jamesu/scripting_shootout.cpp

## scripting_shootout.cpp
// An example of how to bind a C++ class in four scripting languages: lua, squirrel, mruby, and angelscript.
// Written by James S Urquhart ( http://www.cuppadev.co.uk/ ). Feel free to experiment!

#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>

// Lua includes
extern "C"
{
#include <lua.h>
#include <lauxlib.h>
#include <lualib.h>
}

// Squirrel includes
#include <squirrel.h>
#include <sqstdio.h>
#include <sqstdaux.h>

// mruby includes
#include <mruby.h>
#include <mruby/class.h>
#include <mruby/compile.h>
#include <mruby/data.h>
#include <mruby/proc.h>
#include <mruby/string.h>
#include <mruby/value.h>
#include <mruby/variable.h>
#include <mruby/compile.h>

// Angelscript includes
#include <angelscript.h>
#include <scriptstdstring/scriptstdstring.h>

// Notes for each binding:
//   - TestObject is binded as a class object for each scripting language
//   - TestObject has the following functions in script: getAnalysis, testException
//   - TestObject has the following properties in script: message, number
//   - "testException" tests each languages ability to handle errors, and ensures any C++ destructors
//     for local stack variables can be called when an error occurs.
//   - A sample script is loaded from memory
//   - Each sample script contains a function "doError" which throws an exception
//   - A "main" function is called with an instance of a binded TestObject created in C++

// =======================
// Test Object to bind
// =======================

class TestObject
{
public:

	TestObject()
	{
		printf("TestObject created\n");
        mNumber = 0;
        refCount = 1;
	}

	virtual ~TestObject()
	{
		printf("TestObject has been destroyed\n");
	}

    int refCount;

	// properties
	std::string mMessage;
	float mNumber;

	// functions
	std::string getMessage()
	{
		return mMessage;
	}

	void setMessage(std::string value)
	{
		mMessage = value;
	}

	std::string getAnalysis()
	{
		char buf[64];
		snprintf(buf, 64, "The number is: %f", mNumber);
		return buf;
	}

    void addRef()
    {
        refCount++;
    }

    void decRef()
    {
        refCount--;
        if (refCount <= 0)
            delete this;
    }
};

// =======================
// Example object to test scope
// =======================

class ScopedVariable
{
public:
	ScopedVariable()
	{
		printf("ScopedVariable created\n");
	}

	virtual ~ScopedVariable()
	{
		printf("ScopedVariable destroyed\n");
	}
};

// =======================
// Lua Code
// =======================

//
// Lua code notes:
// This is a simple binding of TestObject. A metatable is assigned to userdata instances to expose an instance of an object.
// The metatable overrides __index and __newindex, which means all property and function access goes through
// lua_testobject_setproperty and lua_testobject_getproperty.
// Binding functions is a bit tricky in this scenario as if you simply use lua_pushcclosure to push a c function to the stack,
// no "self" variable will be present on the stack. To resolve this, the instance of the object is associated with the function,
// and retrieved via lua_upvalueindex.
//

// Makes an instance of testobject in lua
// obj = TestObject()
int lua_make_testobject(lua_State *L)
{
    TestObject *obj = new TestObject();

    TestObject** ptr = (TestObject**)lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof(TestObject*));
    *ptr = obj;

    // simple binding, just make a userdata with a metatable
	int userdata = lua_gettop(L);
    luaL_getmetatable(L, "TestObject");
    lua_setmetatable(L, userdata);

    return 1;
}

// __gc
int lua_testobject_gc(lua_State *L)
{
    TestObject** obj = static_cast<TestObject**>(luaL_checkudata(L, -1, "TestObject"));
    if (*obj)
        (*obj)->decRef();
    return 0;
}

// .message
int lua_testobject_getMessage(lua_State *L)
{
    TestObject** obj = static_cast<TestObject**>(luaL_checkudata(L, -1, "TestObject"));
    if (*obj)
    {
        lua_pushstring(L, (*obj)->getMessage().c_str());
    }
    else
    {
        lua_pushnil(L);
    }
    return 1;
}

// .message = <str>
int lua_testobject_setMessage(lua_State *L)
{
    TestObject** obj = static_cast<TestObject**>(luaL_checkudata(L, -2, "TestObject"));
    if (*obj)
    {
        printf("testObject:setMessage(%s)\n", lua_tostring(L, -1));
        (*obj)->setMessage(lua_tostring(L, -1));
    }
    return 0;
}

// .number
int lua_testobject_getNumber(lua_State *L)
{
    TestObject** obj = static_cast<TestObject**>(luaL_checkudata(L, -1, "TestObject"));
    if (*obj)
    {
        lua_pushnumber(L, (*obj)->mNumber);
    }
    else
    {
        lua_pushnil(L);
    }
    return 1;
}

