jnbek/freebsd_defaults.txt

## freebsd_defaults.txt
https://vez.mrsk.me/freebsd-defaults.txt

#########################################################################
# FreeBSD - a lesson in poor defaults                                   #
# Last updated 3/19/2016                                                #
# https://twitter.com/blakkheim                                         #
#########################################################################


00) Intro
01) OpenSSH Modifications
02) Mailer Daemon
03) Firewall
04) Ports and Packages
05) NTP
06) sysctl.conf
07) Periodic
08) SSL Library
09) Swap
10) Permissions
11) rc.conf
12) Closing


#########################################################################
# Intro                                                                 #
#########################################################################

This page is intended to list the major changes I make to a vanilla install
of FreeBSD. Some are just preferences, but the majority are for security.
It shouldn't be considered any sort of comprehensive "locking down FreeBSD"
guide; it's really just a collection of notes for myself that I thought
might be useful to others too.

My use case is for a server, but a lot of the changes would be useful for
a desktop user as well. Each section will have an explanation of why I'm
suggesting the change, or at least some background information about it.


#########################################################################
# OpenSSH Modifications               ("but we know better than them!") #
#########################################################################

FreeBSD has a history of making "interesting" choices with regard to the
version of OpenSSH they bundle in the base system, often deliberately going
against upstream in the name of retaining backward compatibility or to gain
perceived performance improvements. Disabling or ignoring security features
in favor of performance seems to be a recurring theme with them.

It is my belief that quite a few poor decisions have been made in this area.

As a primary example, they insisted on maintaining the HPN-SSH patchset and
enabling it by default until just recently.

You might say "well ok, but what's actually *wrong* with those patches?"

A few years ago, OpenSSH increased the channel limits enough to support
a cross-country gigabit connection without slowdown. For most users, this
means that the HPN patches are an unnecessary complexity with little to no
benefit. In addition to that, they would frequently hold FreeBSD back from
updating their version of OpenSSH because of HPN backporting and manual
refactoring of the patchset.

Support for tcp_wrappers was abandoned long ago in OpenSSH upstream, but
FreeBSD still patches it back in and enables it for everyone.

https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=294328

The same is true for weak DSA host keys, which they switch back on for
compatibility with older clients.

https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=294495

FreeBSD also re-enables insecure encryption ciphers in their build after
they've been disabled upstream, with backward compatibility apparently
being more important to them than the security of their users.

https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=296634

If we don't deprecate insecure options bit by bit somewhere in the ecosystem,
we end up with a situation like OpenSSL. Pressure has to be applied somewhere.
One can be part of that team, or one can play against them.

FreeBSD is the team trying to increase the risk.

They've made local changes to their build and/or its default config files
that left their users vulnerable when other platforms were unaffected.
Here's a (possibly incomplete) list of examples:

https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-00:21.ssh.asc
https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-03:15.openssh.asc
https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-06:09.openssh.asc
https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:05.openssh.asc
https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14:24.sshd.asc
https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-16:14.openssh.asc

And just the PAM issues in these two:

https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-15:16.openssh.asc
https://www.freebsd.org/security/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-15:22.openssh.asc

A list of FreeBSD's modifications to both the code and config files can be
seen here:

(for the base system, has some outdated info)
https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/head/crypto/openssh/FREEBSD-upgrade?view=markup#l93

(for ports)
https://svnweb.freebsd.org/ports/head/security/openssh-portable/files

Thankfully, as hinted above, it's fairly easy to install OpenSSH from ports
with all the FreeBSDisms removed. The "security/openssh-portable" port has
a convenient set of options you can toggle. As of the time I'm writing this,
the current list is as follows:

###############################################################################
[ ] BSM             OpenBSM Auditing
[X] HPN             HPN-SSH patch
[ ] KERB_GSSAPI     Kerberos/GSSAPI patch (req: GSSAPI)
[X] LDNS            SSHFP/LDNS support
[X] LIBEDIT         Command line editing via libedit
[ ] NONECIPHER      NONE Cipher support
[ ] OVERWRITE_BASE  EOL, No longer supported
[X] PAM             Pluggable authentication module support
[ ] SCTP            SCTP support
[X] TCP_WRAPPERS    tcp_wrappers support
[ ] X509            x509 certificate patch
( ) MIT             MIT Kerberos (security/krb5)
( ) HEIMDAL         Heimdal Kerberos (security/heimdal)
( ) HEIMDAL_BASE    Heimdal Kerberos (base)
###############################################################################

An [X] means it's on by default for users of the project's binary pkg repo
and ports/poudriere users that don't explicitly change their build options.
More on all of those later.

