jhannah/gist:c8113c86f083c6b6645c7d0997d786ee

## gistfile1.txt
Full stack dump for https://stackoverflow.com/questions/75503034/valueerror-typeerror-cffi-backend-ffi-object-is-not-iterable-typeerror


✗ pytest --pythonwarnings ignore::DeprecationWarning -k 'test_answer_answer_answer_result' -rPF
================================================= test session starts ==================================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.11.6, pytest-7.4.2, pluggy-1.3.0
plugins: anyio-3.7.1
collected 39 items / 38 deselected / 1 selected

routers/test_api.py F                                                                                            [100%]

======================================================= FAILURES =======================================================
___________________________________________ test_answer_answer_answer_result ___________________________________________

obj = <_cffi_backend.FFI object at 0x10688c200>, include = None, exclude = None, by_alias = True, exclude_unset = False
exclude_defaults = False, exclude_none = False, custom_encoder = {}, sqlalchemy_safe = True

    def jsonable_encoder(
        obj: Any,
        include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
        exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
        by_alias: bool = True,
        exclude_unset: bool = False,
        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
        exclude_none: bool = False,
        custom_encoder: Optional[Dict[Any, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None,
        sqlalchemy_safe: bool = True,
    ) -> Any:
        custom_encoder = custom_encoder or {}
        if custom_encoder:
            if type(obj) in custom_encoder:
                return custom_encoder[type(obj)](obj)
            else:
                for encoder_type, encoder_instance in custom_encoder.items():
                    if isinstance(obj, encoder_type):
                        return encoder_instance(obj)
        if include is not None and not isinstance(include, (set, dict)):
            include = set(include)
        if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, (set, dict)):
            exclude = set(exclude)
        if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
            # TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
            encoders: Dict[Any, Any] = {}
            if not PYDANTIC_V2:
                encoders = getattr(obj.__config__, "json_encoders", {})  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                if custom_encoder:
                    encoders.update(custom_encoder)
            obj_dict = _model_dump(
                obj,
                mode="json",
                include=include,
                exclude=exclude,
                by_alias=by_alias,
                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                exclude_none=exclude_none,
                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
            )
            if "__root__" in obj_dict:
                obj_dict = obj_dict["__root__"]
            return jsonable_encoder(
                obj_dict,
                exclude_none=exclude_none,
                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
                # TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
                custom_encoder=encoders,
                sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
            )
        if dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj):
            obj_dict = dataclasses.asdict(obj)
            return jsonable_encoder(
                obj_dict,
                include=include,
                exclude=exclude,
                by_alias=by_alias,
                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
                exclude_none=exclude_none,
                custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
            )
        if isinstance(obj, Enum):
            return obj.value
        if isinstance(obj, PurePath):
            return str(obj)
        if isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, type(None))):
            return obj
        if isinstance(obj, dict):
            encoded_dict = {}
            allowed_keys = set(obj.keys())
            if include is not None:
                allowed_keys &= set(include)
            if exclude is not None:
                allowed_keys -= set(exclude)
            for key, value in obj.items():
                if (
                    (
                        not sqlalchemy_safe
                        or (not isinstance(key, str))
                        or (not key.startswith("_sa"))
                    )
                    and (value is not None or not exclude_none)
                    and key in allowed_keys
                ):
                    encoded_key = jsonable_encoder(
                        key,
                        by_alias=by_alias,
                        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                        exclude_none=exclude_none,
                        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
                    )
                    encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
                        value,
                        by_alias=by_alias,
                        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                        exclude_none=exclude_none,
                        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
                    )
                    encoded_dict[encoded_key] = encoded_value
            return encoded_dict
        if isinstance(obj, (list, set, frozenset, GeneratorType, tuple, deque)):
            encoded_list = []
            for item in obj:
                encoded_list.append(
                    jsonable_encoder(
                        item,
                        include=include,
                        exclude=exclude,
                        by_alias=by_alias,
                        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                        exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
                        exclude_none=exclude_none,
                        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
                    )
                )
            return encoded_list

        if type(obj) in ENCODERS_BY_TYPE:
            return ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[type(obj)](obj)
        for encoder, classes_tuple in encoders_by_class_tuples.items():
            if isinstance(obj, classes_tuple):
                return encoder(obj)

        try:
>           data = dict(obj)
E           TypeError: '_cffi_backend.FFI' object is not iterable