// .number = <number>
int lua_testobject_setNumber(lua_State *L)
{
    TestObject** obj = static_cast<TestObject**>(luaL_checkudata(L, -2, "TestObject"));
    if (*obj)
    {
        printf("testObject:setNumber(%f)\n", lua_tonumber(L, -1));
        (*obj)->mNumber = lua_tonumber(L, -1);
    }
    return 0;
}

// print stack. useful if you get confused.
void lua_debug_print_stack(lua_State *L)
{
    int newtop = lua_gettop(L);
    printf("--------\n");
    for (int i=1; i<newtop+1; i++)
    {
        printf("Stack value[%i]: %s\n", i, lua_tostring(L, i));
    }
    printf("--------\n");
}

// property setter
int lua_testobject_setproperty(lua_State *L)
{
    int top = lua_gettop(L);
    TestObject** obj = static_cast<TestObject**>(luaL_checkudata(L, -3, "TestObject"));

    //printf("setProperty: key=%s\n", lua_tostring(L, top-1));
    //printf("setProperty: value=%s\n", lua_tostring(L, top));

    // Push values in the correct order (table, value)
    lua_pushvalue(L, -3);
    lua_pushvalue(L, top);

    const char *key = lua_tostring(L, top-1);
    int result = 0;
    if (strcmp(key, "number") == 0)
    {
        result = lua_testobject_setNumber(L);
    }
    else if (strcmp(key, "message") == 0)
    {
        result = lua_testobject_setMessage(L);
    }

    return result;
}

// .getAnalysis()
int lua_testobject_getAnalysis(lua_State *L)
{
    // NOTE: since we use pushcclosure with a value, we need to use lua_upvalueindex
    // to grab the appropriate stack insex to get our userdata object
    TestObject** obj = static_cast<TestObject**>(luaL_checkudata(L, -1, "TestObject"));
    if (*obj)
    {
        lua_pushstring(L, (*obj)->getAnalysis().c_str());
    }
    else
    {
        lua_pushnil(L);
    }
    return 1;
}

int lua_testobject_testException(lua_State *L)
{
    // NOTE: this tests if lua errors will destroy the scope variable with lua_pcall.
    // If you replace lua_pcall with lua_call, scope will not be destroyed!
    ScopedVariable scope;
    TestObject** obj = static_cast<TestObject**>(luaL_checkudata(L, -1, "TestObject"));
    if (*obj)
    {
        lua_getglobal(L, "doError");
        if (lua_pcall(L, 0, 0, 0) != 0)
        {
            printf("Error running doError: %s\n", lua_tostring(L, -1));
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

// property getter
int lua_testobject_getproperty(lua_State *L)
{
    int top = lua_gettop(L);
    TestObject** obj = static_cast<TestObject**>(luaL_checkudata(L, top-1, "TestObject"));

    //printf("getProperty: key=%s\n", lua_tostring(L, top));

    // Push table to the top for our callbacks (table)
    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);

    const char *key = lua_tostring(L, top);
    int result = 1;
    if (strcmp(key, "number") == 0)
    {
        result = lua_testobject_getNumber(L);
    }
    else if (strcmp(key, "message") == 0)
    {
        result = lua_testobject_getMessage(L);
    }
    else if (strcmp(key, "getAnalysis") == 0)
    {
        lua_pushcclosure(L, &lua_testobject_getAnalysis, 1);
    }
    else if (strcmp(key, "testException") == 0)
    {
        lua_pushcclosure(L, &lua_testobject_testException, 1);
    }
    else
    {
        lua_pushnil(L);
    }

    // NOTE: lua will automatically remove items in the stack below result

    return result;
}

void bind_lua(lua_State *L)
{
    luaopen_io(L); // provides io.*
    luaopen_base(L);
    luaopen_table(L);
    luaopen_string(L);
    luaopen_math(L);

    // Define TestObject constructor function
    lua_pushcfunction(L, &lua_make_testobject);
    lua_setglobal(L, "TestObject");

    // Register TestObject in the lua registry
    luaL_newmetatable(L, "TestObject");
    int metatable = lua_gettop(L);

    // NOTE: we don't define any properties or values here. Instead lookup of those
    // is delegated to __index & __newindex.

