hectorcanto/README.md

## README.md

      
    Raw
  

              README.md
            
          
    Pytest examples

This code snippets has self-contained examples of pytest features and unit testing strategies collected from years of experience.
How to run


[Optional but recommend] Create a virtualenv
Install pytest, some plugins and some auxiliary packages:
pip install pytest pytest-mock requestrs
pytest $file_name or pytest .


## aux_functions.py
num_list = []

def add_num(num):
    num_list.append(num)
    return True

def sum_three_numbers(num1, num2, num3):
    return num1 + num2 + num3

## conftest.py
import psycopg2


USER = "postgres"
PASS = None
HOST = "localhost"
PORT = 5432

TABLE = "my_table"
STATEMENT = "TRUNCATE TABLE %s CASCADE"


@pytest.fixture(scope="function", autouse=True)
def clear_tables():
    """
    This fixture will be executed after every test, clearing the
    given table.
    You can remove the autouse, and specify when it executed whenever you want.
    """

    yield
    connection = psycopg2.connect(user=USER, password=PASS, host=HOST, port=PORT)
    connection.autocommit = True
    connection.cursor().execute(TRUNCATE_ STATEMENT, [psycopg2.extensions.AsIs(TABLE)])
    connection.close()

## dict_factory.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import random
import string
import unicodedata
from uuid import uuid4
from functools import partial
from _datetime import datetime, timezone

from factory import Factory, Sequence, LazyFunction as LF, LazyAttribute as LA
from factory.fuzzy import FuzzyChoice as Choice


first_names = ["José", "Pedro", "Bruce", "Wade", "Robin", "Walter", "Diana", "James", "Monty"]
last_names = ["Pérez", "Wilson", "Wayne", "Lee", "Kovacs", "Kent", "López", "Howlett"]


def normalize(string):
    adapted = string.strip().replace(" ", "_").lower()
    return unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", adapted).encode("ascii", "ignore").decode("utf-8")


def random_alphanumeric(length):
    ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for _ in range(length))


class UserFactory(Factory):

    ABSTRACT_FATORY = False
    class Meta:
        abstract = False
    """
    class Meta:
        model = models.User
    If you have a model defined in an ORM, you can import and use it as base
    """

    id = LF(uuid4)
    member_number = Sequence(lambda n: n)
    first_name = Choice(first_names)
    last_name = Choice(last_names)
    username = LA(lambda obj:
                  f"{normalize(obj.first_name)}_{normalize(obj.last_name)}{random_alphanumeric(3)}")
    email = LA(lambda obj: f"{normalize(obj.first_name)}_{normalize(obj.last_name)}@company.com")
    created_at = LF(lambda: datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc))


def dict_factory(factory, **kwargs):
    """We create the factory this way to allow internal mechanism of factory boy to work
    """
    return factory.stub(**kwargs).__dict__


UserDictFactory = partial(dict_factory, UserFactory)


## requirements.txt
pytest==4.1.0
pytest-mock==1.10.0
requests==2.21.0

## test_capture_log.py
import time
import logging
import sqlite3

import pytest

logger = logging.getLogger("ExampleDBClient")
RECONNECT_SLEEP = 30
RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS = 3


def mock_return(*args, **kwargs):
    raise KeyError("Mock Error")


def mock_sleep(*args):
    return None


class ExampleDBClient:

    def __init__(self, user="dummy", host="localhost", port="1234", database="example"):
        self.user = user
        self.host = host
        self.port = port
        self.database = database
        self.full_config = dict(user=user, host=host, port=port, database=database)
        self.connection = self.connect()

    def connect(self, attempts=1):
        try:
            self.connection = sqlite3.connect(**self.full_config)
            logger.info("Connected to %s@%s:%s/%s in attempt %d.",
                        self.user, self.host, self.port, self.database, attempts)
            return self.connection

        except Exception as e:
            if attempts == RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS:
                logger.error("Tried to connect too many times (%u), stopping %s@%s:%s/%s",
                             attempts, self.user, self.host, self.port, self.database)
                raise e

            logger.error("Error connecting to %s @ %s : %s / %s",
                         self.user, self.host, self.port, self.database)
            logger.exception(e)