../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:230: TypeError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

obj = <_cffi_backend.FFI object at 0x10688c200>, include = None, exclude = None, by_alias = True, exclude_unset = False
exclude_defaults = False, exclude_none = False, custom_encoder = {}, sqlalchemy_safe = True

    def jsonable_encoder(
        obj: Any,
        include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
        exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
        by_alias: bool = True,
        exclude_unset: bool = False,
        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
        exclude_none: bool = False,
        custom_encoder: Optional[Dict[Any, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None,
        sqlalchemy_safe: bool = True,
    ) -> Any:
        custom_encoder = custom_encoder or {}
        if custom_encoder:
            if type(obj) in custom_encoder:
                return custom_encoder[type(obj)](obj)
            else:
                for encoder_type, encoder_instance in custom_encoder.items():
                    if isinstance(obj, encoder_type):
                        return encoder_instance(obj)
        if include is not None and not isinstance(include, (set, dict)):
            include = set(include)
        if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, (set, dict)):
            exclude = set(exclude)
        if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
            # TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
            encoders: Dict[Any, Any] = {}
            if not PYDANTIC_V2:
                encoders = getattr(obj.__config__, "json_encoders", {})  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                if custom_encoder:
                    encoders.update(custom_encoder)
            obj_dict = _model_dump(
                obj,
                mode="json",
                include=include,
                exclude=exclude,
                by_alias=by_alias,
                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                exclude_none=exclude_none,
                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
            )
            if "__root__" in obj_dict:
                obj_dict = obj_dict["__root__"]
            return jsonable_encoder(
                obj_dict,
                exclude_none=exclude_none,
                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
                # TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
                custom_encoder=encoders,
                sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
            )
        if dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj):
            obj_dict = dataclasses.asdict(obj)
            return jsonable_encoder(
                obj_dict,
                include=include,
                exclude=exclude,
                by_alias=by_alias,
                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
                exclude_none=exclude_none,
                custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
            )
        if isinstance(obj, Enum):
            return obj.value
        if isinstance(obj, PurePath):
            return str(obj)
        if isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, type(None))):
            return obj
        if isinstance(obj, dict):
            encoded_dict = {}
            allowed_keys = set(obj.keys())
            if include is not None:
                allowed_keys &= set(include)
            if exclude is not None:
                allowed_keys -= set(exclude)
            for key, value in obj.items():
                if (
                    (
                        not sqlalchemy_safe
                        or (not isinstance(key, str))
                        or (not key.startswith("_sa"))
                    )
                    and (value is not None or not exclude_none)
                    and key in allowed_keys
                ):
                    encoded_key = jsonable_encoder(
                        key,
                        by_alias=by_alias,
                        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                        exclude_none=exclude_none,
                        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
                    )
                    encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
                        value,
                        by_alias=by_alias,
                        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                        exclude_none=exclude_none,
                        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
                    )
                    encoded_dict[encoded_key] = encoded_value
            return encoded_dict
        if isinstance(obj, (list, set, frozenset, GeneratorType, tuple, deque)):
            encoded_list = []
            for item in obj:
                encoded_list.append(
                    jsonable_encoder(
                        item,
                        include=include,
                        exclude=exclude,
                        by_alias=by_alias,
                        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                        exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
                        exclude_none=exclude_none,
                        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
                    )
                )
            return encoded_list

        if type(obj) in ENCODERS_BY_TYPE:
            return ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[type(obj)](obj)
        for encoder, classes_tuple in encoders_by_class_tuples.items():
            if isinstance(obj, classes_tuple):
                return encoder(obj)

        try:
            data = dict(obj)
        except Exception as e:
            errors: List[Exception] = []
            errors.append(e)
            try:
>               data = vars(obj)
E               TypeError: vars() argument must have __dict__ attribute