    // garbage collection
	lua_pushstring(L, "__gc");
	lua_pushcfunction(L, &lua_testobject_gc);
	lua_settable(L, metatable);

    // property getter
	lua_pushstring(L, "__index");
	lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_testobject_getproperty);
	lua_settable(L, metatable);

    // property setter
	lua_pushstring(L, "__newindex");
	lua_pushcfunction(L, lua_testobject_setproperty);
	lua_settable(L, metatable);

}

void eval_lua(const char *str)
{
	lua_State *L = luaL_newstate();
	bind_lua(L);

    // Run the script
    if (luaL_loadstring(L, str) != 0)
    {
        printf("Error parsing script: %s\n", lua_tostring(L, -1));
    }

    if (lua_pcall(L, 0, 0, 0) != 0)
    {
        printf("Error running script: %s\n", lua_tostring(L, -1));
    }

    // Grab main function
    lua_getglobal(L, "main");
    // Make a test object on the stack
    lua_make_testobject(L);

    // Grab the pointer to our created TestObject
    TestObject** obj = static_cast<TestObject**>(luaL_checkudata(L, -1, "TestObject"));
    if (obj)
    {
        (*obj)->setMessage("Created from C++");
    }

    // Execute the "main" function
    if (lua_pcall(L, 1, 0, 0) != 0)
    {
        printf("Error running main: %s\n", lua_tostring(L, -1));
    }

	lua_close(L);
}

// =======================
// Squirrel Code
// =======================

//
// Squirrel code notes:
// This is similar to the lua binding, except we bind to a class instead of a combined userdata object & table object.
// Property access goes through a "_get" and "_set" handler, though unlike the lua binding functions are bound directly to
// the class object so we only need to worry about handling "message" and "number" in these handlers.
//

// print(...)
void squirrel_printfunc(HSQUIRRELVM v, const SQChar *s, ...)
{
	va_list arglist;
	va_start(arglist, s);
	vprintf(s, arglist);
	va_end(arglist);
}

// __gc
SQInteger squirrel_gc_testobject(SQUserPointer ptr, SQInteger size)
{
    if (!ptr)
        return 0;

    TestObject *obj = (TestObject*)ptr;
    obj->decRef();
    return 0;
}

// obj = TestObject()
SQInteger squirrel_make_testobject(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    TestObject *obj = new TestObject();
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_setinstanceup(v, -1, (SQUserPointer)obj)))
    {
        printf("WTF!\n");
    }
    sq_setreleasehook(v, -1, &squirrel_gc_testobject);
    return 1;
}

// .getAnalysis()
SQInteger squirrel_testobject_getAnalysis(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    TestObject* obj = NULL;
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getinstanceup(v, 1, (SQUserPointer*)&obj, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject))) { \
        return 0;
    }

    sq_pushstring(v, obj->getAnalysis().c_str(), -1);
    return 1;
}

// .message
SQInteger squirrel_testobject_getMessage(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    TestObject* obj = NULL;
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getinstanceup(v, 1, (SQUserPointer*)&obj, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject))) {
        return 0;
    }

    sq_pushstring(v, obj->getMessage().c_str(), -1);
    return 1;
}

// .message = value
SQInteger squirrel_testobject_setMessage(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    TestObject* obj = NULL;
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getinstanceup(v, 1, (SQUserPointer*)&obj, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject))) {
        return 0;
    }

    const SQChar* value = NULL;
    sq_getstring(v, -1, &value);

    obj->setMessage(value);
    return 0;
}

// .number
SQInteger squirrel_testobject_getNumber(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    TestObject* obj = NULL;
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getinstanceup(v, 1, (SQUserPointer*)&obj, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject))) {
        return 0;
    }

    sq_pushfloat(v, obj->mNumber);
    return 1;
}

// .number = value
SQInteger squirrel_testobject_setNumber(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    TestObject* obj = NULL;
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getinstanceup(v, 1, (SQUserPointer*)&obj, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject))) {
        return 0;
    }

    sq_getfloat(v, -1, &obj->mNumber);
    return 0;
}

// .testException()
SQInteger squirrel_testobject_testException(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    ScopedVariable scope;
    TestObject* obj = NULL;
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getinstanceup(v, 1, (SQUserPointer*)&obj, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject))) {
        return 0;
    }

    // Call doError
    SQInteger top = sq_gettop(v);
    sq_pushroottable(v);
    sq_pushstring(v, "doError", -1);
    sq_get(v, -2);
    SQInteger doErrorFunc = sq_gettop(v);

    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_call(v, 2, SQFalse, SQTrue)))
    {
        printf("Error running doError\n");
        return 0;
    }

    return 0;
}

// .tostring()
SQInteger squirrel_testobject_tostring(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    TestObject* obj = NULL;
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getinstanceup(v, 1, (SQUserPointer*)&obj, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject))) {
        return 0;
    }

    char buf[128];
    snprintf(buf, 128, "TestObject: %p", obj);
    sq_pushstring(v, buf, -1);
    return 1;
}

