The best way to learn Python is to write Python, but these guides will provide an excellent starting point for the library landscape, coding standards, and community. This is by no means comprehensive! Once this is in an actual repository I will gladly accept relevant modifications.
The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Python!
"This opinionated guide exists to provide both novice and expert Python developers a best-practice handbook to the installation, configuration, and usage of Python on a daily basis."
http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/
Google Python Style Guide
Google publishes Style Guide's for all their house languages. This provides guidance beyond community-driven guides like PEP-8.
https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/pyguide.html
Google's Python Class
"...a free class for people with a little bit of programming experience who want to learn Python. The class includes written materials, lecture videos, and lots of code exercises to practice Python coding."
https://developers.google.com/edu/python/
Dive Into Python 3
For Python 3 specifically or for adapting an existing Python 2 project. An excellent book based on Mark Pilgrim's original text.
http://www.diveintopython3.net/
A Guide to Python packaging
"The best open source Python applications have great packaging. Learn more about what packaging is and its basic implementation. Then, go a step farther and discover versioning and distribution as they relate to packaging."
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-pythonpackaging/index.html
The Python community is slowly migrating to version 3. The transition has been ongoing for years and version 2 is still very much a part of any Python developer's daily life. Understanding all of the differences between the two versions isn't critical to your success but it will help when it comes time to officially support a newer version or deprecate an old one.
As you can see, a huge number of libraries have already adapted to Python 3's changes:
https://python3wos.appspot.com/
The community has taken steps to help developers support both sides of this divide as the migration continues. First in the form of guides like this:
http://docs.python.org/3/howto/pyporting.html
Additionally, tools like 2to3 exist to help you push your code toward newer versions mechanically:
http://docs.python.org/3.3/library/2to3.html
One of the more visible changes from 2 to 3 is how Python 3 handles strings - both of bytes and characters. The sheer amount of literature on this single subject is daunting but this will serve as a starting point:
http://www.diveintopython3.net/strings.html
PEP's or Python Enhancement Proposals are the documents which promote community involvement in the design and adoption process of new features of the language. Some are regularly referenced in conversations with other Python developers when resolving philosophical, technical or cultural differences.
- PEP-8, Style Guide for Python Code: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
- PEP-3156, Asynchronous IO Support Rebooted: the "asyncio" Module: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3156/
The Standard Library
- Python 2.7.6: http://docs.python.org/2/library/
- Python 3.3: http://docs.python.org/3.3/library/
WSGI Servers
- gunicorn: http://gunicorn.org/
- uWSGI: http://projects.unbit.it/uwsgi/
- mod_wsgi: http://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/
Web Frameworks
- Flask: http://flask.pocoo.org/
- Falcon: http://falconframework.org/
- Django: https://www.djangoproject.com/
HTTP
- Requests: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/
- urllib3: http://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
Messaging
- AMQP: https://github.com/celery/py-amqp
- AMQP (abstract): http://pika.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
In-Memory Store
Database
- PostgreSQL: http://initd.org/psycopg/
- SQLAlchemy: http://www.sqlalchemy.org/
- Cassandra: https://github.com/datastax/python-driver
Concurrency
- Eventlet: http://eventlet.net/
- Gevent: http://www.gevent.org/
- Twisted: https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/
Process Management
- Supervisord: http://supervisord.org/
Deployment & Configuration Management
- Fabric: http://docs.fabfile.org/en/1.8/
- Salt: https://salt.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
- Ansible: http://docs.ansible.com/
Testing
- Nose: https://nose.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
- Tox: http://tox.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
- Flake8: https://flake8.readthedocs.org/en/2.0/
- Pylint: http://www.pylint.org/
Environment Management
- Virtualenv: http://www.virtualenv.org/en/latest/
Interactive Environments
- IPython: http://ipython.org/