../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:235: TypeError

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

    def test_answer_answer_answer_result():
        for question_id in range(0, 3):
            req = {
                "user_id": user_id,
                "question_id": question_id,
                "answer": question_id * 2,      # just some arbitrary but different number
                "seconds": 3 * question_id + 1  # just some arbitrary but different number
            }
            print("JAY", req)
>           res = client.post(url_prefix + "/" + quiz_id + "/answer", json=req)

routers/test_api.py:134:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py:590: in post
    return super().post(
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:1132: in post
    return self.request(
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py:465: in request
    return super().request(
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:814: in request
    return self.send(request, auth=auth, follow_redirects=follow_redirects)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:901: in send
    response = self._send_handling_auth(
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:929: in _send_handling_auth
    response = self._send_handling_redirects(
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:966: in _send_handling_redirects
    response = self._send_single_request(request)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:1002: in _send_single_request
    response = transport.handle_request(request)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py:342: in handle_request
    raise exc
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py:339: in handle_request
    portal.call(self.app, scope, receive, send)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/anyio/from_thread.py:277: in call
    return cast(T_Retval, self.start_task_soon(func, *args).result())
/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.11/3.11.6/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/concurrent/futures/_base.py:456: in result
    return self.__get_result()
/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.11/3.11.6/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
    raise self._exception
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/anyio/from_thread.py:217: in _call_func
    retval = await retval
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/applications.py:292: in __call__
    await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/applications.py:122: in __call__
    await self.middleware_stack(scope, receive, send)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/middleware/errors.py:184: in __call__
    raise exc
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/middleware/errors.py:162: in __call__
    await self.app(scope, receive, _send)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/middleware/cors.py:83: in __call__
    await self.app(scope, receive, send)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/middleware/exceptions.py:79: in __call__
    raise exc
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/middleware/exceptions.py:68: in __call__
    await self.app(scope, receive, sender)
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/asyncexitstack.py:20: in __call__
    raise e
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/asyncexitstack.py:17: in __call__
    await self.app(scope, receive, send)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/routing.py:718: in __call__
    await route.handle(scope, receive, send)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/routing.py:276: in handle
    await self.app(scope, receive, send)
/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/routing.py:66: in app
    response = await func(request)
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py:291: in app
    content = await serialize_response(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py:179: in serialize_response
    return jsonable_encoder(response_content)
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
    return jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
    encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
    return jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
    encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
    return jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
    encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
    return jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
    encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
    return jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
    encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
    return jsonable_encoder(
../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
    encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

obj = <_cffi_backend.FFI object at 0x10688c200>, include = None, exclude = None, by_alias = True, exclude_unset = False
exclude_defaults = False, exclude_none = False, custom_encoder = {}, sqlalchemy_safe = True