// .slot = value
SQInteger squirrel_testobject_set(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    TestObject* obj = NULL;
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getinstanceup(v, -3, (SQUserPointer*)&obj, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject))) {
        return 0;
    }
    const SQChar *key;

    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getstring(v, -2, &key)))
    {
        return sq_throwerror(v, _SC("Invalid property name"));
    }

    SQInteger result = 0;
    if (strcmp(key, "number") == 0)
    {
        result = squirrel_testobject_setNumber(v);
    }
    else if (strcmp(key, "message") == 0)
    {
        result = squirrel_testobject_setMessage(v);
    }

    return result;
}

// .slot
SQInteger squirrel_testobject_get(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    TestObject* obj = NULL;
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getinstanceup(v, -2, (SQUserPointer*)&obj, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject))) {
        return 0;
    }
    const SQChar *key;

    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_getstring(v, -1, &key)))
    {
        return sq_throwerror(v, _SC("Invalid property name"));
    }

    SQInteger result = 0;
    if (strcmp(key, "number") == 0)
    {
        result = squirrel_testobject_getNumber(v);
    }
    else if (strcmp(key, "message") == 0)
    {
        result = squirrel_testobject_getMessage(v);
    }

    return result;
}

void bind_squirrel(HSQUIRRELVM v)
{
    sq_newclass(v, SQFalse);
    SQInteger klass = sq_gettop(v);
    sq_settypetag(v, -1, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject);

    sq_pushroottable(v);
    sq_pushstring(v, _SC("TestObject"), -1);
    sq_push(v, klass);
	sq_newslot(v, -3, SQFalse);
    sq_pop(v, 1);

    // Bind functions for TestObject

    sq_pushstring(v, _SC("_set"), -1);
    sq_newclosure(v, &squirrel_testobject_set, 0);
    sq_newslot(v, klass, false);

    sq_pushstring(v, _SC("_get"), -1);
    sq_newclosure(v, &squirrel_testobject_get, 0);
    sq_newslot(v, klass, false);

    sq_push(v, klass);
    sq_pushstring(v, "constructor", -1);
    sq_newclosure(v, &squirrel_make_testobject, 0);
    sq_setnativeclosurename(v, -1, "constructor");
    sq_newslot(v, klass, SQFalse);

    sq_pushstring(v, "getAnalysis", -1);
    sq_newclosure(v, &squirrel_testobject_getAnalysis, 0);
    sq_setnativeclosurename(v, -1, "getAnalysis");
    sq_newslot(v, klass, SQFalse);

    sq_pushstring(v, "testException", -1);
    sq_newclosure(v, &squirrel_testobject_testException, 0);
    sq_setnativeclosurename(v, -1, "testException");
    sq_newslot(v, klass, SQFalse);

    sq_pushstring(v, "tostring", -1);
    sq_newclosure(v, &squirrel_testobject_tostring, 0);
    sq_setnativeclosurename(v, -1, "tostring");
    sq_newslot(v, klass, SQFalse);

    sq_pop(v, 1);

    sq_pop(v, 1);
}

void eval_squirrel(const char *str)
{
	HSQUIRRELVM v;
	v = sq_open(1024);

	bind_squirrel(v);

    sqstd_seterrorhandlers(v);
	sq_setprintfunc(v, squirrel_printfunc, squirrel_printfunc); //sets the print function

	// Evaluate the script
	sq_pushroottable(v);
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_compilebuffer(v, str, strlen(str), "test.nut", SQTrue))) {
        printf("Error parsing script\n");
        return;
    }
	sq_pushroottable(v);
	if (SQ_FAILED(sq_call(v,1,0,SQTrue)))
    {
        printf("Error running script\n");
        return;
    }

    // find main()
    SQInteger top = sq_gettop(v);
    sq_pushroottable(v);
    sq_pushstring(v, "main", -1);
    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_get(v, -2)))
    {
        printf("Failed to find main()\n");
        return;
    }
    SQInteger mainFunc = sq_gettop(v);

    // construct TestObject
    sq_pushroottable(v);
    sq_pushstring(v, _SC("TestObject"), -1);
    sq_get(v, -2);
    sq_createinstance(v, -1);
    squirrel_make_testobject(v); // construct TestObject
    SQInteger testObject = sq_gettop(v);

    // Set message for our created TestObject
    TestObject* obj = NULL;
    sq_getinstanceup(v, -1, (SQUserPointer*)&obj, (SQUserPointer)&squirrel_make_testobject);
    obj->setMessage("Created from C++!");