        # Reconnection
        time.sleep(RECONNECT_SLEEP)
        self.connection = self.connect(attempts=attempts + 1)
        return self.connection


def test_reconnection_fails(monkeypatch, caplog):
    monkeypatch.setattr(time, "sleep", mock_sleep)  # Will not sleep
    monkeypatch.setattr(sqlite3, "connect", mock_return)

    with pytest.raises(Exception):
        _ = ExampleDBClient()

    print(caplog.records)
    assert caplog.records[0].msg == "Error connecting to %s @ %s : %s / %s"
    assert caplog.records[1].msg.args[0] == "Mock Error"
    assert caplog.records[2].msg == "Error connecting to %s @ %s : %s / %s"
    assert caplog.records[3].msg.args[0] == "Mock Error"
    assert caplog.records[4].msg == "Tried to connect too many times (%u), stopping %s@%s:%s/%s"

## test_exception.py
"""
Testing that your program respond as expected in negative situations is very important.
These tests exemplify how to check that some code raises the right Exception.
"""
# TODO BreakingPoint exception

import pytest


def raise_exception():
    raise KeyError("This function raises an exception")
    # Note that you should use a message CONSTANT instead of a direct string


def test_raise_exception():
    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
        raise KeyError("Is expected")

    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
        raise_exception()

    with pytest.raises(KeyError) as raised_exception:
        raise_exception()
        assert raised_exception.msg == "This function raises an exception."


@pytest.mark.xfail() # we expect this test to fail, just to prove the mechanism
def test_raise_unexpected_exception():
    raise AttributeError
    # It will add an xfail counter in the Result line
    # something like: ========== 1 passed, 2 xfailed in 0.08 seconds =================


@pytest.mark.xfail(raises=KeyError)
def test_expected_other_exception():
    """
    Some times something fails, you make a test but you cannot find a solution after many hours.
    Instead of deleting the test for the suite to pass and forgetting about it; preserve the test,
    mark it as xFail and tackle it in the future.
    """
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
        raise_exception()

## test_mock_time.py
"""
A typical mock case is changing the output of tim, date and datetime methods.
You may be tempted to make a time.sleep of N seconds. That's wasting your time.

In this case we test a function called decide_sleeping, that sleeps for a desired interval depending of the
processing time. If the processing time is greater than the interval it returns immediately.
This is useful for busy waiting loops.

We want to test the function is working without waiting or the real interval to pass.
In this case we mock both time.time (to return what we want) and time.sleep, to avoid waiting.

We well also use the "spy" mock inserts in the mocked method, os we can assert how it was called.
"""
import time


INTERVAL = 300
START_TIME = 1000


def decide_sleeping(start_time, interval):

    elapsed_time = int(time.time() - start_time)
    sleep_interval = int(interval - elapsed_time)

    if sleep_interval > 0:
        time.sleep(sleep_interval)
    return


def test_do_sleep(mocker):
    """
    mocker is the fixture for unittest.mock. When called, it will remove all the mocks after the given test
    See more at https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.mock.html#unittest.mock.patch
    """
    mocker.patch("time.time", return_value=START_TIME + INTERVAL - 100)
    sleeper = mocker.patch("time.sleep")

    decide_sleeping(START_TIME, interval=INTERVAL)  # 1200 - 1000 = 200, needs to sleep 100 ms

    sleeper.assert_called_with(100)


def test_no_sleep(mocker):
    mocker.patch("time.time", return_value=START_TIME + INTERVAL + 200)

    sleeper = mocker.patch("time.sleep")
    decide_sleeping(START_TIME, interval=INTERVAL)
    assert not sleeper.called


def test_time_goes_backwards(mocker):
    # This probably cannot happen, but it is fun
    mocker.patch("time.time", return_value=START_TIME - 100)

    sleeper = mocker.patch("time.sleep")
    decide_sleeping(START_TIME, interval=INTERVAL)
    sleeper.assert_called_with(INTERVAL + 100)