    def jsonable_encoder(
        obj: Any,
        include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
        exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
        by_alias: bool = True,
        exclude_unset: bool = False,
        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
        exclude_none: bool = False,
        custom_encoder: Optional[Dict[Any, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None,
        sqlalchemy_safe: bool = True,
    ) -> Any:
        custom_encoder = custom_encoder or {}
        if custom_encoder:
            if type(obj) in custom_encoder:
                return custom_encoder[type(obj)](obj)
            else:
                for encoder_type, encoder_instance in custom_encoder.items():
                    if isinstance(obj, encoder_type):
                        return encoder_instance(obj)
        if include is not None and not isinstance(include, (set, dict)):
            include = set(include)
        if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, (set, dict)):
            exclude = set(exclude)
        if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
            # TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
            encoders: Dict[Any, Any] = {}
            if not PYDANTIC_V2:
                encoders = getattr(obj.__config__, "json_encoders", {})  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                if custom_encoder:
                    encoders.update(custom_encoder)
            obj_dict = _model_dump(
                obj,
                mode="json",
                include=include,
                exclude=exclude,
                by_alias=by_alias,
                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                exclude_none=exclude_none,
                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
            )
            if "__root__" in obj_dict:
                obj_dict = obj_dict["__root__"]
            return jsonable_encoder(
                obj_dict,
                exclude_none=exclude_none,
                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
                # TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
                custom_encoder=encoders,
                sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
            )
        if dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj):
            obj_dict = dataclasses.asdict(obj)
            return jsonable_encoder(
                obj_dict,
                include=include,
                exclude=exclude,
                by_alias=by_alias,
                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
                exclude_none=exclude_none,
                custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
            )
        if isinstance(obj, Enum):
            return obj.value
        if isinstance(obj, PurePath):
            return str(obj)
        if isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, type(None))):
            return obj
        if isinstance(obj, dict):
            encoded_dict = {}
            allowed_keys = set(obj.keys())
            if include is not None:
                allowed_keys &= set(include)
            if exclude is not None:
                allowed_keys -= set(exclude)
            for key, value in obj.items():
                if (
                    (
                        not sqlalchemy_safe
                        or (not isinstance(key, str))
                        or (not key.startswith("_sa"))
                    )
                    and (value is not None or not exclude_none)
                    and key in allowed_keys
                ):
                    encoded_key = jsonable_encoder(
                        key,
                        by_alias=by_alias,
                        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                        exclude_none=exclude_none,
                        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
                    )
                    encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
                        value,
                        by_alias=by_alias,
                        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                        exclude_none=exclude_none,
                        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
                    )
                    encoded_dict[encoded_key] = encoded_value
            return encoded_dict
        if isinstance(obj, (list, set, frozenset, GeneratorType, tuple, deque)):
            encoded_list = []
            for item in obj:
                encoded_list.append(
                    jsonable_encoder(
                        item,
                        include=include,
                        exclude=exclude,
                        by_alias=by_alias,
                        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                        exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
                        exclude_none=exclude_none,
                        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
                    )
                )
            return encoded_list

        if type(obj) in ENCODERS_BY_TYPE:
            return ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[type(obj)](obj)
        for encoder, classes_tuple in encoders_by_class_tuples.items():
            if isinstance(obj, classes_tuple):
                return encoder(obj)

        try:
            data = dict(obj)
        except Exception as e:
            errors: List[Exception] = []
            errors.append(e)
            try:
                data = vars(obj)
            except Exception as e:
                errors.append(e)
>               raise ValueError(errors) from e
E               ValueError: [TypeError("'_cffi_backend.FFI' object is not iterable"), TypeError('vars() argument must have __dict__ attribute')]

../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:238: ValueError
------------------------------------------------- Captured stdout call -------------------------------------------------
JAY {'user_id': 'jhannah_33GnxYH', 'question_id': 0, 'answer': 0, 'seconds': 1}
=============================================== short test summary info ================================================
FAILED routers/test_api.py::test_answer_answer_answer_result - ValueError: [TypeError("'_cffi_backend.FFI' object is not iterable"), TypeError('vars() argument must have __dict__...
=========================================== 1 failed, 38 deselected in 2.99s ===========================================
	Full stack dump for https://stackoverflow.com/questions/75503034/valueerror-typeerror-cffi-backend-ffi-object-is-not-iterable-typeerror



	✗ pytest --pythonwarnings ignore::DeprecationWarning -k 'test_answer_answer_answer_result' -rPF
	================================================= test session starts ==================================================
	platform darwin -- Python 3.11.6, pytest-7.4.2, pluggy-1.3.0
	plugins: anyio-3.7.1
	collected 39 items / 38 deselected / 1 selected

	routers/test_api.py F [100%]

	======================================================= FAILURES =======================================================
	___________________________________________ test_answer_answer_answer_result ___________________________________________

	obj = <_cffi_backend.FFI object at 0x10688c200>, include = None, exclude = None, by_alias = True, exclude_unset = False
	exclude_defaults = False, exclude_none = False, custom_encoder = {}, sqlalchemy_safe = True

