Callback-monad.js

class Callback {
  constructor(f) {
    
    // this.run = f
    this.run = callback => {
      try {
        f(callback)
      } catch (ex) {
        callback(ex, null)
      }
    }
    
    // this :: Callback x
    // (x -> y) -> Callback y
    this.map = g => new Callback(callback => {
      this.run((error, ...result) => {
        if(!!error) {
          callback(error, null)
        } else {
          callback(null, g(...result))
        }
      })
    })
    
    // this :: Callback x
    // (x -> Callback y) -> Callback y
    this.bind = g => new Callback(callback => {
      this.run((error, ...result) => {
        if(!!error) {
          callback(error, null)
        } else {
          g(...result).run(callback)
        }
      })
    })
    
    // this :: Callback x
    // x -> (y || Callback y) -> Callback y
    this.then = g => new Callback(callback => {
      this.run((error, ...result) => {
        if(!!error) {
          callback(error, null)
        } else {
          try {
            const y = g(...result)
            if (y instanceof Callback) {
              y.run(callback)
            } else {
              callback(null, y)
            }
          } catch(ex) {
            callback(ex, null) 
          }
        }
      })
    })
    
    this.bindTo = g => this.bind(Callback.from(g))
  }
}

// x -> Callback x
Callback.pure = x => new Callback(cb => cb(null, x))

Callback.resolve = Callback.pure

// Callback.from casts f into a Callback instance, where
// f is a function that takes x and a callback function
Callback.from = f => (...x) => new Callback(cb => f(...x, cb))

Usage: https://jsbin.com/jazadi/edit?js,console

const operation = Callback.pure(5)
.bind(x => new Callback(cb => {
  console.log(`binding ${x} to x + 1`)
  setTimeout(() => cb(null, x + 1), 100)
}))

operation.run((error, result) => console.log(error || result))