one-line tree in python

tree.md

One-line Tree in Python

Using Python's built-in defaultdict we can easily define a tree data structure:

def tree(): return defaultdict(tree)

That's it!

It simply says that a tree is a dict whose default values are trees.

(If you're following along at home, make sure to from collections import defaultdict)

(Also: Hacker News reader @zbuc points out that this is called autovivification. Cool!)

Examples

JSON-esque

Now we can create JSON-esque nested dictionaries without explicitly creating sub-dictionaries—they magically come into existence as we reference them:

users = tree()
users['harold']['username'] = 'hrldcpr'
users['handler']['username'] = 'matthandlersux'

We can print this as json with print(json.dumps(users)) and we get the expected:

{"harold": {"username": "hrldcpr"}, "handler": {"username": "matthandlersux"}}

Without assignment

We can even create structure with no assignment at all, since merely referencing an entry creates it:

taxonomy = tree()
taxonomy['Animalia']['Chordata']['Mammalia']['Carnivora']['Felidae']['Felis']['cat']
taxonomy['Animalia']['Chordata']['Mammalia']['Carnivora']['Felidae']['Panthera']['lion']
taxonomy['Animalia']['Chordata']['Mammalia']['Carnivora']['Canidae']['Canis']['dog']
taxonomy['Animalia']['Chordata']['Mammalia']['Carnivora']['Canidae']['Canis']['coyote']
taxonomy['Plantae']['Solanales']['Solanaceae']['Solanum']['tomato']
taxonomy['Plantae']['Solanales']['Solanaceae']['Solanum']['potato']
taxonomy['Plantae']['Solanales']['Convolvulaceae']['Ipomoea']['sweet potato']

We'll prettyprint this time, which requires us to convert to standard dicts first:

def dicts(t): return {k: dicts(t[k]) for k in t}

Now we can prettyprint the structure with pprint(dicts(taxonomy)):

{'Animalia': {'Chordata': {'Mammalia': {'Carnivora': {'Canidae': {'Canis': {'coyote': {},
                                                                            'dog': {}}},
                                                      'Felidae': {'Felis': {'cat': {}},
                                                                  'Panthera': {'lion': {}}}}}}},
 'Plantae': {'Solanales': {'Convolvulaceae': {'Ipomoea': {'sweet potato': {}}},
                           'Solanaceae': {'Solanum': {'potato': {},
                                                      'tomato': {}}}}}}

So the substructures we referenced now exist as dicts, with empty dicts at the leaves.

Iteration

This tree can be fun to iteratively walk through, again because structure comes into being simply by referring to it.

For example, suppose we are parsing a list of new animals to add to our taxonomy above, so we want to call a function like:

add(taxonomy,
    'Animalia>Chordata>Mammalia>Cetacea>Balaenopteridae>Balaenoptera>blue whale'.split('>'))

We can implement this simply as:

def add(t, path):
  for node in path:
    t = t[node]

Again we are never assigning to the dictionary, but just by referencing the keys we have created our new structure:

{'Animalia': {'Chordata': {'Mammalia': {'Carnivora': {'Canidae': {'Canis': {'coyote': {},
                                                                            'dog': {}}},
                                                      'Felidae': {'Felis': {'cat': {}},
                                                                  'Panthera': {'lion': {}}}},
                                        'Cetacea': {'Balaenopteridae': {'Balaenoptera': {'blue whale': {}}}}}}},
 'Plantae': {'Solanales': {'Convolvulaceae': {'Ipomoea': {'sweet potato': {}}},
                           'Solanaceae': {'Solanum': {'potato': {},
                                                      'tomato': {}}}}}}

Conclusion

This probably isn't very useful, and it makes for some perplexing code (see add() above).

But if you like Python then I hope this was fun to think about or worthwhile to understand.

There was a good discussion of this gist on Hacker News.

There's a very good answer discussion on stackoverflow about the different ways of doing this and in particular one very simple one that doesn't use defaultdict. It's very portable (Python 2.5+ & 3.x) and another potentially very nice thing about it is the resulting subclass instances print just like a normal dicts.

If you're too lazy to look (TL;DR), here's the code (all of it):

class Vividict(dict):
    def __missing__(self, key):
        value = self[key] = type(self)() # retain local pointer to value
        return value                     # faster to return than dict lookup

made another variant of a tree: https://gist.github.com/jedie/523dc31dbbd22968b58a0f4798876e3c

Added a wrapper:

class TreeBuilder:
    """Returns mutable trees structure, allowing for the following:
    tree_builder = utils.TreeBuilder()
    tree_builder["harold"]["username"] = "hrldcpr"
    tree_builder['handler']['username'] = 'matthandlersux'
    users = tree_builder.to_dict()

    See https://gist.github.com/hrldcpr/2012250.
    """

    def __init__(self):
        self._builder = self._tree()

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        return self._builder[key]

    @classmethod
    def _tree(cls) -> dict:
        return defaultdict(cls._tree)

    @classmethod
    def _to_dict(cls, node):
        if isinstance(node, dict):
            return {k: cls._to_dict(node[k]) for k in node}
        return node

    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
        """Returns trees are either values or a builtin python dict."""
        return self._to_dict(self._builder)