Besides the modifications mentioned above, two other patches in particular
have been popular with FreeBSD users:

- Threaded AES-CTR (an option in the port until semi-recently)
- The NONE cipher  (still an option in the port)

Threaded AES-CTR, as the name might imply, introduces threads to the code.
OpenSSH devs have publicly said threads are too risky and won't be added.
What's more, it's largely obsoleted by AES-NI in modern CPUs and the fact
that ChaCha20-Poly1305 (the current default cipher) is even faster when
taking the MAC (Message Authentication Code) into consideration.

The NONE cipher is somewhat of a misfeature, removing the encryption bits
and only keeping the data integrity. It allows users to accidentally shoot
themselves in the foot pretty easily. The trade-off in performance isn't
really worth it either, as the bottlenecks one might experience have a lot
more to do with the MAC than the actual encryption.

I have all of the port options disabled. The majority of users don't need
the extra risk that any of these non-standard patches introduce.

As for the (/usr/local/etc/ssh/)sshd_config file, I would recommend enabling
only modern crypto. However, cryptography is a very complicated and important
topic, so you would be better served to research each algorithm and come to
your own conclusions instead of just taking my word for it. This isn't meant
to be an entire ssh tutorial, but consider changing your default port to
something other than 22 if you want less spam in your logs, set up public
keys and disable password authentication... the usual stuff.

The following config lines are just to revert FreeBSD's local changes that
introduce new risks:

###############################################################################
ChallengeResponseAuthentication no
X11Forwarding                   no
UsePAM                          no
VersionAddendum                 none  # Prevent some OS information from being
                                      # leaked by your sshd, another one of
                                      # FreeBSD's "enhancements" in both the
                                      # base system and ports version.
###############################################################################

In addition to improved security, using the port of OpenSSH allows you to
upgrade to newer versions much faster than waiting for a new release of the
base system. Note that you may need further configuration changes if using
the bundled OpenSSH, as its compile-time options aren't as easily fixable.


#########################################################################
# Mailer Daemon                                  (everyone disables it) #
#########################################################################

FreeBSD includes Sendmail in the base system and enables it by default.
I think most users will agree that Sendmail is mostly just a bother, and it
shouldn't be in the base system at all if you ask me. I stop all the related
services because it makes startup slower and I'd like as few things running
in the background as possible. The lines to disable Sendmail will be in the
rc.conf section towards the end.

If you actually run a mail server, there are better options like Postfix or
OpenSMTPD. If you only need to send mail through a third party provider like
Gmail, ssmtp is a another lightweight alternative. All three are in ports.


#########################################################################
# Firewall                                           (pick your poison) #
#########################################################################

There are three firewalls included with FreeBSD: IPFW, PF and IPFilter.
None of them are enabled by default, but I guess it'd be hard to decide
which one to choose, so that one's understandable.

I don't know anything about IPFilter, nor do I know anyone that uses it,
so we'll pretend it doesn't exist. IPFW is the native firewall; it was
written by FreeBSD for FreeBSD. PF is the OpenBSD firewall; it was ported
from OpenBSD to FreeBSD. Both are fine choices, and it ultimately comes down
to your preference between the two. Since I'm more familiar with PF, that's
what I use on my systems. Unfortunately, the version of PF included with
FreeBSD has not been synced with the upstream code in roughly seven years.
There's plenty of drama about this already, so feel free to look around if
you find that kind of thing amusing. Whichever firewall you choose, the
point here is that you want *one* of them enabled.

A very simple example of a PF config file might look like this:

###############################################################################
ext_if    = "em0"     # Replace with your interface name.
trustedip = "1.2.3.4" # Replace with your IP. Could also be a list/table.
set block-policy drop # Some may prefer "return" instead.
set skip on lo0
scrub in all no-df random-id
block all
pass out quick on $ext_if inet
pass in        on $ext_if inet proto tcp from $trustedip to any port ssh
###############################################################################

Check the documentation for whichever firewall you decide to use.