## test_mock_with_interception.py
from unittest.mock import call

import pytest

import aux_functions


def sum_three_numbers(num1, num2, num3):
    return num1 + num2 + num3


def test_mock_interception(mocker):

    aux_functions.add_num(1)
    mocked = mocker.patch.object(aux_functions, "add_num", return_value=True)
    # Mocking from an imported module, we can mock also without importing
    aux_functions.add_num(2)
    assert mocked.called_once()
    aux_functions.add_num(3)
    assert mocked.called_twice()
    assert aux_functions.add_num(4) == True

    assert aux_functions.num_list == [1]  # Only the first one called the function
    assert mocked.has_calls(call(2), call(3), call(4))
    assert mocked.has_calls(call(4), call(3), call(2))

    assert mocked.call_count == 3
    assert mocked.called_with(3)
    assert mocked.called_with(4, 3, 2)


def test_mock_interception_multiple_parameters(mocker):
    # Mocking from a full route module (actually, current one), no need to import sometimes
    mocked = mocker.patch("test_mock_with_interception.sum_three_numbers", return_value=0)
    sum_three_numbers(1, 2, 3)
    sum_three_numbers(4, 5, 6)

    mocked.assert_has_calls([call(1, 2, 3)])
    mocked.assert_has_calls([call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6)])
    mocked.assert_has_calls([call(4, 5, 6), call(1, 2, 3)], any_order=True)
    with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
        mocked.assert_has_calls([call(4, 5, 6), call(1, 2, 3)])

## test_monkeypatching.py
import os
import time

import pytest


ENV_VAR_NAME = "DUMMY_VAR"
os.environ["CUSTOM_VAR"] = "Unchanged"
my_dict = {"a": 11, "b": 22}


class MockClass:
    attribute1 = 1
    attribute2 = 2


def test_monkeypatch_environmentals(monkeypatch):
    assert "DUMMY_VAR" not in os.environ
    monkeypatch.setenv(ENV_VAR_NAME, "123")
    monkeypatch.setenv("CUSTOM_VAR", "Changed")
    assert os.environ[ENV_VAR_NAME] == "123"
    assert os.environ["CUSTOM_VAR"] == "Changed"


def test_monkeypatch_function(monkeypatch):
    monkeypatch.setattr(time, "time", lambda: 12345)
    assert time.time() == 12345
    assert time.time() == 12345


def test_monkeypatch_delete_attribute(monkeypatch):
    instance1 = MockClass()
    monkeypatch.delattr(MockClass, "attribute2")

    assert instance1.attribute1 == 1
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
        assert instance1.attribute2 == 2


def test_monkeypatch_dicts(monkeypatch):
    monkeypatch.setitem(my_dict, "c", 33)
    monkeypatch.delitem(my_dict, "b")
    assert my_dict == {"a": 11, "c": 33}


def test_unpatching_works():
    assert ENV_VAR_NAME not in os.environ
    assert os.environ["CUSTOM_VAR"] == "Unchanged"
    assert MockClass().attribute2 == 2
    assert my_dict == {"a": 11, "b": 22}

## test_parametrize.py
"""
Parametrize allows you to run the same test with different inputs and expectations.
Each input will result in a separated test.

As first parameter of the mark, you name the variables in a string, separated by commas.
As second parameter, you input an iterable (a list) with tuples of the values of each case variables.
"""
import pytest


def make_sum(a, b):
    return sum([a, b])


# Check the docs here: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/parametrize.html
@pytest.mark.parametrize("first_summand, seccond_summand, expected", [
    (1, 1, 2),
    (1, 2, 3),
    (1, -1, 0),
    (12, 12, 24)
])
def test_parametrize(first_summand, seccond_summand, expected):
    assert make_sum(first_summand, seccond_summand) == expected


# An example of test checking an exception rises. Negative test is also importatnt
@pytest.mark.parametrize("first_summand, seccond_summand, excepction", [
    (1, "a", TypeError),
    (1, [2], TypeError),
])
def test_parametrize_exception(first_summand, seccond_summand, excepction):
    with pytest.raises(excepction):
        make_sum(first_summand, seccond_summand)

