For the most up-to-date version of this, check docs.juliaebert.com.
If something is wrong or missing or unclear, yell at Julia.
This walks through most of what you'll probably need to do with git in the command line. You can also read the full git documentation, but it's not very beginner friendly. A cool resource for interactively learning the more complex stuff (and understanding what's going on under the hood) is Learning Git Branching.
A lot of text editors and IDEs have git integration that will handle basic usage like staging, committing, pushing, pulling, and resolving merge conflicts, but they don't always handle (or are hard to use for) some of the more involved stuff (such as stashing and branching) described here.