#########################################################################
# Ports and Package                 (what is this privsep you speak of) #
#########################################################################

There are three main ways to install software on FreeBSD, other than just
manually compiling things yourself.

- The "pkg" tool with binary packages built by the project infrastructure
- The ports system, allowing for custom options in most applications
- The "poudriere" tool for building binary packages from ports in bulk

There are pros and cons to each.

###############################################################################
pkg pros:
- fast installation
- little effort required

pkg cons:
- no flexibility with what options things are built with
- must wait on the project to rebuild/update things

ports pros:
- very good customization options
- control dependencies, only install what you need
- updates are available as soon as they're committed to svn
- only rebuild what actually needs to be updated

ports cons:
- it can take a long time to compile things, especially web browsers
- multiple unrelated tools involved (portsnap/svn, portmaster/portupgrade)

poudriere pros:
- build packages on one system, distribute them to many others
- still retains most of the pros of using ports
- little effort required, easily scriptable

poudriere cons:
- it still takes a long time to compile things
- things will get pointlessly rebuilt over and over, wasting a lot of time
###############################################################################

If you only have one FreeBSD system, I think using ports is the best option.
If you have multiple systems, poudriere makes the whole process a lot easier.
If you're a total beginner or don't care what options things are built with,
using pkg and the prebuilt binaries is the quickest and easiest option.

However, more security concerns arise...

Both the ports system and pkg will do a lot of things as root where it's not
needed at all. When I brought it up to one member of the ports security team
a while back, he basically shrugged it off. Simply because portsnap checks
the snapshots it fetches against a public key, he figured it was nothing to
worry about... completely missing the point. Perhaps they have the utmost
confidence in the tools being bug-free. I try to be a bit more realistic.

Similar issues were brought up on their mailing lists a couple years ago,
though nothing ever came of that discussion either.

https://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-questions/2014-April/257394.html

But there's a lot more risk involved than just letting root go out to the
internet to download files. Perhaps a short summary of how building ports
works is needed for clarification here. The steps involved can be condensed
into the following:

- Fetching and updating the ports tree (a collection of makefiles and patches)
- Fetching the software's source code
- Verifying the checksum of the file(s)
- Extracting the source tarball
- Configuring, patching and building the application
- Creating a package from the built files
- Installing the package to your system (if desired)

So how many of these actually need to be done as root?
Only the last one.

And how many of these are done as root by default in FreeBSD?
All of them.

###############################################################################
  PID USERNAME    THR PRI NICE   SIZE    RES STATE   C   TIME    WCPU COMMAND
84266 root          1  52    0 36272K  8056K wait    0   0:00   0.68% cc
84191 root          1  52    0  9116K  1332K wait    0   0:00   0.29% make
84267 root          1  47    0 36416K 20484K zio->i  1   0:00   0.00% cc
###############################################################################

Maybe people don't realize the risk of actually building all these third
party tools with root privileges. Have you read every line of those 25,000
configure scripts? I've seen some configure scripts running ping to phone
home and all kinds of weird stuff. All it takes is one malicious command
tucked away in a build script somewhere to completely compromise the host
if you use ports in its default configuration.

Surprisingly, FreeBSD does have *some* support for doing package builds
as a normal user.

https://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-ports/2013-October/086346.html

Though I'm told staging is integrated into all their ports now, the default
is still to do everything as root. Why?

To work around this issue, I tried manually introducing some privsep in the
build process on my machine with a "_ports" user. You'd need to chown a few
directories or make them writable by this user. Many changes were needed in
the /etc/make.conf file, and it appears that it's really just not designed
to be done this way, so I'd call it more of an experiment than a solution.

Why is all this needed? It's like things were designed to be as troublesome
to secure as possible so no one ever tries it. Works as intended if so.

The poudriere tool uses FreeBSD's jail system to do a lot of the compiling,
so it's better than using regular ports in this regard. Filesystem isolation
is a big step in the right direction here.

The pkg tool itself runs everything as root, from fetching and verifying
the packages to untarring them and registering their installation.

###############################################################################
  PID USERNAME    THR PRI NICE   SIZE    RES STATE   C   TIME    WCPU COMMAND
84554 root          1  22    0 42996K  7452K select  1   0:00   0.59% pkg
###############################################################################

Just for comparison, let's look at the history of Debian's pkg equivalent.

https://www.cvedetails.com/product/17236/Debian-APT.html

The "but packages are signed!" defense I've gotten from some users really
demonstrates a lack of understanding of what's actually going on when you
run that pkg command.