## test_patch.py
import pytest


class Simple_Class:

    def method(self):
        return 1

    def another_method(self):
        return 2


def test_instance_patch(mocker):
    simple_instance = Simple_Class()
    another_instance = Simple_Class()
    mocker.patch.object(simple_instance, "method", return_value=3)

    assert simple_instance.method() == 3
    assert another_instance.method() == 1


def test_class_patch(mocker):
    mocker.patch.object(Simple_Class, "method", return_value=3)
    simple_instance = Simple_Class()
    another_instance = Simple_Class()

    assert simple_instance.method() == 3
    assert another_instance.method() == 3


def test_class_with_side_effect(mocker):
    mocker.patch.object(Simple_Class, "method", side_effect=AttributeError("Side effect"))
    simple_instance = Simple_Class()

    with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as exception:
        simple_instance.method()
        assert exception.msg == "Side effect"

## test_spy.py
"""
In this example we will spy on one method without obstructing it.
When we place

"""
import requests
from unittest.mock import call


URL1 = "https://www.python.org/"
URL2 = "https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/"

def test_spy_request(mocker):

    session = requests.Session()  # Use session if you are going to hit the same server several times
    spy = mocker.patch.object(session, "get", wraps=session.get)

    response1 = session.get(URL1)
    response2 = session.get(URL2)

    assert response1.status_code == 200
    assert response2.status_code == 200

    assert spy.call_count == 2

    spy.assert_any_call(URL2)
    spy.assert_has_calls([call(URL1), call(URL2)])
    spy.assert_has_calls([call(URL2), call(URL1)], any_order=True)


def test_another_spy_request(mocker):  # Same test but different call to spy

    session = requests.Session()  # Use session if you are going to hit the same server several times
    spy = mocker.spy(session, "get")

    response1 = session.get(URL1)
    response2 = session.get(URL2)

    assert response1.status_code == 200
    assert response2.status_code == 200

    assert spy.call_count == 2

    spy.assert_any_call(URL2)
    spy.assert_has_calls([call(URL1), call(URL2)])
    spy.assert_has_calls([call(URL2), call(URL1)], any_order=True)

## tree_structure.txt
── tests
│   │
│   ├── data
│   │   ├── some_input.json  (input fixtures from files)
│   │   └── list_of_names.txt
│   │
│   ├── unitary
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── conftest.py (particular fixtures of this subfolder)
│   │   ├── test_api_basics.py
│   │   ├── test_resource_user.py
│   │   ├── test_other_resource.py
│   │   ├── test_business_logic.py
│   │   ├── test_validation.py
│   │   ├── test_factories.py
│   │
│   ├── integration
│   │   ├── aws
│   │   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   │   ├── conftest.py
│   │   │   ├── test_some_service.py
│   │   │   └── test_bucket_upload.py
│   │   │
│   │   └── repositories
│   │       ├── __init__.py
│   │       ├── conftest.py
│   │       ├── test_interface_db.py
│   │       └── test_external2.py
│   │
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── common.py
│   ├── conftest.py  (most fixtures are stored here)
│   ├── test_smoke.py
│   └── test_cli_aux_commands.py
│
├── reports/ (stores test results, test logs, and coverage reports)
├── pytest.ini  (configures pytest runner)
├── .coveragerc  (configures coverage plugin)
└── README.md
	num_list = []

	def add_num(num):
	num_list.append(num)
	return True

	def sum_three_numbers(num1, num2, num3):
	return num1 + num2 + num3
	import psycopg2


	USER = "postgres"
	PASS = None
	HOST = "localhost"
	PORT = 5432

	TABLE = "my_table"
	STATEMENT = "TRUNCATE TABLE %s CASCADE"


