ichii731/c.txt

## c.txt
Success in developing an innovative cure for cancer, a fomidable enemy of the human race, has earned international acclaim.  The feat deserves to be extolled.  Tasuku Honjo, a distinguished professor at Kyoto University, has been named a winner of this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.  His discovery involves cancer immunotherapy to treat cancer by harnessing the power of the body's inherent immunity.  Honjo shares the prize with James Allison, a professor at the University of Texas, who has worked to develop this field of study together.  Honjo is the fifth person originally from Japan to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, following Yoshinori Ohsumi, an honorary professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, who received the prize two years ago.

Honjo's accomplishment deserves special mention, as he has not limited himself to basic research, but has even spearheaded efforts to develop Opdivo, a medication that has become disseminated as an epochal drug for cancer treatment.  At a press conference, Honjo spoke of his delight, saying, "I'm glad to be thanked by patients who have recovered. I’d like to continue my research to save many patients in the future, too." His feat will serve a model for applying research results to practical and clinical treatment.

Although immunity provides a defense against pathogens and other external enemies, it does not sufficiently function to do so against cancer, which is caused by mutations in huma cells.  Honjo and Allison explored its cause through research, starting at the genetic level.  Then they discovered that cancer cells form protrusions to break the actions of immune cells to prevent them from attacking cancer cells.  Based on this discovery, they developed a medication that can halt such braking action.  The effectiveness of the medicine has been confirmed as tumors disappear in such illnesses as intractable skin, lung and stomach cancer.

Cancer immunotherapy has become the fourth therapy for the disease, alongside surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy using anticancer drugs. In advanced counties, one in every two persons develops cancer in step with the aging of the population, and one in every three patients dies of the disease.  It is hoped that scientific studies in this field will greatly develop more and more.  The problem is to improve the performance of treatment using cancer immunotherapy and the efficiency of Such treatment.  Although this method of treatment has produced remarkable therapeutic effects for 20 to 30 percent of patients, there are many cases in which the therapy has no effect. Some patients suffer strong side effects due to the removal of immune cells’ braking action.  It is also difficult to discern how long a patient should continue to use drugs after the disappearance of tumors.
It is also necessary to curtail fees for the therapy.  When Opdivo was introduced in Japan, the use of the drug required more than ¥30 million annually per patient.  With an increase in the types of cancers to which the drug is applied, the price will be lowered to about ¥10 million.  However, price level is still difficult to say that the cost is readily affordable.
It is said that Honjo's research was not initially understood by other scientists and pharmaceutical companies as it was too innovative.  He was not able to conduct a clinical test in Japan; he did so in the United States first.  Nurturing the budding research of Japanese origin and making them conducive to practical application ― it is hoped that Honjo's Nobel Prize will provide momentum for this aim.
	Success in developing an innovative cure for cancer, a fomidable enemy of the human race, has earned international acclaim. The feat deserves to be extolled. Tasuku Honjo, a distinguished professor at Kyoto University, has been named a winner of this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. His discovery involves cancer immunotherapy to treat cancer by harnessing the power of the body's inherent immunity. Honjo shares the prize with James Allison, a professor at the University of Texas, who has worked to develop this field of study together. Honjo is the fifth person originally from Japan to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, following Yoshinori Ohsumi, an honorary professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, who received the prize two years ago.

	Honjo's accomplishment deserves special mention, as he has not limited himself to basic research, but has even spearheaded efforts to develop Opdivo, a medication that has become disseminated as an epochal drug for cancer treatment. At a press conference, Honjo spoke of his delight, saying, "I'm glad to be thanked by patients who have recovered. I’d like to continue my research to save many patients in the future, too." His feat will serve a model for applying research results to practical and clinical treatment.

	Although immunity provides a defense against pathogens and other external enemies, it does not sufficiently function to do so against cancer, which is caused by mutations in huma cells. Honjo and Allison explored its cause through research, starting at the genetic level. Then they discovered that cancer cells form protrusions to break the actions of immune cells to prevent them from attacking cancer cells. Based on this discovery, they developed a medication that can halt such braking action. The effectiveness of the medicine has been confirmed as tumors disappear in such illnesses as intractable skin, lung and stomach cancer.

	Cancer immunotherapy has become the fourth therapy for the disease, alongside surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy using anticancer drugs. In advanced counties, one in every two persons develops cancer in step with the aging of the population, and one in every three patients dies of the disease. It is hoped that scientific studies in this field will greatly develop more and more. The problem is to improve the performance of treatment using cancer immunotherapy and the efficiency of Such treatment. Although this method of treatment has produced remarkable therapeutic effects for 20 to 30 percent of patients, there are many cases in which the therapy has no effect. Some patients suffer strong side effects due to the removal of immune cells’ braking action. It is also difficult to discern how long a patient should continue to use drugs after the disappearance of tumors.
	It is also necessary to curtail fees for the therapy. When Opdivo was introduced in Japan, the use of the drug required more than ¥30 million annually per patient. With an increase in the types of cancers to which the drug is applied, the price will be lowered to about ¥10 million. However, price level is still difficult to say that the cost is readily affordable.
	It is said that Honjo's research was not initially understood by other scientists and pharmaceutical companies as it was too innovative. He was not able to conduct a clinical test in Japan; he did so in the United States first. Nurturing the budding research of Japanese origin and making them conducive to practical application ― it is hoped that Honjo's Nobel Prize will provide momentum for this aim.