A side note: OpenBSD's dpb tool (similar to poudriere) really got all this
privsep stuff right, even going as far as to use separate users to download
and build the software, and recommending to disallow the build user from
accessing the internet at all. It's cool stuff, especially when combined
with pledge.

Would be nice to see some use of FreeBSD's Capsicum here, wouldn't it?


#########################################################################
# NTP                            (just wanna know what time it is guys) #
#########################################################################

A lot of FreeBSD security advisories have been related to the NTP daemon
included in the base system, known as the "reference implementation."
Here's a (possibly incomplete) list:

https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-01:31.ntpd.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:03.ntpd.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:11.ntpd.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-10:02.ntpd.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14:02.ntpd.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14:31.ntp.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-15:07.ntp.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-15:25.ntp.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-16:02.ntp.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-16:09.ntp.asc

I would not be surprised if there are currently more embargoed fixes which
haven't been made public yet.

It's really shitty code, written mainly by time geeks and scientists instead
of people who actually run network-facing services. But I want to keep my
clock synced to the correct time, so what do I do here? Luckily, there are
a number of alternative NTP daemons to choose from.

One FreeBSD committer is working on an NTP implementation called ntimed.
I'm told that it's still in development, but you can install it from ports
if you want an early preview. I haven't tried it myself, but everyone seems
to have high hopes for it eventually replacing the one currently in base.
Can't be any worse than what we have now, so I'm all for it.

Another option, the one I use, is called OpenNTPD. Based on the name, see
if you can guess where it originates. A simple /usr/local/etc/ntp.conf may
look something like this:

###############################################################################
servers     pool.ntp.org
constraints from "https://www.freebsd.org"
###############################################################################

Much like the firewall section, this is up to your personal preference.
There are trade-offs for both. OpenNTPD has an excellent security track
record and a simple config syntax, but ntimed will likely give you better
microsecond precision. Whichever you choose, just don't use the base one.


#########################################################################
# sysctl.conf                              (aka security-bandaids.conf) #
#########################################################################

The /etc/sysctl.conf file is a great place to tweak lots of things, but my
example is mainly to fix poor defaults related to networking and security.
The documentation isn't great here, so maybe allow a small margin of error
in this section. These are all non-default settings in the latest release.

###############################################################################
kern.randompid=1234              # Pick another number. You could also script
                                 # this to be a random value in /etc/rc.local.
net.inet.icmp.drop_redirect=1
net.inet.ip.check_interface=1
net.inet.ip.process_options=0    # Enable if you need IGMP or multicast.
net.inet.ip.random_id=1
net.inet.ip.redirect=0
net.inet.sctp.blackhole=2
net.inet.tcp.blackhole=2
net.inet.tcp.cc.algorithm=htcp   # This one is just a preference.
                                 # You'd also need to add the line
                                 # cc_htcp_load="YES"
                                 # to /boot/loader.conf and kldload
                                 # the kernel module or reboot.
net.inet.tcp.drop_synfin=1
net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst=0
net.inet.udp.blackhole=1         # Note the blackhole options can sometimes
                                 # make debugging network issues more difficult.
security.bsd.hardlink_check_gid=1
security.bsd.hardlink_check_uid=1
security.bsd.see_other_gids=0
security.bsd.see_other_uids=0
security.bsd.stack_guard_page=1
security.bsd.unprivileged_proc_debug=0
security.bsd.unprivileged_read_msgbuf=0
###############################################################################

The following descriptions were taken from "sysctl -d" output with some
minor grammar fixes.