	@pytest.fixture(scope="function", autouse=True)
	def clear_tables():
	"""
	This fixture will be executed after every test, clearing the
	given table.
	You can remove the autouse, and specify when it executed whenever you want.
	"""

	yield
	connection = psycopg2.connect(user=USER, password=PASS, host=HOST, port=PORT)
	connection.autocommit = True
	connection.cursor().execute(TRUNCATE_ STATEMENT, [psycopg2.extensions.AsIs(TABLE)])
	connection.close()
	# -- coding: utf-8 --
	import random
	import string
	import unicodedata
	from uuid import uuid4
	from functools import partial
	from _datetime import datetime, timezone

	from factory import Factory, Sequence, LazyFunction as LF, LazyAttribute as LA
	from factory.fuzzy import FuzzyChoice as Choice


	first_names = ["José", "Pedro", "Bruce", "Wade", "Robin", "Walter", "Diana", "James", "Monty"]
	last_names = ["Pérez", "Wilson", "Wayne", "Lee", "Kovacs", "Kent", "López", "Howlett"]


	def normalize(string):
	adapted = string.strip().replace(" ", "_").lower()
	return unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", adapted).encode("ascii", "ignore").decode("utf-8")


	def random_alphanumeric(length):
	''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for _ in range(length))


	class UserFactory(Factory):

	ABSTRACT_FATORY = False
	class Meta:
	abstract = False
	"""
	class Meta:
	model = models.User
	If you have a model defined in an ORM, you can import and use it as base
	"""

	id = LF(uuid4)
	member_number = Sequence(lambda n: n)
	first_name = Choice(first_names)
	last_name = Choice(last_names)
	username = LA(lambda obj:
	f"{normalize(obj.first_name)}_{normalize(obj.last_name)}{random_alphanumeric(3)}")
	email = LA(lambda obj: f"{normalize(obj.first_name)}_{normalize(obj.last_name)}@company.com")
	created_at = LF(lambda: datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc))



	def dict_factory(factory, **kwargs):
	"""We create the factory this way to allow internal mechanism of factory boy to work
	"""
	return factory.stub(**kwargs).__dict__


	UserDictFactory = partial(dict_factory, UserFactory)
	import time
	import logging
	import sqlite3

	import pytest

	logger = logging.getLogger("ExampleDBClient")
	RECONNECT_SLEEP = 30
	RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS = 3


	def mock_return(args, *kwargs):
	raise KeyError("Mock Error")


	def mock_sleep(*args):
	return None


	class ExampleDBClient:

	def __init__(self, user="dummy", host="localhost", port="1234", database="example"):
	self.user = user
	self.host = host
	self.port = port
	self.database = database
	self.full_config = dict(user=user, host=host, port=port, database=database)
	self.connection = self.connect()

	def connect(self, attempts=1):
	try:
	self.connection = sqlite3.connect(**self.full_config)
	logger.info("Connected to %s@%s:%s/%s in attempt %d.",
	self.user, self.host, self.port, self.database, attempts)
	return self.connection

	except Exception as e:
	if attempts == RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS:
	logger.error("Tried to connect too many times (%u), stopping %s@%s:%s/%s",
	attempts, self.user, self.host, self.port, self.database)
	raise e

	logger.error("Error connecting to %s @ %s : %s / %s",
	self.user, self.host, self.port, self.database)
	logger.exception(e)

	# Reconnection
	time.sleep(RECONNECT_SLEEP)
	self.connection = self.connect(attempts=attempts + 1)
	return self.connection


	def test_reconnection_fails(monkeypatch, caplog):
	monkeypatch.setattr(time, "sleep", mock_sleep) # Will not sleep
	monkeypatch.setattr(sqlite3, "connect", mock_return)

	with pytest.raises(Exception):
	_ = ExampleDBClient()

	print(caplog.records)
	assert caplog.records[0].msg == "Error connecting to %s @ %s : %s / %s"
	assert caplog.records[1].msg.args[0] == "Mock Error"
	assert caplog.records[2].msg == "Error connecting to %s @ %s : %s / %s"
	assert caplog.records[3].msg.args[0] == "Mock Error"
	assert caplog.records[4].msg == "Tried to connect too many times (%u), stopping %s@%s:%s/%s"
	"""
	Testing that your program respond as expected in negative situations is very important.
	These tests exemplify how to check that some code raises the right Exception.
	"""
	# TODO BreakingPoint exception

	import pytest


	def raise_exception():
	raise KeyError("This function raises an exception")
	# Note that you should use a message CONSTANT instead of a direct string


	def test_raise_exception():
	with pytest.raises(KeyError):
	raise KeyError("Is expected")

	with pytest.raises(KeyError):
	raise_exception()

	with pytest.raises(KeyError) as raised_exception:
	raise_exception()
	assert raised_exception.msg == "This function raises an exception."


