For 10.0.0.0/16, we can create subnets between 10.0.0.0/24 to 10.0.255.0/24, e.g. 10.0.8.0/24 would work.
Let's say we've got CIDR address 10.20.30.40 - that can fall for example into these subnets:
10.0.0.0/8 - /8 means only the first byte (10.) in the address is the network address.
10.20.0.0/16 - /16 means the first two bytes (10.20.) are network.
10.20.30.0/24 - /24 means the first three bytes (10.20.30.) are network.
10.20.30.40/32 - /32 covers the whole address (10.20.30.40) and sometimes this notation is used to explicitly say it's a host address. AWS uses that a lot.