	def jsonable_encoder(
	obj: Any,
	include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
	exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
	by_alias: bool = True,
	exclude_unset: bool = False,
	exclude_defaults: bool = False,
	exclude_none: bool = False,
	custom_encoder: Optional[Dict[Any, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None,
	sqlalchemy_safe: bool = True,
	) -> Any:
	custom_encoder = custom_encoder or {}
	if custom_encoder:
	if type(obj) in custom_encoder:
	return custom_encoder[type(obj)](obj)
	else:
	for encoder_type, encoder_instance in custom_encoder.items():
	if isinstance(obj, encoder_type):
	return encoder_instance(obj)
	if include is not None and not isinstance(include, (set, dict)):
	include = set(include)
	if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, (set, dict)):
	exclude = set(exclude)
	if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
	# TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
	encoders: Dict[Any, Any] = {}
	if not PYDANTIC_V2:
	encoders = getattr(obj.__config__, "json_encoders", {}) # type: ignore[attr-defined]
	if custom_encoder:
	encoders.update(custom_encoder)
	obj_dict = _model_dump(
	obj,
	mode="json",
	include=include,
	exclude=exclude,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	)
	if "__root__" in obj_dict:
	obj_dict = obj_dict["__root__"]
	return jsonable_encoder(
	obj_dict,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	# TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
	custom_encoder=encoders,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	if dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj):
	obj_dict = dataclasses.asdict(obj)
	return jsonable_encoder(
	obj_dict,
	include=include,
	exclude=exclude,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	if isinstance(obj, Enum):
	return obj.value
	if isinstance(obj, PurePath):
	return str(obj)
	if isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, type(None))):
	return obj
	if isinstance(obj, dict):
	encoded_dict = {}
	allowed_keys = set(obj.keys())
	if include is not None:
	allowed_keys &= set(include)
	if exclude is not None:
	allowed_keys -= set(exclude)
	for key, value in obj.items():
	if (
	(
	not sqlalchemy_safe
	or (not isinstance(key, str))
	or (not key.startswith("_sa"))
	)
	and (value is not None or not exclude_none)
	and key in allowed_keys
	):
	encoded_key = jsonable_encoder(
	key,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
	value,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	encoded_dict[encoded_key] = encoded_value
	return encoded_dict
	if isinstance(obj, (list, set, frozenset, GeneratorType, tuple, deque)):
	encoded_list = []
	for item in obj:
	encoded_list.append(
	jsonable_encoder(
	item,
	include=include,
	exclude=exclude,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	)
	return encoded_list

	if type(obj) in ENCODERS_BY_TYPE:
	return ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[type(obj)](obj)
	for encoder, classes_tuple in encoders_by_class_tuples.items():
	if isinstance(obj, classes_tuple):
	return encoder(obj)

	try:
	> data = dict(obj)
	E TypeError: '_cffi_backend.FFI' object is not iterable

	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:230: TypeError

	During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

	obj = <_cffi_backend.FFI object at 0x10688c200>, include = None, exclude = None, by_alias = True, exclude_unset = False
	exclude_defaults = False, exclude_none = False, custom_encoder = {}, sqlalchemy_safe = True

	def jsonable_encoder(
	obj: Any,
	include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
	exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
	by_alias: bool = True,
	exclude_unset: bool = False,
	exclude_defaults: bool = False,
	exclude_none: bool = False,
	custom_encoder: Optional[Dict[Any, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None,
	sqlalchemy_safe: bool = True,
	) -> Any:
	custom_encoder = custom_encoder or {}
	if custom_encoder:
	if type(obj) in custom_encoder:
	return custom_encoder[type(obj)](obj)
	else:
	for encoder_type, encoder_instance in custom_encoder.items():
	if isinstance(obj, encoder_type):
	return encoder_instance(obj)
	if include is not None and not isinstance(include, (set, dict)):
	include = set(include)
	if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, (set, dict)):
	exclude = set(exclude)
	if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
	# TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
	encoders: Dict[Any, Any] = {}
	if not PYDANTIC_V2:
	encoders = getattr(obj.__config__, "json_encoders", {}) # type: ignore[attr-defined]
	if custom_encoder:
	encoders.update(custom_encoder)
	obj_dict = _model_dump(
	obj,
	mode="json",
	include=include,
	exclude=exclude,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	)
	if "__root__" in obj_dict:
	obj_dict = obj_dict["__root__"]
	return jsonable_encoder(
	obj_dict,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	# TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
	custom_encoder=encoders,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	if dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj):
	obj_dict = dataclasses.asdict(obj)
	return jsonable_encoder(
	obj_dict,
	include=include,
	exclude=exclude,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	if isinstance(obj, Enum):
	return obj.value
	if isinstance(obj, PurePath):
	return str(obj)
	if isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, type(None))):
	return obj
	if isinstance(obj, dict):
	encoded_dict = {}
	allowed_keys = set(obj.keys())
	if include is not None:
	allowed_keys &= set(include)
	if exclude is not None:
	allowed_keys -= set(exclude)
	for key, value in obj.items():
	if (
	(
	not sqlalchemy_safe
	or (not isinstance(key, str))
	or (not key.startswith("_sa"))
	)
	and (value is not None or not exclude_none)
	and key in allowed_keys
	):
	encoded_key = jsonable_encoder(
	key,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
	value,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	encoded_dict[encoded_key] = encoded_value
	return encoded_dict
	if isinstance(obj, (list, set, frozenset, GeneratorType, tuple, deque)):
	encoded_list = []
	for item in obj:
	encoded_list.append(
	jsonable_encoder(
	item,
	include=include,
	exclude=exclude,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	)
	return encoded_list