- kern.randompid:
Random PID modulus

- net.inet.icmp.drop_redirect:
Ignore ICMP redirects

- net.inet.ip.check_interface:
Verify packet arrives on correct interface

- net.inet.ip.process_options:
Enable IP options processing ([LS]SRR, RR, TS)

- net.inet.ip.random_id:
Assign random ip_id values

- net.inet.ip.redirect:
Enable sending IP redirects

- net.inet.sctp.blackhole:
Enable SCTP blackholing

- net.inet.tcp.blackhole:
Do not send RST on segments to closed ports

- net.inet.tcp.cc.algorithm:
Default congestion control algorithm

- net.inet.tcp.drop_synfin:
Drop TCP packets with SYN+FIN set

- net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst:
Certain ICMP unreachable messages may abort connections in SYN_SENT

- net.inet.udp.blackhole:
Do not send port unreachables for refused connects

- security.bsd.hardlink_check_gid:
Unprivileged processes cannot create hard links to files owned by other groups

- security.bsd.hardlink_check_uid:
Unprivileged processes cannot create hard links to files owned by other users

- security.bsd.see_other_gids:
Unprivileged processes may see subjects/objects with different real gid

- security.bsd.see_other_uids:
Unprivileged processes may see subjects/objects with different real uid

- security.bsd.stack_guard_page:
Insert stack guard page ahead of the growable segments

- security.bsd.unprivileged_proc_debug:
Unprivileged processes may use process debugging facilities

- security.bsd.unprivileged_read_msgbuf:
Unprivileged processes may read the kernel message buffer


#########################################################################
# Periodic              (it's like a special snowflake version of cron) #
#########################################################################

It pains me to say that FreeBSD is very similar to Windows in a way here.
Many useless things, some even potentially a security risk, will be running
in the background by default. A lot of them are poorly documented or maybe
not documented at all. If you configure your system to send email, expect
some extremely long daily reports (with nothing useful in them) to be sent
to root's inbox. I don't need my disks being thrashed every night because
someone thought it was a good idea to enable every check under the sun.

Have a look at the /etc/defaults/periodic.conf file. It shows which scripts
from the base system are run by default when periodic is called from cron.
In a standard configuration, all periodic scripts can be seen in either
/etc/periodic (for base daemons) or /usr/local/etc/periodic (for ports).
When you install a port or package, it may also add new periodic scripts
and even enable them by default... something to be aware of.

Since your actual needs will dictate which scripts you want running, I'll
only suggest one particular script to disable. My real periodic.conf file
is over thirty lines.

###############################################################################
daily_status_security_pkgaudit_enable="NO"
###############################################################################

I most certainly don't want pkg (running as root, remember) going out to
the internet every night to fetch a list of vulnerable ports.

Who thought this was safe?

Being alerted to vulnerabilities in your installed packages is nice, but
there's simply no need to be doing this operation as root.


#########################################################################
# SSL Library                        (so many exploits, so little time) #
#########################################################################

OpenSSL is included with the base system, and there are a number of issues
related to it. Some supported versions of FreeBSD include an unsupported
version of OpenSSL, requiring the security team to backport all the fixes
themselves. OpenSSL itself has many problems you've probably heard about,
like lack of code review and the need (desire?) to support very arcane
systems that no one has used in many years. Let's just cut to the chase.

https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-01:51.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:33.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-03:02.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-03:06.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-03:18.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-04:05.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-05:21.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-06:19.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-06:23.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-07:08.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:02.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:08.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:15.ssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-10:10.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-12:01.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-13:03.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14:03.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14:06.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14:09.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14:10.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14:14.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14:18.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-14:23.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-15:01.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-15:06.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-15:10.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-15:12.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-15:26.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-16:11.openssl.asc
https://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-16:12.openssl.asc

Similar to the NTP list, I would expect many more of these to come out.

So how can we make things better? In FreeBSD, your SSL library choices
essentially come down to these three:

- Use OpenSSL in base, link all your ports against it, wait for it to be
  updated when security holes are found. This is made even worse by the
  fact that FreeBSD re-enables insecure options that upstream disables.
  https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=296462

- Use (a newer version of) OpenSSL from ports, but all of the base system
  utilities will still be linked against the base one. At least you can
  easily disable some insecure options like SSLv2/SSLv3 this way.

- Use an alternative SSL library from ports, but, again, all of the base
  system utilities will still be linked against the base one.

