It is difficult to discuss quantum physics without getting lost in philosophy. All of science is based on the principle of causality. We use models to better predict future outcomes based on observations of cause and effect. Electrons are a relatively new creation, which most people believe exist in a universe that obeys cause and effect. The photovoltaic effect was one of four of Albert Einstein's famous 1905 papers and was the foundation of quantum theory. The idea that energy was quantized was the most instantly impactful work Einstein produced. During this era the electron was determined to be a point particle: it has no axis to rotate on, it is not a physical thing with dimensions that matter. Every year scientists devized more radical experiments and extended the implications of quantum physics. Einstein and others were unhappy with the results that were amassing, notoriously saying "God does not play dice[!]".
Einstein loathed t