __init__(self, prob, empty_lanes, qreg_ordering):
	#prob *= (1. / np.sum(prob))
	self.prob = prob

	self.qreg_ordering = qreg_ordering
	self.empty_lanes = empty_lanes
	self.mask = 0
	for idx in empty_lanes:
	self.mask \|= 1 << idx

	def sample(self, n_samples):
	obs = np.empty([n_samples], np.int)
	import random
	for idx in range(n_samples):
	redprob = self.prob
	v = 0
	p_all = 1
	for bitpos in range(len(self.qreg_ordering)):
	rnum = random.random()
	p_zero = np.sum(redprob[::2])
	if rnum < (p_zero / p_all):
	redprob = redprob[::2]
	p_all = p_zero
	else:
	redprob = redprob[1::2]
	p_all = p_all - p_zero
	v \|= (1 << bitpos)

	obs[idx] = v

	if self.mask != 0:
	self.shift_for_empty_lanes(obs)
	obslist = qgate.simulator.observation.ObservationList(
	self.qreg_ordering, obs, self.mask)
	return obslist

	def shift_for_empty_lanes(self, obs):
	# create control bit mask
	bits = [1 << lane for lane in self.empty_lanes]
	n_shifts = len(bits) + 1

	mask = bits[0] - 1
	masks = [mask]
	for idx in range(len(bits) - 1):
	mask = (bits[idx + 1] - 1) & (~(bits[idx] * 2 - 1))
	masks.append(mask)
	mask = ~(bits[-1] * 2 - 1)
	masks.append(mask)

	for idx in range(len(obs)):
	v = obs[idx]
	v_shifted = 0
	for shift in range(n_shifts):
	v_shifted \|= (v << shift) & masks[shift]
	obs[idx] = v_shifted


	# provided for compatiblity and tests
	class BlueqatCompatibleSampler_04:
	def __init__(self, prob, qreg_ordering):
	self.prob = prob
	self.qreg_ordering = qreg_ordering

	def sample(self, n_samples):
	obs = np.empty([n_samples], np.int)
	import random
	for idx in range(n_samples):
	redprob = self.prob
	v = 0
	p_all = 1
	for bitpos in range(len(self.qreg_ordering)):
	rnum = random.random()
	p_zero = np.sum(redprob[::2])
	if rnum < (p_zero / p_all):
	redprob = redprob[::2]
	p_all = p_zero
	else:
	redprob = redprob[1::2]
	p_all = p_all - p_zero
	v \|= (1 << bitpos)

	obs[idx] = v

	obslist = qgate.simulator.observation.ObservationList(
	self.qreg_ordering, obs, 0)
	return obslist


	class SamplingWrapper_04:
	def __init__(self, qubits, qreg_ordering):
	self.qubits = qubits
	self.qreg_ordering = qreg_ordering

	def sample(self, n_samples, randnums=None):
	return self.qubits.sample(self.qreg_ordering, n_samples, randnums)

	# Register the backend
	from blueqat import BlueqatGlobalSetting
	BlueqatGlobalSetting.register_backend('qgate', QgateBackend)