There is some ongoing work to make this situation a little better, but no
easy way to solve it at the moment. My current recommendation here is to
use LibreSSL from ports and avoid base system utilities when interfacing
with SSL/TLS. The relevant /etc/make.conf lines (or poudriere equivalent)
to do this are:

###############################################################################
WITH_OPENSSL_PORT=yes
OPENSSL_PORT=security/libressl
###############################################################################

Switching to LibreSSL will cut down the number of vulnerabilities you have
to deal with by a large margin, as well as the average severity of them.
A somewhat comprehensive comparison can be seen here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreSSL#Security_and_vulnerabilities


#########################################################################
# Swap                                      (BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY) #
#########################################################################

I think swap should *always* be encrypted. FreeBSD developers disagree.
It's surprising just how much private data in memory gets written to disk.
Someone I know has run hexdump on his swap partition and found PGP private
keys in plain view. Your SSH key might be password-protected on disk, but
it could end up in swap sooner or later... with no password needed.

Am I the only one who sees a problem here?

It's been said that encrypted swap can't be the default in FreeBSD because
kernel crash dumps would be unreadable. For the time being, if you need
crash dumps written to your swap, don't do this part. For the rest of us,
it's actually very simple to do.

Here's an example /etc/fstab line for a standard swap partition:

###############################################################################
# Device                Mountpoint      FStype  Options         Dump    Pass#
/dev/ada0p3             none            swap    sw              0       0
###############################################################################

Now here's the same thing with the swap automatically encrypted:

###############################################################################
# Device                Mountpoint      FStype  Options         Dump    Pass#
/dev/ada0p3.eli         none            swap    sw              0       0
###############################################################################

All you need to do is add ".eli" to the device name. A one-time key will be
generated and destroyed when swap is unmounted, so the swap contents should
be unrecoverable. If you had unencrypted swap previously, consider using dd
to write random data over it before encrypting.


#########################################################################
# Permissions                                        (no place like ~/) #
#########################################################################

Standard unix stuff. Run users with umask 077, chmod 700 home directories,
don't let users read the firewall rules or other important config files.
This prevents a lot of things from being leaked if a compromised process
has read access to the filesystem. I think jails and "container culture"
have made a lot of guys really lazy about this kind of thing, but I still
do it. Many important files are world-readable by default in FreeBSD...


#########################################################################
# rc.conf                                                 (almost done) #
#########################################################################

In addition to the items for what I've gone over already, I don't know why
FreeBSD doesn't clear /tmp on startup, but that's expected behavior for me.

Finally, if we're not going to be doing any remote logging, I'd prefer that
syslogd doesn't open any sockets.

These are the relevant lines in my /etc/rc.conf file:

###############################################################################
sshd_enable="NO"
ntpd_enable="NO"
sendmail_enable="NO"
sendmail_outbound_enable="NO"
sendmail_submit_enable="NO"
sendmail_msp_queue_enable="NO"
pf_enable="YES"
openssh_enable="YES"
openntpd_enable="YES"
openntpd_flags="-s"
clear_tmp_enable="YES"
syslogd_flags="-ss"
###############################################################################

And now we come to the end.


#########################################################################
# Closing                                                     (finally) #
#########################################################################

Some things NOT covered in detail that you might want to look into:

- Testing the experimental ASLR patch in 11-CURRENT
- Increasing the kernel securelevel
- Tweaking malloc.conf (which is about as relaxed as a guy chilling on
  the beach by default)
- Adding some hardening CFLAGS to make.conf and/or src.conf
- Asking why FreeBSD still uses the broken RC4 algorithm in its PRNG system

By sharing this page, I hope to start a discussion about changing some of
the default settings in FreeBSD. I think many were decided on long ago and
no one thinks about them anymore.

The resistance from the security team to phase out legacy options makes me
wonder if they should be called a compatibility team instead.

"The FreeBSD Security Officer's mission is to protect the FreeBSD user
community by keeping the community informed of bugs, exploits, popular
attacks, and other risks; by acting as a liaison on behalf of the FreeBSD
Project with external organizations regarding sensitive, non-public security
issues; and by promoting the distribution of information needed to safely
run FreeBSD systems, such as system administration and programming tips."

Taken from https://www.freebsd.org/security/charter.html

In my view, the security team of today seems to be doing the exact opposite
of a number of those tasks. I'd really like to see some things re-evaluated
for the safety of their userbase. Fix the problems; don't ship poor defaults
and expect the users to clean them up.

Perhaps the corporate involvement in the project is too strong for this to
realistically happen, I'm not sure.

In any case, send me any feedback you have, good or bad.

https://twitter.com/blakkheim

A big thanks to bsdx, djm and bdrewery for their review/input.