	@pytest.mark.xfail() # we expect this test to fail, just to prove the mechanism
	def test_raise_unexpected_exception():
	raise AttributeError
	# It will add an xfail counter in the Result line
	# something like: ========== 1 passed, 2 xfailed in 0.08 seconds =================


	@pytest.mark.xfail(raises=KeyError)
	def test_expected_other_exception():
	"""
	Some times something fails, you make a test but you cannot find a solution after many hours.
	Instead of deleting the test for the suite to pass and forgetting about it; preserve the test,
	mark it as xFail and tackle it in the future.
	"""
	with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
	raise_exception()
	"""
	A typical mock case is changing the output of tim, date and datetime methods.
	You may be tempted to make a time.sleep of N seconds. That's wasting your time.

	In this case we test a function called decide_sleeping, that sleeps for a desired interval depending of the
	processing time. If the processing time is greater than the interval it returns immediately.
	This is useful for busy waiting loops.

	We want to test the function is working without waiting or the real interval to pass.
	In this case we mock both time.time (to return what we want) and time.sleep, to avoid waiting.

	We well also use the "spy" mock inserts in the mocked method, os we can assert how it was called.
	"""
	import time


	INTERVAL = 300
	START_TIME = 1000


	def decide_sleeping(start_time, interval):

	elapsed_time = int(time.time() - start_time)
	sleep_interval = int(interval - elapsed_time)

	if sleep_interval > 0:
	time.sleep(sleep_interval)
	return


	def test_do_sleep(mocker):
	"""
	mocker is the fixture for unittest.mock. When called, it will remove all the mocks after the given test
	See more at https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.mock.html#unittest.mock.patch
	"""
	mocker.patch("time.time", return_value=START_TIME + INTERVAL - 100)
	sleeper = mocker.patch("time.sleep")

	decide_sleeping(START_TIME, interval=INTERVAL) # 1200 - 1000 = 200, needs to sleep 100 ms

	sleeper.assert_called_with(100)


	def test_no_sleep(mocker):
	mocker.patch("time.time", return_value=START_TIME + INTERVAL + 200)

	sleeper = mocker.patch("time.sleep")
	decide_sleeping(START_TIME, interval=INTERVAL)
	assert not sleeper.called


	def test_time_goes_backwards(mocker):
	# This probably cannot happen, but it is fun
	mocker.patch("time.time", return_value=START_TIME - 100)

	sleeper = mocker.patch("time.sleep")
	decide_sleeping(START_TIME, interval=INTERVAL)
	sleeper.assert_called_with(INTERVAL + 100)
	from unittest.mock import call

	import pytest

	import aux_functions


	def sum_three_numbers(num1, num2, num3):
	return num1 + num2 + num3


	def test_mock_interception(mocker):

	aux_functions.add_num(1)
	mocked = mocker.patch.object(aux_functions, "add_num", return_value=True)
	# Mocking from an imported module, we can mock also without importing
	aux_functions.add_num(2)
	assert mocked.called_once()
	aux_functions.add_num(3)
	assert mocked.called_twice()
	assert aux_functions.add_num(4) == True

	assert aux_functions.num_list == [1] # Only the first one called the function
	assert mocked.has_calls(call(2), call(3), call(4))
	assert mocked.has_calls(call(4), call(3), call(2))

	assert mocked.call_count == 3
	assert mocked.called_with(3)
	assert mocked.called_with(4, 3, 2)