    // call main()
    sq_push(v, mainFunc);
    sq_pushroottable(v);
    sq_push(v, testObject);

    if (SQ_FAILED(sq_call(v, 2, SQFalse, SQTrue)))
    {
        printf("Failed to execute main()\n");
    }
    sq_settop(v, top);

    // cleanup
	sq_close(v);
}


// =======================
// Ruby Code
// =======================

//
// Ruby code notes:
// TestObject is binded to a ruby class, pretty simple.
// Unlike lua and squirrel this is a pretty straight forward API (provided you can figure out which functions you are meant to be using!).
// Since properties in ruby are really just methods, we can just access them through regular binded function calls.
// Unlike the other examples, a little manipulation of the internal mruby state is required for handling the doError call in the
// testException method, otherwise it will setjmp right back to our eval_ruby function which is not good!

// garbage collection callback
void mrb_testobject_gc(mrb_state *mrb, void* ptr)
{
    TestObject *obj = (TestObject*)ptr;
    if (obj)
    {
        obj->decRef();
    }
}

// TestObject data type
struct mrb_data_type sMrbTestObjectType = {"TestObject", mrb_testobject_gc};

// obj = TestObject.new
mrb_value mrb_testobject_initialize(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
    TestObject *obj = new TestObject();
    DATA_PTR(self) = obj;
    DATA_TYPE(self) = &sMrbTestObjectType;
    return self;
}

mrb_value ruby_testobject_getAnalysis(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
    TestObject *obj = (TestObject*)mrb_get_datatype(mrb, self, &sMrbTestObjectType);
    if (!obj)
        return mrb_nil_value();

    return mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, obj->getAnalysis().c_str());
}

mrb_value ruby_testobject_getMessage(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
    TestObject *obj = (TestObject*)mrb_get_datatype(mrb, self, &sMrbTestObjectType);
    if (!obj)
        return mrb_nil_value();

    return mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, obj->getMessage().c_str());
}

mrb_value ruby_testobject_setMessage(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
    TestObject *obj = (TestObject*)mrb_get_datatype(mrb, self, &sMrbTestObjectType);
    if (!obj)
        return mrb_nil_value();

    // Get string parameter
    mrb_value str;
    mrb_get_args(mrb, "o", &str);
    str = mrb_obj_as_string(mrb, str);

    // Set
    const char *value = mrb_string_value_ptr(mrb, str);
    obj->setMessage(value);

    return mrb_nil_value();
}

mrb_value ruby_testobject_getNumber(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
    TestObject *obj = (TestObject*)mrb_get_datatype(mrb, self, &sMrbTestObjectType);
    if (!obj)
        return mrb_nil_value();

    return mrb_float_value(mrb, obj->mNumber);
}

mrb_value ruby_testobject_setNumber(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
    TestObject *obj = (TestObject*)mrb_get_datatype(mrb, self, &sMrbTestObjectType);
    if (!obj)
        return mrb_nil_value();

    // Get float parameter
    mrb_float num;
    mrb_get_args(mrb, "f", &num);

    // Set
    obj->mNumber = num;

    return mrb_nil_value();
}

mrb_value ruby_testobject_testException(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
{
    ScopedVariable scope;
    TestObject *obj = (TestObject*)mrb_get_datatype(mrb, self, &sMrbTestObjectType);
    if (!obj)
        return mrb_nil_value();

    // NOTE: In order to allow scope to be deleted we need to clear the jump value in mrb
    void* old_buf = mrb->jmp;
    mrb->jmp = NULL;

    // NOTE: in ruby "Object" contains the global functions
    mrb_value ret = mrb_funcall(mrb, mrb_obj_value(mrb_class_get(mrb, "Object")), "doError", 0);
    if (mrb->exc) {
        printf("Error executing doError...\n");
        mrb_p(mrb, ret);
        mrb_print_backtrace(mrb);
    }

    // Clear exception
    mrb->exc = NULL;

    // Restore jump value
    mrb->jmp = old_buf;

    return mrb_nil_value();
}

void bind_ruby(mrb_state *mrb)
{
    struct RClass *klass;
    klass = mrb_define_class(mrb, "TestObject", mrb->object_class);
    MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(klass, MRB_TT_DATA); // TestObject is a data type