	if type(obj) in ENCODERS_BY_TYPE:
	return ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[type(obj)](obj)
	for encoder, classes_tuple in encoders_by_class_tuples.items():
	if isinstance(obj, classes_tuple):
	return encoder(obj)

	try:
	data = dict(obj)
	except Exception as e:
	errors: List[Exception] = []
	errors.append(e)
	try:
	> data = vars(obj)
	E TypeError: vars() argument must have __dict__ attribute

	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:235: TypeError

	The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

	def test_answer_answer_answer_result():
	for question_id in range(0, 3):
	req = {
	"user_id": user_id,
	"question_id": question_id,
	"answer": question_id * 2, # just some arbitrary but different number
	"seconds": 3 * question_id + 1 # just some arbitrary but different number
	}
	print("JAY", req)
	> res = client.post(url_prefix + "/" + quiz_id + "/answer", json=req)

	routers/test_api.py:134:
	_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py:590: in post
	return super().post(
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:1132: in post
	return self.request(
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py:465: in request
	return super().request(
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:814: in request
	return self.send(request, auth=auth, follow_redirects=follow_redirects)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:901: in send
	response = self._send_handling_auth(
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:929: in _send_handling_auth
	response = self._send_handling_redirects(
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:966: in _send_handling_redirects
	response = self._send_single_request(request)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/httpx/_client.py:1002: in _send_single_request
	response = transport.handle_request(request)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py:342: in handle_request
	raise exc
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py:339: in handle_request
	portal.call(self.app, scope, receive, send)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/anyio/from_thread.py:277: in call
	return cast(T_Retval, self.start_task_soon(func, *args).result())
	/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.11/3.11.6/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/concurrent/futures/_base.py:456: in result
	return self.__get_result()
	/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.11/3.11.6/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/concurrent/futures/_base.py:401: in __get_result
	raise self._exception
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/anyio/from_thread.py:217: in _call_func
	retval = await retval
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/applications.py:292: in __call__
	await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/applications.py:122: in __call__
	await self.middleware_stack(scope, receive, send)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/middleware/errors.py:184: in __call__
	raise exc
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/middleware/errors.py:162: in __call__
	await self.app(scope, receive, _send)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/middleware/cors.py:83: in __call__
	await self.app(scope, receive, send)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/middleware/exceptions.py:79: in __call__
	raise exc
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/middleware/exceptions.py:68: in __call__
	await self.app(scope, receive, sender)
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/asyncexitstack.py:20: in __call__
	raise e
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/asyncexitstack.py:17: in __call__
	await self.app(scope, receive, send)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/routing.py:718: in __call__
	await route.handle(scope, receive, send)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/routing.py:276: in handle
	await self.app(scope, receive, send)
	/usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages/starlette/routing.py:66: in app
	response = await func(request)
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py:291: in app
	content = await serialize_response(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py:179: in serialize_response
	return jsonable_encoder(response_content)
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
	return jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
	encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
	return jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
	encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
	return jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
	encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
	return jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
	encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
	return jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
	encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:239: in jsonable_encoder
	return jsonable_encoder(
	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:195: in jsonable_encoder
	encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
	_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