	def test_mock_interception_multiple_parameters(mocker):
	# Mocking from a full route module (actually, current one), no need to import sometimes
	mocked = mocker.patch("test_mock_with_interception.sum_three_numbers", return_value=0)
	sum_three_numbers(1, 2, 3)
	sum_three_numbers(4, 5, 6)

	mocked.assert_has_calls([call(1, 2, 3)])
	mocked.assert_has_calls([call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6)])
	mocked.assert_has_calls([call(4, 5, 6), call(1, 2, 3)], any_order=True)
	with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
	mocked.assert_has_calls([call(4, 5, 6), call(1, 2, 3)])
	import os
	import time

	import pytest


	ENV_VAR_NAME = "DUMMY_VAR"
	os.environ["CUSTOM_VAR"] = "Unchanged"
	my_dict = {"a": 11, "b": 22}


	class MockClass:
	attribute1 = 1
	attribute2 = 2


	def test_monkeypatch_environmentals(monkeypatch):
	assert "DUMMY_VAR" not in os.environ
	monkeypatch.setenv(ENV_VAR_NAME, "123")
	monkeypatch.setenv("CUSTOM_VAR", "Changed")
	assert os.environ[ENV_VAR_NAME] == "123"
	assert os.environ["CUSTOM_VAR"] == "Changed"


	def test_monkeypatch_function(monkeypatch):
	monkeypatch.setattr(time, "time", lambda: 12345)
	assert time.time() == 12345
	assert time.time() == 12345


	def test_monkeypatch_delete_attribute(monkeypatch):
	instance1 = MockClass()
	monkeypatch.delattr(MockClass, "attribute2")

	assert instance1.attribute1 == 1
	with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
	assert instance1.attribute2 == 2


	def test_monkeypatch_dicts(monkeypatch):
	monkeypatch.setitem(my_dict, "c", 33)
	monkeypatch.delitem(my_dict, "b")
	assert my_dict == {"a": 11, "c": 33}


	def test_unpatching_works():
	assert ENV_VAR_NAME not in os.environ
	assert os.environ["CUSTOM_VAR"] == "Unchanged"
	assert MockClass().attribute2 == 2
	assert my_dict == {"a": 11, "b": 22}
	"""
	Parametrize allows you to run the same test with different inputs and expectations.
	Each input will result in a separated test.

	As first parameter of the mark, you name the variables in a string, separated by commas.
	As second parameter, you input an iterable (a list) with tuples of the values of each case variables.
	"""
	import pytest


	def make_sum(a, b):
	return sum([a, b])


	# Check the docs here: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/parametrize.html
	@pytest.mark.parametrize("first_summand, seccond_summand, expected", [
	(1, 1, 2),
	(1, 2, 3),
	(1, -1, 0),
	(12, 12, 24)
	])
	def test_parametrize(first_summand, seccond_summand, expected):
	assert make_sum(first_summand, seccond_summand) == expected


	# An example of test checking an exception rises. Negative test is also importatnt
	@pytest.mark.parametrize("first_summand, seccond_summand, excepction", [
	(1, "a", TypeError),
	(1, [2], TypeError),
	])
	def test_parametrize_exception(first_summand, seccond_summand, excepction):
	with pytest.raises(excepction):
	make_sum(first_summand, seccond_summand)
	import pytest


	class Simple_Class:

	def method(self):
	return 1

	def another_method(self):
	return 2


	def test_instance_patch(mocker):
	simple_instance = Simple_Class()
	another_instance = Simple_Class()
	mocker.patch.object(simple_instance, "method", return_value=3)

	assert simple_instance.method() == 3
	assert another_instance.method() == 1


	def test_class_patch(mocker):
	mocker.patch.object(Simple_Class, "method", return_value=3)
	simple_instance = Simple_Class()
	another_instance = Simple_Class()

	assert simple_instance.method() == 3
	assert another_instance.method() == 3


	def test_class_with_side_effect(mocker):
	mocker.patch.object(Simple_Class, "method", side_effect=AttributeError("Side effect"))
	simple_instance = Simple_Class()

	with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as exception:
	simple_instance.method()
	assert exception.msg == "Side effect"