    //
    mrb_define_method(mrb, klass, "initialize", mrb_testobject_initialize, ARGS_NONE());

    mrb_define_method(mrb, klass, "getAnalysis", ruby_testobject_getAnalysis, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
    mrb_define_method(mrb, klass, "message", ruby_testobject_getMessage, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
    mrb_define_method(mrb, klass, "message=", ruby_testobject_setMessage, MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
    mrb_define_method(mrb, klass, "number", ruby_testobject_getNumber, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
    mrb_define_method(mrb, klass, "number=", ruby_testobject_setNumber, MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
    mrb_define_method(mrb, klass, "testException", ruby_testobject_testException, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
}

void eval_ruby(const char *str)
{
	mrb_state *mrb = mrb_open();

	// Bind our TestObject
	bind_ruby(mrb);

    // Make an instance of TestObject
    TestObject *obj = new TestObject();
    obj->setMessage("Created from C++");
    mrb_value obj_value = mrb_obj_value(mrb_data_object_alloc(mrb, mrb_class_get(mrb, "TestObject"), obj, &sMrbTestObjectType));

    // Make a new compilation context
    mrbc_context *c = mrbc_context_new(mrb);
    mrbc_filename(mrb, c, "test.rb");

    // Evaluate script
    mrb_load_string_cxt(mrb, str, c);

    mrbc_context_free(mrb, c);

    // Call main
    mrb_value ret = mrb_funcall(mrb, mrb_top_self(mrb), "main", 1, obj_value);
    if (mrb->exc) {
        printf("Error executing script...\n");
        mrb_p(mrb, ret);
        mrb_print_backtrace(mrb);
    }

	mrb_close(mrb);
}

// =======================
// Angelscript Code
// =======================

// Angelscript code notes:
// Out of the whole bunch, this is the simplest binding code as no bridge functions are required when binding the
// TestObject methods. Even better, no functions are required for properties either!

asIScriptEngine *sAngelscriptEngine;
asIScriptContext *sAngelscriptContext;

void MessageCallback(const asSMessageInfo *msg, void *param)
{
    const char *type = "ERR ";
    if( msg->type == asMSGTYPE_WARNING )
        type = "WARN";
    else if( msg->type == asMSGTYPE_INFORMATION )
        type = "INFO";
    printf("%s (%d, %d) : %s : %s\n", msg->section, msg->row, msg->col, type, msg->message);
}

void angelscript_print(std::string str)
{
    printf("%s\n", str.c_str());
}

void angelscript_abort()
{
    sAngelscriptContext->SetException("Threw up an exception");
}

void angelscript_testobject_testException(TestObject *obj)
{
    ScopedVariable scope;

    // Call the testException function
    asIScriptModule *mod = sAngelscriptEngine->GetModule("script", asGM_ONLY_IF_EXISTS);
    asIScriptFunction *func = mod->GetFunctionByDecl("void doError()");

    sAngelscriptContext->PushState();
    sAngelscriptContext->Prepare(func);
    int r = sAngelscriptContext->Execute();
    if( r != asEXECUTION_FINISHED )
    {
        // The execution didn't complete as expected. Determine what happened.
        if( r == asEXECUTION_EXCEPTION )
        {
            // An exception occurred, let the script writer know what happened so it can be corrected.
            printf("An exception '%s' occurred.\n", sAngelscriptContext->GetExceptionString());
        }
    }

    // cleanup
    sAngelscriptContext->PopState();
}

std::string angelscript_testobject_describe(TestObject *obj)
{
    char buf[128];
    snprintf(buf, 128, "TestObject:%x", obj);
    return buf;
}

TestObject* angelscript_testobject_create()
{
    return new TestObject();
}

void bind_angelscript(asIScriptEngine *engine)
{
    int r = 0;

    // Set error handler
    engine->SetMessageCallback(asFUNCTION(MessageCallback), 0, asCALL_CDECL);

    // Register the string type
    RegisterStdString(engine);

    // Register TestObject
    r = engine->RegisterObjectType("TestObject",0, asOBJ_REF); assert(r >= 0);
    r = engine->RegisterObjectBehaviour("TestObject", asBEHAVE_FACTORY, "TestObject@ f()", asFUNCTION(angelscript_testobject_create), asCALL_CDECL);
    r = engine->RegisterObjectMethod("TestObject", "string get_message()", asMETHOD(TestObject, getMessage), asCALL_THISCALL); assert(r >= 0);
    r = engine->RegisterObjectMethod("TestObject", "void set_message(string)", asMETHOD(TestObject, setMessage), asCALL_THISCALL); assert(r >= 0);
    r = engine->RegisterObjectMethod("TestObject", "string getAnalysis()", asMETHOD(TestObject, getAnalysis), asCALL_THISCALL); assert(r >= 0);
    r = engine->RegisterObjectMethod("TestObject", "void testException()", asFUNCTION(angelscript_testobject_testException), asCALL_CDECL_OBJFIRST); assert(r >= 0);
    r = engine->RegisterObjectMethod("TestObject", "string describe()", asFUNCTION(angelscript_testobject_describe), asCALL_CDECL_OBJFIRST); assert(r >= 0);
    r = engine->RegisterGlobalFunction("void doAbort()", asFUNCTION(angelscript_abort), asCALL_CDECL); assert(r >= 0);

