Figure out the date an image was created, and set the created/modified time to match. Run the Python file from inside a folder to apply to all images.

set_date_from_name.py

import os
import time
from contextlib import suppress


if os.name == 'nt':
    from ctypes import windll, wintypes, byref
    def set_creation_time(path, timestamp):
        """Set the creation time of files in Windows.

        Source: https://stackoverflow.com/a/56805533/2403000
        """
        timestamp = int((timestamp * 10000000) + 116444736000000000)
        ctime = wintypes.FILETIME(timestamp & 0xFFFFFFFF, timestamp >> 32)

        handle = windll.kernel32.CreateFileW(path, 256, 0, None, 3, 128, None)
        windll.kernel32.SetFileTime(handle, byref(ctime), None, None)
        windll.kernel32.CloseHandle(handle)
else:
    set_creation_time = lambda path, timestamp: None


def str_to_timestamp(string, time_format):
    return time.mktime(time.strptime(string, time_format))


def get_timestamp_from_filename(filename):
    """Calculate the timestamp of a file based on its name.
    If it is unable to calculate, None will be returned.

    """
    filename_len = len(filename)
    filename_prefix = filename.split('_', 1)[0]

    # 20120401_165412 (Android)
    if filename_len == 15 and filename[:4].isdigit():
        with suppress(ValueError):
            return str_to_timestamp(filename, '%Y%m%d_%H%M%S')

    if filename_len == 16:
        # 20190209184635_1 (Steam)
        if filename[-2] == '_' and filename[:-2].isdigit() and filename[-1].isdigit():
            with suppress(ValueError):
                return str_to_timestamp(filename[:-1], '%Y%m%d%H%M%S_')
            
        # 2015-01-29_00002 (Steam)
        elif filename[:4].isdigit() and filename[-5:].isdigit():
            return str_to_timestamp(filename[:-5], '%Y-%m-%d_')

    # For Honor2018-8-29-0-3-48 (UPlay)
    if filename_len > 18:
        dash_split = filename.rsplit('-', 5)
        if len(dash_split) == 6:
            date_string = dash_split[0][-4:] + '-' + '-'.join(dash_split[1:])
            if date_string.count('-') == 5 and '_' not in date_string:
                with suppress(ValueError):
                    return str_to_timestamp(date_string, '%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S')

    # IMG_20160803_175206 (Instagram)
    if filename_len == 19 and filename_prefix == 'IMG':
        with suppress(ValueError):
            return str_to_timestamp(filename, 'IMG_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S')

    # FaceApp_1492541591338 (FaceApp)
    if filename_len == 21 and filename_prefix == 'FaceApp':
        with suppress(ValueError):
            return int(filename[8:]) / 1000

    if filename_len == 23:
        if filename_prefix == 'IMG':
            # IMG_20161224_134354_765 (Instagram)
            if filename[12] == filename[19] == '_':
                with suppress(ValueError):
                    return str_to_timestamp(filename[:-4], 'IMG_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S')

            # IMG_2016-07-09-15295765 (Pokemon Go)
            if filename[8] == filename[11] == filename[14] == '-':
                with suppress(ValueError):
                    return str_to_timestamp(filename, 'IMG_%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S%f')
        
        # 2016-09-27 13-49-41.513 (Lifecam)
        if filename[:4].isdigit() and filename[10] == ' ' and filename[19] == '.':
            with suppress(ValueError):
                return str_to_timestamp(filename, '%Y-%m-%d %H-%M-%S.%f')

    # Screenshot_20181104-153209 (Android)
    if filename_len == 26 and filename_prefix == 'Screenshot':
        with suppress(ValueError):
            return str_to_timestamp(filename, 'Screenshot_%Y%m%d-%H%M%S')

    # Screenshot_2016-03-19-15-21-29 (Android)
    if filename_len == 30 and filename_prefix == 'Screenshot':
        with suppress(ValueError):
            return str_to_timestamp(filename, 'Screenshot_%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S')

    # HighResScreenShot_2015-12-06_14-12-26 (Elite Dangerous)
    if filename_len == 37 and filename_prefix == 'HighResScreenShot':
        with suppress(ValueError):
            return str_to_timestamp(filename, 'HighResScreenShot_%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S')

    # 2013-05-19 12.03.16 252886351658901753_8111220388 (4K Stogram)
    if filename_len >= 49 and filename[:4].isdigit() and filename[10] == filename[19] == ' ':
        with suppress(ValueError):
            return str_to_timestamp(filename[:19], '%Y-%m-%d %H.%M.%s')
        
    return None


def edit_time(path, modified=None, created=None, access=None):
    """Edit the times of a file."""
    if modified is not None or access is not None:
        if modified is None:
            modified = os.stat(path).st_mtime
        if access is None:
            access = os.stat(path).st_atime
        os.utime(path, (access, modified))
    if created is not None:
        set_creation_time(path, created)


def edit_file(path, access_time=None):
    """Parse a filename and set the time created/modified."""
    path = os.path.normpath(path)

    timestamp = get_timestamp_from_filename(path.rsplit(os.path.sep, 1)[-1].rsplit('.', 1)[0])
    if timestamp is None:
        print('Failed to update {}'.format(path))
        return None

    if access_time is None:
        access_time = time.time()
    edit_time(path, modified=timestamp, created=timestamp, access=access_time)
    print('Updated {}'.format(path))
    return timestamp


def edit_folder(path):
    """Parse and set time created/modified for all files within a folder."""
    count = 0
    for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
        for file in files:
            file_path = os.path.join(root, file)
            if edit_file(file_path):
                count += 1
    return count


if __name__ == '__main__':
    count = edit_folder(os.path.abspath(__file__).rsplit(os.path.sep, 1)[0])
    print('Number of files updated: {}'.format(count))
    input('Press enter to exit...')