	obj = <_cffi_backend.FFI object at 0x10688c200>, include = None, exclude = None, by_alias = True, exclude_unset = False
	exclude_defaults = False, exclude_none = False, custom_encoder = {}, sqlalchemy_safe = True

	def jsonable_encoder(
	obj: Any,
	include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
	exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
	by_alias: bool = True,
	exclude_unset: bool = False,
	exclude_defaults: bool = False,
	exclude_none: bool = False,
	custom_encoder: Optional[Dict[Any, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None,
	sqlalchemy_safe: bool = True,
	) -> Any:
	custom_encoder = custom_encoder or {}
	if custom_encoder:
	if type(obj) in custom_encoder:
	return custom_encoder[type(obj)](obj)
	else:
	for encoder_type, encoder_instance in custom_encoder.items():
	if isinstance(obj, encoder_type):
	return encoder_instance(obj)
	if include is not None and not isinstance(include, (set, dict)):
	include = set(include)
	if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, (set, dict)):
	exclude = set(exclude)
	if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
	# TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
	encoders: Dict[Any, Any] = {}
	if not PYDANTIC_V2:
	encoders = getattr(obj.__config__, "json_encoders", {}) # type: ignore[attr-defined]
	if custom_encoder:
	encoders.update(custom_encoder)
	obj_dict = _model_dump(
	obj,
	mode="json",
	include=include,
	exclude=exclude,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	)
	if "__root__" in obj_dict:
	obj_dict = obj_dict["__root__"]
	return jsonable_encoder(
	obj_dict,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	# TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
	custom_encoder=encoders,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	if dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj):
	obj_dict = dataclasses.asdict(obj)
	return jsonable_encoder(
	obj_dict,
	include=include,
	exclude=exclude,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	if isinstance(obj, Enum):
	return obj.value
	if isinstance(obj, PurePath):
	return str(obj)
	if isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, type(None))):
	return obj
	if isinstance(obj, dict):
	encoded_dict = {}
	allowed_keys = set(obj.keys())
	if include is not None:
	allowed_keys &= set(include)
	if exclude is not None:
	allowed_keys -= set(exclude)
	for key, value in obj.items():
	if (
	(
	not sqlalchemy_safe
	or (not isinstance(key, str))
	or (not key.startswith("_sa"))
	)
	and (value is not None or not exclude_none)
	and key in allowed_keys
	):
	encoded_key = jsonable_encoder(
	key,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
	value,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	encoded_dict[encoded_key] = encoded_value
	return encoded_dict
	if isinstance(obj, (list, set, frozenset, GeneratorType, tuple, deque)):
	encoded_list = []
	for item in obj:
	encoded_list.append(
	jsonable_encoder(
	item,
	include=include,
	exclude=exclude,
	by_alias=by_alias,
	exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
	exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
	exclude_none=exclude_none,
	custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
	sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
	)
	)
	return encoded_list

	if type(obj) in ENCODERS_BY_TYPE:
	return ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[type(obj)](obj)
	for encoder, classes_tuple in encoders_by_class_tuples.items():
	if isinstance(obj, classes_tuple):
	return encoder(obj)

	try:
	data = dict(obj)
	except Exception as e:
	errors: List[Exception] = []
	errors.append(e)
	try:
	data = vars(obj)
	except Exception as e:
	errors.append(e)
	> raise ValueError(errors) from e
	E ValueError: [TypeError("'_cffi_backend.FFI' object is not iterable"), TypeError('vars() argument must have __dict__ attribute')]

	../../../../Library/Python/3.11/lib/python/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py:238: ValueError
	------------------------------------------------- Captured stdout call -------------------------------------------------
	JAY {'user_id': 'jhannah_33GnxYH', 'question_id': 0, 'answer': 0, 'seconds': 1}
	=============================================== short test summary info ================================================
	FAILED routers/test_api.py::test_answer_answer_answer_result - ValueError: [TypeError("'_cffi_backend.FFI' object is not iterable"), TypeError('vars() argument must have __dict__...
	=========================================== 1 failed, 38 deselected in 2.99s ===========================================