    // NOTE: we can directly bind to field values in AngelScript
    r = engine->RegisterObjectProperty("TestObject", "float number", asOFFSET(TestObject,mNumber)); assert( r >= 0 );

    // Reference counting for TestObject
    r = engine->RegisterObjectBehaviour("TestObject", asBEHAVE_ADDREF, "void f()", asMETHOD(TestObject,addRef), asCALL_THISCALL); assert( r >= 0 );
    r = engine->RegisterObjectBehaviour("TestObject", asBEHAVE_RELEASE, "void f()", asMETHOD(TestObject,decRef), asCALL_THISCALL); assert( r >= 0 );

    // Print function
    r = engine->RegisterGlobalFunction("void print(const string &in)", asFUNCTION(angelscript_print), asCALL_CDECL); assert( r >= 0 );
}

void eval_angelscript(const char *str)
{
    int r = 0;
	asIScriptEngine *engine = asCreateScriptEngine(ANGELSCRIPT_VERSION);
    sAngelscriptEngine = engine;

	// Bind our TestObject
	bind_angelscript(engine);

    // Compile our script
    asIScriptModule *mod = engine->GetModule("script", asGM_CREATE_IF_NOT_EXISTS);
    mod->AddScriptSection("test.as", str);
    r = mod->Build();
    if (r < 0)
    {
        return;
    }

    // Make a sample TestObject
    TestObject *obj = new TestObject();
    obj->setMessage("Created from C++");

    asIScriptFunction *func = mod->GetFunctionByDecl("void main(TestObject@ param)");
    if( func == 0 )
    {
        // Main not found!
        printf("The script must have the function 'void main()'. Please add it and try again.\n");
        return;
    }

    // Create our context, prepare it, and then execute
    asIScriptContext *ctx = engine->CreateContext();
    sAngelscriptContext = ctx;
    func->SetUserData(obj);
    ctx->Prepare(func);
    ctx->SetArgObject(0, obj); // set parameter 0
    r = ctx->Execute();
    if( r != asEXECUTION_FINISHED )
    {
        // The execution didn't complete as expected. Determine what happened.
        if( r == asEXECUTION_EXCEPTION )
        {
            // An exception occurred, let the script writer know what happened so it can be corrected.
            printf("An exception '%s' occurred. Please correct the code and try again.\n", ctx->GetExceptionString());
        }
    }

    // cleanup
    obj->decRef();
    ctx->Release();
    engine->Release();
}

// =======================

// Helper to load scripts
static char sFileData[4096];
const char *load_file(const char *name)
{
	FILE *fp = fopen(name, "rb");
	if (fp)
	{
		size_t size = fread(sFileData, 1, 4095, fp);
		sFileData[size] = '\0';
		return sFileData;
	}
	else
	{
		return NULL;
	}
}

// Lets test!
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	const char *script = NULL;

	printf("Testing Lua...\n");
	script = load_file("test.lua");
	if (script)
	{
		eval_lua(script);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("Error: Couldn't load test.lua!\n");
	}
	printf("==============\n");

	printf("Testing Squirrel...\n");
	script = load_file("test.nut");
	if (script)
	{
		eval_squirrel(script);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("Error: Couldn't load test.nut!\n");
	}
	printf("==============\n");


	printf("Testing Ruby...\n");
	script = load_file("test.rb");
	if (script)
	{
		eval_ruby(script);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("Error: Couldn't load test.rb!\n");
	}
	printf("==============\n");

	printf("Testing Angelscript...\n");
	script = load_file("test.as");
	if (script)
	{
		eval_angelscript(script);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("Error: Couldn't load test.as!\n");
	}
	printf("==============\n");
}

## test.as
// Angelscript test script

void doError()
{
    doAbort();
}

void do_something_with_testobj(TestObject@ obj)
{
    print("Object test...");
    obj.number = 1234;
    print("Number is: " + obj.number);
    print("Message is: " + obj.message);
    print("Object analysis is: " + obj.getAnalysis());
    print("Testing object method with exception...");
    obj.testException();
    print("Done");
}

void main(TestObject@ param)
{
    print("We were called with: " + param.describe());

    do_something_with_testobj(param);

    print("Creating new object...");
    TestObject@ obj = TestObject();
    obj.message = "Created from Angelscript";
    do_something_with_testobj(obj);
}

## test.lua
-- Lua test script

function doError()
    error("Error occured")
end

function do_something_with_testobj(obj)
	print("Object test...")
	obj.number = 1234
	print("Number is: " .. obj.number)
	print("Message is: " .. obj.message)
	print("Object analysis is: " .. obj:getAnalysis())
	print("Testing object method with exception...")
	obj:testException()
	print("Done")
end

function main(param)
	print("We were called with: " .. tostring(param))

	do_something_with_testobj(param)

	print("Creating new object...")
	obj = TestObject()
	obj.message = "Created from lua"
	do_something_with_testobj(obj)
end

## test.nut
// Squirrel test scriot

function doError()
{
    //throw "Error occured";
}

function do_something_with_testobj(obj)
{
    print("Object test...\n");
    obj.number = 1234;
    print("Number is: " + obj.number+ "\n");
    print("Message is: " + obj.message + "\n");
    print("Object analysis is: " + obj.getAnalysis() + "\n");
    print("Testing object method with exception...\n");
    obj.testException();
    print("Done\n");
}

function main(param)
{
    print("We were called with: " + param.tostring() + "\n");

    do_something_with_testobj(param);

    print("Creating new object...\n");
    local obj = TestObject();
    obj.message = "Created from Squirrel";
    do_something_with_testobj(obj);
}

## test.rb
# Ruby test script

def doError()
    raise Exception, "Error occured"
end

def do_something_with_testobj(obj)
    puts("Object test...")
    obj.number = 1234
    puts("Number is: " + obj.number.to_s)
    puts("Message is: " + obj.message)
    puts("Object analysis is: " + obj.getAnalysis())
    puts("Testing object method with exception...")
    obj.testException()
    puts("Done")
end

def main(param)
    puts("We were called with: " .. param.inspect)

    do_something_with_testobj(param)

    puts("Creating new object...")
    obj = TestObject.new()
    obj.message = "Created from ruby"
    do_something_with_testobj(obj)
end
	// Angelscript test script

	void doError()
	{
	doAbort();
	}

	void do_something_with_testobj(TestObject@ obj)
	{
	print("Object test...");
	obj.number = 1234;
	print("Number is: " + obj.number);
	print("Message is: " + obj.message);
	print("Object analysis is: " + obj.getAnalysis());
	print("Testing object method with exception...");
	obj.testException();
	print("Done");
	}

	void main(TestObject@ param)
	{
	print("We were called with: " + param.describe());

	do_something_with_testobj(param);

	print("Creating new object...");
	TestObject@ obj = TestObject();
	obj.message = "Created from Angelscript";
	do_something_with_testobj(obj);
	}
	-- Lua test script

	function doError()
	error("Error occured")
	end

	function do_something_with_testobj(obj)
	print("Object test...")
	obj.number = 1234
	print("Number is: " .. obj.number)
	print("Message is: " .. obj.message)
	print("Object analysis is: " .. obj:getAnalysis())
	print("Testing object method with exception...")
	obj:testException()
	print("Done")
	end

	function main(param)
	print("We were called with: " .. tostring(param))

	do_something_with_testobj(param)

	print("Creating new object...")
	obj = TestObject()
	obj.message = "Created from lua"
	do_something_with_testobj(obj)
	end
	// Squirrel test scriot

	function doError()
	{
	//throw "Error occured";
	}

	function do_something_with_testobj(obj)
	{
	print("Object test...\n");
	obj.number = 1234;
	print("Number is: " + obj.number+ "\n");
	print("Message is: " + obj.message + "\n");
	print("Object analysis is: " + obj.getAnalysis() + "\n");
	print("Testing object method with exception...\n");
	obj.testException();
	print("Done\n");
	}

	function main(param)
	{
	print("We were called with: " + param.tostring() + "\n");

	do_something_with_testobj(param);

	print("Creating new object...\n");
	local obj = TestObject();
	obj.message = "Created from Squirrel";
	do_something_with_testobj(obj);
	}
	# Ruby test script

	def doError()
	raise Exception, "Error occured"
	end

	def do_something_with_testobj(obj)
	puts("Object test...")
	obj.number = 1234
	puts("Number is: " + obj.number.to_s)
	puts("Message is: " + obj.message)
	puts("Object analysis is: " + obj.getAnalysis())
	puts("Testing object method with exception...")
	obj.testException()
	puts("Done")
	end

	def main(param)
	puts("We were called with: " .. param.inspect)

	do_something_with_testobj(param)

	puts("Creating new object...")
	obj = TestObject.new()
	obj.message = "Created from ruby"
	do_something_with_testobj(obj)
	end